When were old-age pensions introduced? Myth: Collective farmers were not paid pensions. People's Deputies' pension

Moreover, it was possible to become a pensioner another 5-10 years earlier: such benefits were provided for work during harmful conditions work and in difficult climatic conditions, they were financed by the state and used as an important instrument of employment policy. Despite various allowances and compensations for work in harmful conditions and on Far North, the level of pension provision in the USSR remained low, and even in comparison with other socialist countries. The legislation did not fix the order of indexation pension payments in the event of an increase in the cost of living or outpacing wage growth. The mechanism for changing the maximum and minimum pensions was not spelled out either. The size of the pension was set for a person once and did not change, no matter how much the salary grew or the cost of living increased.

When did old-age pensions begin to be paid in the USSR?

The relatively low retirement age of 55 for women and 60 for men was considered another achievement of the working people under socialism. It has remained unchanged since the early 1930s, when surveys of disabled workers due to disability showed that by age 55 most women and by age 60 most men are no longer able to continue working.
Since then, the structure of industries, the conditions and content of work have changed, and workers, according to medical examinations, began to lose their ability to work later. But it was unprofitable to increase the age limit: early retirement guaranteed a tolerant attitude of the population towards the amount of payments.

Attention

Some categories of workers were given the right to receive a pension for long service, but these norms, like many other exceptions to the general rule for assigning pensions in the Soviet Union, were regulated by separate laws. … Pension provision in the USSR was actually free for workers.

Important

Another one distinguishing feature Soviet pension system - low retirement age: 60 years for men and 55 years for women.

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In the pre-war period (before the beginning of the Great patriotic war) the minimum standard of living for workers - in terms of the ratio of wages and the cost of the consumer basket - was fixed in 1940. It was two times lower than the standard of living of a Russian worker in 1913.

As for the peasants, their position in the country did not change for a long time, starting from the period of serfdom. Peasants did not receive pensions in pre-revolutionary Russia.

Under Soviet power, rural workers still remained virtually deprived of rights. Right up to the 60s, when during the period of Khrushchev's "thaw" there were significant changes in the social sphere.

geolike.ru

The Soviet pension system, which finally took shape in the 1950s and 1960s, included two main components: pension provision workers and employees of state enterprises and pensions for collective farmers. Pensions for old age (age), disability and loss of a breadwinner were provided.

Some categories of employees were entitled to a service pension, which was regulated by separate laws. There were also republican and union personal pensions, appointed for special merits.

Formally, pension provision in the USSR was free for workers - they don’t get anything from their income. pension system didn't pay. Pensions were financed from the so-called public consumption funds, which consisted of state budget funds and deductions from enterprises (from 4 to 12% of the wage fund, depending on the industry).

Pensions in the USSR just the facts

Today there are three types of pensions:

Moscow and region:
St. Petersburg and the region:
All-Russian:

old-age labor pension;
by disability;
on the loss of a breadwinner.

Today, the retirement age for men is 60 years, women become pensioners five years earlier, however, as in the USSR. Pension in Russia is an insurance part and a funded one.

The average amount of payments to pensioners is just over 11 thousand rubles. This is 40 percent of the salary. Social pension- 7500 rubles.
Unlike Soviet times, today there is no such thing as minimum pension. It is calculated from the value living wage in every region. Maximum size also does not exist.

Marina_ogor

For the first time, the universal right to receive an old-age pension was formalized by law. In the period 1973-1974, disability and survivor's pensions were introduced. Some categories of workers were given the right to receive a pension for long service, but these norms, like many other exceptions to the general rule for assigning pensions in the Soviet Union, were regulated by separate laws. …<Для Пенсионное обеспечение в СССР было фактически бесплатным для работников.

Pension in the USSR we are calm for our tomorrow!

In the absence of insurance contributions from the income of citizens, pensions were financed from public consumption funds. The sources of pension payments were formed at the expense of the state budget and deductions from the wage fund of enterprises (the deduction rate ranged from 4% to 12%, depending on the field of activity).

Another distinguishing feature of the Soviet pension system is the low retirement age: 60 for men and 55 for women. This bar has remained unchanged since the early 1930s, when it was set based on the results of a commission survey of workers and workers who retired due to disability.

The conclusions of the commissions were reduced to the conclusion: "By the age of 55, most of the women and by the age of 60, the majority of men lose the opportunity to continue working."
Bonuses were relied on for additional experience: for 35 years of service for men, and 30 years for women, as well as for work without interruption for more than 15 years, 10 percent was supposed, for 25 years of work in the same place with a total work experience of 35 years an additional 20 percent was due. The maximum old-age pension was no more than 120 rubles. A feature of the Soviet system of pension payments was that there was no centralized unified pension fund. Enterprises paid insurance premiums to the budget, and pensions were paid out of these funds.

A separate conversation is the collective farmer's pension. Collective-farm artels, which had a special fund for such payments, were responsible for their provision. In 1964, with the adoption of new pension legislation, the country assumed the obligation to pay pensions to all citizens.

What funds were used to pay pensions in the USSR

At the same time, the formation of the Soviet pension system, which for the first time became universal, was basically completed. In 1956, the USSR adopted the Law "On State Pensions".

In 1964, with the adoption of the Law "On Pensions and Allowances for Members of Collective Farms", collective farmers for the first time received pension rights in the Soviet Union. Starting from the 1960s, the USSR pension system included two basic components: pensions for workers and employees of state enterprises and pensions for collective farmers.

For the first time, the universal right to receive an old-age pension was formalized by law. In the period 1973-1974, disability and survivor's pensions were introduced.

The adopted changes in the regulation of pension savings in the USSR under the new economic conditions, however, were in effect for a very short time: from January 1, 1990 to January 1, 1991. As for the general shortcomings of the pay-as-you-go pension system that has developed in the Soviet Union, the most important of them were as follows.

Marina Ogorodnikova

A conversation in the kitchen with relatives forced me to delve into the Internet, since no one even approximately knew the answer to the question in the title.

The history turned out to be interesting.

It turns out that from 1917 to 1928. no one received an old-age pension in the USSR. Since 1928, they began to be appointed to workers in certain industries. Well, the Soviet authorities favored the employees only starting from 1937.
From about the same time, collective farmers were obliged to create funds that were supposed to help pensioners every month - with money, food or workdays. The retirement age, the length of service required to receive a pension, were set by the members of the agricultural artel themselves.
Until 1956, the size of pensions in the USSR was miserable. I found information about pensions for participants in the Civil War, soldiers of the Red Army who became disabled. They were supposed to 25 rubles. - 45 rubles. (second group of disability) and 65 rubles. (first group). Also, pensions were paid to disabled family members of such disabled people (from 15 to 45 rubles).
Considering that in 1937 the student stipend was 130 rubles, then those who fought with disabilities were paid mere crumbs.
The maximum pension is 300 rubles. in the early 50s, it was no more than 25% of the average salary (1200 rubles). And only under Khrushchev, starting from 1956, pensions began to grow. It would be interesting to know, if anyone knows, what were the pensions of your grandmothers, great-grandparents, great-grandfathers in the 30-60s. 20th century.
Against this background, the pension system of tsarist Russia looks absolutely fine and, I'm not afraid of this word, humane. By 1914, officials of all classes, clerks, officers, customs, gendarmes, school teachers, university professors, scientists and engineers of all state factories, doctors, medical staff of all state hospitals, workers of state factories and the railway had the right to a seniority pension.
A pension in the amount of a full salary was due to those who had worked in one place for 35 years. A pension of 50% of their salary was received by those who worked in one place for at least 25 years. At the same time, there was no age limit when a person could retire in the Russian Empire. People knew that after working from 20 to 30 years, you can count on a pension of up to 2/3 of the salary, and with experience of 10-20 - up to 1/3 of the salary.
The amount of the pension was not subject to appeal. If a pensioner died, then his family (widow, minor children) continued to receive a pension. The only exceptions were those cases when a man died in a duel - in this case, the widow lost material support (cruel, yes).
Pensions were paid only to those who were not noticed in anything bad. Well, that is, he was not involved, he was not fired under the article. Those who stumbled were deprived of their pensions and could petition the sovereign or try to re-earn their pension experience in another place by impeccable service.
Also, pensions were deprived of those who took monastic vows or left Russia forever.

The first mention of pension provision in Russia dates back to the middle of the 17th century. State support in those days was selective - pension benefits were due to soldiers who were injured during the hostilities. The payment was in the nature of an allowance for treatment, and its amount depended on the severity of the injury.

Significant changes in the provision of pensions in the country have undergone during the reign of Peter I - the concern for the wounded has seriously increased, whom they tried to attach so that they can receive a livelihood. A law was adopted, which can be considered the first pension law in the country - the "Charter of the Marine Russian Navy" dated January 13, 1720.

By the beginning of the 20th century, a pension system had been formed in Russia, covering less than one third of the population - officials and the military. Officials were entitled to a pension upon reaching the age of 60, with 35 years of "immaculate service" experience. However, it was possible to apply for a pension even with 25 years of service, however, only for 50% of the pension salary. The size of the pension provision depended on the rank of the official - there were nine in all.

The military pension was assigned at 25 years of service. Twenty years of service gave the right to 50% pension provision. Those who received wounds and injuries were provided with an additional pension from the disabled capital.

Employees of private enterprises were affected by pension insurance only at the beginning of the 20th century - the formation of insurance funds was carried out at the expense of deductions from the earnings of employees on their personal accounts. Upon receipt of an injury or occupational disease, a worker could claim benefits accumulated in his account. However, insurance covered no more than 2.5 million workers throughout the country.

The peasantry before the revolution, as well as for a long time after it, had no right to a pension. And given that rural residents accounted for almost half of the population in the 120-million-strong empire, it is not necessary to talk about the existence of a nationwide pension system in Russia at that time.

After the revolution of 1917, the leadership of the young republic actively took up the introduction of pension insurance. Already in 1917, the state took over the material support of the elderly, the disabled, widows and orphans. The country could not yet afford the introduction of old-age pensions: it was in a very difficult economic situation, there was a civil war.

Immediately after the revolution, the young government began to implement the Leninist insurance program, outlined at the VI All-Russian Conference of the RSDLP. For six years, about 100 decrees and orders in the field of social security have been adopted, about 1,500 institutions for the protection of motherhood and infancy have been opened.

The old-age pension was introduced in 1928, but only for workers and employees. The retirement age was set at 60 for men and 55 for women. The maximum pension was at best 25% of the average salary in the country, and it was quite problematic to live on it.

Only in 1956 did the pension system in the USSR cover the entire population of the country. The USSR Law "On State Pensions" was adopted. For the first time (!) Pensions were introduced for collective farmers, however, they were calculated according to a separate system and were lower than those of other workers.

The distributive, operating on the principle of "solidarity of generations", the pension system, introduced in 1956, lasted for several decades, until the collapse of the Union. Soviet citizens were entitled to a pension when they reached the age of 60 for men, 55 for women. At the same time, the required minimum length of service was to be 25 years for men and 20 years for women. The pension ceiling was limited to 120 rubles (the average salary in the country in 1980 was 174 rubles). The amount of the pension was half the average salary of the worker for the last two or any five years of employment.

The new economic realities that arose after the collapse of the USSR required a significant reform of the existing pension system - in the new conditions, the pay-as-you-go pension system could not ensure the standard of living of pensioners even at the minimum level.

In addition, it was necessary to significantly reform the system of accounting for pension rights of citizens. For these purposes, in 1997, a system of personalized accounting was first created. It provides for the assignment to all citizens (insured persons) of an individual personal account under a unique number (SNILS). During the entire labor activity, information on the length of service and earnings (deductions to the Pension Fund made for him by the employer) is accumulated in electronic form on the personal account of the insured person.

In 2002, the funded element of the pension was introduced. Thus, the purely pay-as-you-go pension system in Russia was replaced by a mixed pay-as-you-go system. As a result, working citizens began to form the insurance and funded parts of the pension. The principle of heritability of pension savings (the funded part of the pension) was legislated - if the pensioner does not live up to the pension, the assignees inherit this money. According to the law, savings are accumulated and managed in non-state pension funds (NPF), management companies or in a state management company - at the discretion of the insured person.

However, the economic difficulties faced by the country forced the government to freeze the formation of funded pensions for citizens. Starting from 2014 (and until now), employers deduct all insurance premiums for their employees only for insurance (solidarity) pension. At the same time, the government did not dare to nationalize the pension savings already formed by citizens, as happened in a similar situation in Hungary and Poland. They are also managed by NPFs and management companies (where they were identified by insured persons) and bring investment income.

The next pension reform that “struck” Russia in 2015 introduced new rules and concepts that are still in effect today. A concept such as "pension point" was introduced - the pension rights of citizens for each year of labor activity are fixed in points. The number of points earned per year (the maximum possible is ten) depends on the size of the salary and, accordingly, on the insurance premiums transferred to the Pension Fund. C The value of the pension point is set annually by the Government of Russia.

Analyzing the ratio of the average pension in the country with the average salary in different time periods, we can conclude that the average pension in the country in absolute terms, contrary to popular belief, has remained virtually unchanged since the Soviet Union. You can verify this by looking at the table below.

	Average pension in the country	Average salary in the country
1981	59	178,3	33,1
1985	76,9	201,4	38,2
1990	114,7	296,8	38,6
1995	242,6	472,4	51,4
2000	823,4	2223,4	37
2001	823,4	3240,4	25,4
2006	2538,2	10633,9	23,9
2009	4546,3	18637,5	24,4
2010	6177,4	20952,2	29,5
2012	8272,7	23369,2	35,4
2013	9153,6	26628,9	34,4
2014	10029,7	29792	33,7
2015	10888,7	32495,4	33,5
2016	12080,9	34029,5	35,5

P.s. The sharp rise in the "ratio" indicator in the Yeltsin era is, unfortunately, not associated with an increase in the average pension in the country, but with meager wages at that time.

The word "pension" is one of the most popular in the modern world. In almost all countries, every person can count on the support of the state in his declining years. However, this was not always the case. By the way, the current retirement age in Russia was set in 1932. The history of pensions in our country is quite interesting.

PENSIONS IN THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE. WITHOUT AGE REQUIREMENT

According to the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation, pensions in Russia began to be introduced gradually back in the 17th century by Peter I, and detailed pension legislation was adopted under Nicholas I. Military personnel and their widows, as well as officials with rank, began to use the first state support.

Subsequently, the pension system in Russia has steadily expanded to include a broad category of people who today are called "state employees". The right to pensions was given to lower employees who did not have ranks, teachers of state educational institutions, medical staff of state hospitals, engineers and craftsmen, and since 1913, workers of state enterprises and railways. True, the villagers could only rely on their savings and the help of relatives.

By 1914, officials of all classes, clerks, officers, customs, gendarmes, school teachers, university professors, scientists and engineers of all state factories, doctors, medical staff of all state hospitals, workers of state factories and the railway had the right to a seniority pension.

A pension in the amount of a full salary was due to those who had worked in one place for 35 years. A pension of 50% of their salary was received by those who worked in one place for at least 25 years.

At the same time, there was no age limit when a person could retire in the Russian Empire.

People knew that after working from 20 to 30 years, you can count on a pension of up to 2/3 of the salary, and with experience of 10-20 - up to 1/3 of the salary.

The amount of the pension was not subject to appeal. If a pensioner died, then his family (widow, minor children) continued to receive a pension.

DUEL - A SPECIAL CASE

The only exceptions were those cases when a man died in a duel - in this case, the widow lost material support.

Also, pensions were paid only to those who were not noticed in anything bad, that is, they were not involved, were not fired under the article. Those who stumbled were deprived of their pensions and could petition the sovereign or try to re-earn their pension experience in another place by impeccable service. Also, pensions were deprived of those who took monastic vows or left Russia forever.

THERE WERE PRACTICALLY NO PENSIONS AFTER THE 1917 REVOLUTION

After the formation of the USSR, all royal pensions were abolished in one fell swoop. The majority of Soviet workers did not receive old-age pensions for a long time - they were provided only for a small part of the population.

So, in August 1918, pensions were introduced for the disabled of the Red Army, in 1923 - for the old Bolsheviks, in 1928 - for workers in the mining and textile industries.

Only in 1930 was the “Regulation on pensions and social insurance benefits” adopted in Soviet Russia, and since 1937 pensions were paid to all urban workers and employees.

1937 SCHOLARSHIP BIGGER PENSION

Until 1956, the size of pensions in the USSR was meager: participants in the Civil War, soldiers of the Red Army who became disabled were supposed to be 25 rubles. - 45 rubles. (second group of disability) and 65 rubles. (first group).

Also, pensions were paid to disabled family members of such disabled people (from 15 to 45 rubles). Considering that in 1937 the student stipend was 130 rubles, then those who fought with disabilities were paid mere crumbs.

In 1926-1927, the average age of men in the USSR was 40.23 years, women - 45.61 years.

And in 1932, the age of retirement for old age was legally set: 55 years for women and 60 for men.

This law is still used today, almost 85 years later, although now (data from 2017) life expectancy in Russia is 67.5 years for men and 77.4 years for women.

The maximum pension is 300 rubles. in the early 50s of the 20th century, it was no more than 25% of the average salary (1200 rubles). Despite the rise in prices and wages in the country, this maximum remained unchanged. Given that most pensioners received 40-60 rubles, it was absolutely impossible to live on that kind of money without the support of relatives.

1956: LAW ON STATE PENSIONS

The pension system in the USSR was finally established only in 1956, together with the adoption of the law "On State Pensions", i.e. Under the leadership of Nikita Khrushchev, a pension reform was carried out, and the average size of pensions for old age was more than doubled, for disability - one and a half times.

Nikita Khrushchev is usually given credit for "giving pensions to collective farmers." In fact, all collective farmers were given the same pension of 12 rubles a month, which was approximately equal to the cost of four kilograms of doctor's sausage.

In 1973, pension payments were raised to 20 rubles, and in 1987 to 50 rubles. Collective farms were allowed to pay pension supplements to their pensioners, i.e. collective farmers were obliged to create funds that were supposed to help pensioners every month - with money, food or workdays. The retirement age and length of service required to receive a pension were set by the members of the agricultural artel themselves.

Against this background, the pension system of tsarist Russia looks simply luxurious.

GRANDCHILDREN REMEMBER

And at the end of my story, I want to offer you memories of the life of Soviet pensioners.

Tatyana Rubanova:

- Toward the end of the 60s, I was 4-5 years old, I remember from the conversation of adults. My grandmother, who worked all her life on a collective farm, survived the war, the occupation (the Kursk Bulge just passed through their village), began to receive a pension of 12 rubles. And they lived mainly on what they grew in their garden.

Galina Vrublevskaya:

- The issue of pensions was discussed in our family when she was assigned to my grandmother in 1957. She was 59 years old at the time, and she had not received any pension before, because, as I understand it, she had a long break without work. She stopped working in 1942 when she was evacuated from Leningrad with her husband (my grandfather) and his factory.

However, her overall work experience was long, because she worked "in apprenticeship" with the owner in a furrier's workshop from the age of 10, and later, in Soviet times, at a fur factory. Her pension was about 30 rubles (this is already in 1961 prices).

Sergey Aleksandrovich:

Grandmother worked very little, but lived in the city. She had four children. She received, it seems, 25 rubles - in the early 1960s. Grandmother bought 150 g of doctor's sausage “from retirement”, asked her to cut it, and we (I was 7 years old) ate the sausage right next to the store. It was so delicious that you can't imagine better.

And today it's up to you and me to decide whether to expect tender care from the state for us or decide how to live.

The review was prepared by Marina Vyazemskaya / New Pensioner

Post Views: 58 177

The word "pension" is one of the most popular in the modern world. In civilized countries, every person can count on the support of the state in his declining years. However, it wasn't always like this...

The elected received pensions

The pension system as a social institution was born quite a long time ago. Already in the Roman Empire, legionnaires were provided for ensuring a prosperous old age - due to the allotment of land seized as a result of wars transferred to the possession of each legionnaire. According to some historians, it was these pensions and other social benefits that followed them that became one of the reasons for the collapse of the Roman Empire ...

In Europe, pensions were initially viewed not as an obligation of the state, but as a royal favor for serving the throne. The pension went to a few, and, as a rule, to those who were not in poverty anyway. Age did not play any role in the appointment of royal pensions.

The first to officially introduce a solidarity state pension for all workers in 1889 was Otto von Bismarck, the German Chancellor. Notably, these pensions were based on compulsory social insurance and contributions from employers and employees.

20 years later, Great Britain and Australia picked up the baton, and the United States of America came to the state pension system only in the 30s of the twentieth century.

The state helped widows and officials

In tsarist Russia, the beginnings of the pension system appeared during the years of the reforms of Peter I. But a detailed pension legislation was adopted under Nicholas I. The first state security began to be used by military personnel and their widows, as well as officials with rank.

Under Stalin, the old people had a hard time

The Bolsheviks abolished the royal pensions in one fell swoop. The majority of Soviet workers did not receive old-age pensions for a long time - they were provided only for a small part of the population. So, in August 1918, pensions were introduced for the disabled of the Red Army, in 1923 - for the old Bolsheviks, in 1928 - for workers in the mining and textile industries, in 1937 - for all urban workers and employees.

At the same time, the maximum pension under Stalin was 300 "old" rubles per month, which was about a quarter of the average salary. Despite rising prices and wages, this maximum remained unchanged. Given that most pensioners received 40-60 rubles, it was absolutely impossible to live on that kind of money without the support of relatives.

In 1956, under the leadership of Nikita Khrushchev, a pension reform was carried out - the average size of pensions for old age was more than doubled, for disability - one and a half times. Nikita Khrushchev is usually given credit for "giving pensions to collective farmers." In fact, all collective farmers were given the same pension of 12 rubles a month, which was approximately equal to the cost of four kilograms of doctor's sausage. In 1973, pension payments were raised to 20 rubles, and in 1987 to 50 rubles. Collective farms were allowed to pay pension supplements to their pensioners.

Caste of the privileged

For former officers, the "ceiling" was twice as high as for civilians: 250 rubles a month in the army and the KGB, 220 rubles in the Ministry of Internal Affairs. At the same time, it was allowed to work without any restrictions, and military pensioners were, by the standards of that time, very wealthy people.

Personal pensions were introduced in 1923. They were received by prominent scientists, old Bolsheviks, Heroes of the Soviet Union and Socialist Labor, full holders of the Order of Glory, but above all - chiefs of various ranks.
A personal pension of federal significance was equal to 250 rubles per month, republican - 160 rubles, local - 140 rubles. In addition, such pensioners were paid one or two monthly "recovery" pensions annually.

On a global scale, pension provision now differs little from the previous one: there are those who are not in poverty at all and, on the contrary, who can barely make ends meet. Soon, they say, this
Only the facts

300 rubles was the personal pension of the Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU,
400 rubles were received by a candidate member of the Politburo,
A member of the Politburo received 500 rubles.