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Nosal Mikhail, Ivan
Medicinal plants and methods of their use among the people

Mikhail Andreevich Nosal

Ivan Mikhailovich Nosal

medicinal plants

W o o n e s

in the people

Table of contents

P a rt I

plants used by the people. 1. General instructions about medicinal plants 2. Collection of medicinal plants 3. Drying of medicinal plants 4. Storage of medicinal plants 5. General information about the methods of use and

dosages of medicinal plants used by the people

P a rt II

medicinal plants

and their application in folk medicine. 1. Plants used by the people 2. Plants used by the people for liver diseases

and gallbladder 3. Plants used by the people in diseases

genitourinary organs 4. Plants used by the people in diseases

respiratory tract (lungs, throat) 5. Plants used by the people in the treatment of skin

diseases and long non-healing wounds and ulcers 6. Plants used by the people for the treatment of rickets

("English disease") and scrofula 7. Plants used by the people for heart

diseases 8. Poisonous plants used by the people as

medicinal

P a rt III

folk remedies for the treatment of certain diseases

her. 1. Diseases of the stomach 2. Diseases of the liver and gallbladder 3. Diseases of the genitourinary organs 4. Diseases of the respiratory organs 5. Diseases of children - rickets and scrofula 6. Folk ways eczema treatment

Conclusion

Application

foreword by the editor.

Traditional medicine and folk remedies have always attracted the attention of doctors and researchers. Some of these drugs, after being tested in clinics, have found application in modern medicine. Such remedies include, for example, the adonis widely used in folk medicine - aDONIS VERNALIS, introduced into medical practice by S.P. Botkin. At present, one could enumerate a large number of plants included in official medicine. However, even more herbal folk remedies remained untested.

The use of herbal remedies in folk medicine is consecrated by centuries of folk experience, and mastering this experience could be very useful. However, folk remedies were usually concentrated in the hands of healers, who, protecting their healer's craft, kept them secret. Therefore, both in former times and now, collectors of folk medicinal products always experienced difficulties, getting information about them random and inaccurate.

In this book, prepared for publication by I.M. Nosal, an agronomist of the Rovno region, provides material on medicinal plants that were popular among the people, collected by his father, Mikhail Andreevich Nosal. His son also took some part in the collection of material. The nosal-father himself, judging by the notes he left, had the intention to publish his extensive material in the form of an "open book", believing that "future people ... In connection with the progress of science, they will make additions (to it) ... its new materials, taken from the same inexhaustible source from which he also took, i.e. from the people.

Book by M.A. I.M. Nosal compares favorably with the former, published in the past, folk "healers", "herbalists", etc. The fact that it gives the exact names of plants and details how to use them in folk medicine. It is also valuable that it indicates the time of collection of plants, methods of drying and storage.

The book is intended for doctors, but mainly for researchers who would try to extract a number of data from the "people's treasury" for further study.

It is especially valuable that the author had the opportunity to check many folk remedies personally, recommending them to patients and observing the results of treatment. The author often tried to explain their effect on the patient. In many cases, one can agree with his explanations, but in most cases they were only assumptions and therefore from the book. The correct explanation will be given by those researchers who, using the author’s materials , wish to test folk remedies subject to personal scientific observation (analysis).

P a rt I

general information about medicinal

plants used by the people.

1. General instructions about medicinal plants.

From the first days of his existence on earth, man, like any other creature, is subject to serious illnesses. Burdened with infirmities, he seeks relief from his suffering. Searches and finds it in the surrounding nature: Flora and fauna. Centuries, millennia passed, and man did not part with plants, watched them, often cultivated them and diligently studied their healing properties. The centuries-old experience of the peoples formed the basis of scientific medical medicine, which to this day uses substances from medicinal plants, the properties of which were discovered first of all by the people.

Each nation, depending on the geographical conditions in which it lives, has its own medicinal plants, and among all nations the total number of plants that enjoyed the fame of medicinal reached three thousand.

With the growth of the intellect of mankind, erudition and the progress of its general culture, sciences began to appear, and medicine arose as one of the first sciences. Freed from the shackles of quackery, escaping from the tenacious hands of sorcerers and moving away from priestly mysticism, scientific medicine has discarded much as unnecessary ballast and useless for healing, and even more has been questioned. As a result, it turned out that at present the total number of plants that, for one reason or another, could be classified as medicinal, does not exceed 500. However, if a conscientious researcher tried to list all the plants that were considered medicinal by the people, he would have to would come to the conclusion that in some localities their list would have to include all the plants growing there.

The masses of the people are firmly preserved, passing from generation to generation, information about the methods of healing various diseases, as well as about plants that have acquired the glory of healing. Even now, the people use many wild plants for various diseases, despite the fact that modern scientific medicine does not include them in the list of its remedies. Who would have thought that cudweed (GNarnaLIUm ULIGINoSUm L.), in this inconspicuous and burdensome weed of our meadows and fields, contains a substance that neutralizes the acidity of gastric juice, calms the nerves and lowers blood pressure? Who knew about 15 years ago that in the motherwort (LeoNURUS caRDIaca L.) an amazing remedy is stored that acts in disorders nervous system? Only thanks to scientific research has medicine been enriched with the active substances of these two (taken as an example) plants, the healing effect of which until recently was not only in doubt, but was not even recognized at all. But what about the people? And the people led their own line of behavior in relation to these plants. From generation to generation, from generation to generation, cudweed was used for "angina pectoris" and "confusing" the head (with an excessive increase in blood pressure), and motherwort was used instead of valerian, especially in those areas (high), where valerian did not grow wildly.

Much remains to be explored in folk medicinal plants, for the hieroglyphs of folk medicine can be much more difficult to comprehend than were Assyrian cuneiform and Egyptian rebus letters.

With the widest, nowhere hitherto seen opportunities for the development of all sciences, which are available in our country, of course, much new will be discovered in this branch of knowledge, especially since with each step forward, more and more new ones are opened up. effective methods research.

To anyone who wishes to engage in the collection of wild medicinal plants, we command the following:

1. Wild medicinal plants are a common national wealth, and therefore never entrust the collection of medicinal plants to those people who have not been implanted in the minds of the idea that this wealth must be valued and cherished, and not exploited without any plan. Consider, however, the needs of the suffering person, because the person, after all, is the greatest wealth.

2. If a certain type of medicinal plant grows in abundance in your area, try to collect it so that nine of its largest individuals remain per 4 square meters.

3. Never collect those plants that are very scarce in your area, save them until they are fully ripe and then help them to disperse over a wider area. When absolutely necessary, use only some of them.

When collecting plants, you need to know:

one). What parts of a particular type of medicinal plant are used in traditional medicine;

2). At what time the collection should be made and how exactly it is technically carried out;

3). How should plants be dried?

four). What measures should be taken to better preserve the harvested material.

I want to briefly state all this on the basis of a study and a comprehensive, accessible to me, analysis of those methods that I encountered in my many years of practice and which, to the best of my ability, I tried to extract from the bottomless treasury of folk experience and folk wisdom.

2. Collection of medicinal plants.

Any medicinal plant contains one or more active principles, i.e. Substances that, under certain conditions, can exhibit certain healing properties in the human and animal body. These active principles are sometimes distributed throughout the plant. More often, they are concentrated only in certain of its organs, and therefore for medical purposes either the whole plant is used, or only parts of it that contain active principles: In some plants, these are roots, in others, leaves, in others, the entire aerial part of the plant, etc. .D.

The number of active principles contained in a medicinal plant, in different periods growth and development of the latter is uneven and fluctuates; therefore, the time of collection of medicinal plants is not indifferent and is timed to coincide with the moment of the highest content of active principles in them. So, if the whole plant is involved, it is harvested at the beginning of flowering; at the same time, plants are also collected, from which all above-ground parts are used - grass. The leaves are collected, as a rule, before flowering, with the exception of the "coltsfoot" (mUSSILAGO FаRFаRа L.), which is harvested after flowering. Roots, rhizomes and tubers are harvested in autumn, after sap flow stops in the plant, or in early spring before it begins. Seeds and fruits - in the period of their full maturation, with some exceptions (for example, the seeds of the speckled hemlock - soNIUM masULatUm L. They are still green). Finally, the bark is collected in the spring during the flow of sap in the plant.

The collection of above-ground parts of the plant, especially flowers, should be carried out in dry weather and after the dew has disappeared, since only under this condition is it possible to preserve their natural color in the parts of the plant during drying and protect them from self-heating (processes of bacterial and fungal decomposition), which often results in is the loss of the active principle by the plant.

The bark is removed from trunks and branches (buckthorn), and for oak - only from branches - by ring cuts to the wood and a cut along the trunk from one ring cut to another and is torn off manually from top to bottom.

Features of the collection of individual plants will be given in their description.

3. Drying of medicinal plants.

The purpose of drying medicinal plants is to stop the destructive activity of enzymes ("fermentation") and thereby protect the active principles contained in plants for a long time from their changes.

Drying of the collected material is usually carried out either in attics under a shingle or iron roof, or in special drying sheds, or, finally, in dryers, but not in the sun.

When dried, a significant part of the water evaporates from the plants, and therefore the plants lose approximately as much weight in weight: Grass - 70%, leaves - 80%, flowers - 75%, roots - 65%, bark - 45%.

4. Storage of medicinal plants.

Medicinal plants change during drying. They undergo an even greater change during storage, gradually losing their medicinal qualities. Most plants become substandard after a few years, but some deteriorate within a year and become unusable. Our pharmacopoeia requires the annual preparation of fresh materials: belladonna leaves, foxglove, henbane, dope, hop inflorescences (cones), hemlock aconite tubers, fern rhizomes, ergot horns (mycelium) and flax seeds. A very rare example of quality improvement during preservation is the bark of buckthorn, which is preferred to two years of preservation.

For the preservation of well-dried material are of great importance: Storage location and container, or packaging. Most of all, you need to beware of a damp room and storage in a closed form; absorbing moisture, the prepared material is destroyed, changing in color, and gets a musty smell. As a result of the activity of microorganisms that have fallen on it, in particular mold fungi, the deterioration of the material is accelerated. The room should be dry, well ventilated, accessible to frequent inspection; therefore, a barn or basement cannot be allocated for a pantry or warehouse of medicinal plants. A good warehouse can be an unheated room in a living space.

Those from herbal medicinal materials that contain highly aromatic essential oils, should be kept away from other materials. All toxic materials must be stored unconditionally in a separate room with full guarantee of the impossibility of mixing them with others. If in practice there will be special features in storage packaging, they will be discussed when describing individual plants by species.

5. General information about how to use

and dosages of medicinal plants,

used by the people.

People have noticed that the effect of the same plant on the body may be different and depends on the characteristics of the organism. At the same time, it has been observed that each plant has its own characteristics of action on various organs or their functions. In addition, people believe that the action of one plant is less effective than when combining several plants taken from the same group of them.

This can explain the fact that wherever it comes to fighting stubborn and prolonged suffering, the people use mixtures of herbs and not without results. They consider this necessary in diseases associated with the main ailment (complicated diseases). in different plants, but also about the fact that the active principles of one plant are released for their work or stimulated by some substances of another plant, which in fact is not, perhaps, directly medicinal. their interaction.This must certainly be taken into account when studying the effectiveness of the use of folk medicinal plants.Interactions in the body of the medicinal principles of medicinal plants are very complex, but studying them is certainly a rewarding task.

Medicinal plants are used by the people both internally and externally.

T r a s t e n i n i n t i n t i o n 1) In the form of juice squeezed out of a plant, 2) decoctions from plants, 3) extracts from roots, bark, seeds and fruits with the help of water, wine, vodka, alcohol and 4) powder from dried parts of plants.

N a r u n o. In the form of baths, enemas, wrappings in a sheet soaked in a decoction of medicinal plants, in the form of lotions, compresses, applying plant parts and paste from them to sore spots, etc.

Dosages Folk practice shows that the most common and, it can be considered the most suitable and good general dose for oral use is one tablespoon "with a top" of a finely chopped plant or mixture per glass of boiling water, or four tablespoons "with a top" per liter of boiling water. Features of dosages of individual plants will be given in the presentation of the relevant materials.

Based on folk, and in connection with this, personal practice, it remains to make a few more explanations about how decoctions and herbal teas are prepared and when exactly to make decoctions, and when to make teas.

If the mixtures contain bark, roots, tubers, seeds, berries, wood and bearberry leaves, then in most cases decoctions are prepared, in other cases - steams. Comfrey roots and rosehip berries are not subject to decoction, and therefore, when preparing a mixture for decoction, these components cannot be put there. The active substances contained in the root of the comfrey, and the vitamins in the rose hips are destroyed by boiling.

Preparation Four tablespoons of the mixture, each spoon with a top, are poured into a one and a half liter dishes (preferably clay, not metal - this is important to avoid reaction with metal), pour a liter of raw water, stir, cover with a lid and leave overnight at room temperature to the potion is wet. They do it in the evening. In the morning, the mixture is put on fire and, when it boils, they continue to boil under the lid for 5-7 minutes. Remove from heat, leave covered for half an hour, then filter through a clean cloth and wring out. The potion is thrown away, and the broth, if cooled, is heated and drunk. On an empty stomach, they drink a whole glass hot, and drink the rest during the day in four doses, each dose an hour after eating. And so they do throughout the treatment, daily preparing a fresh decoction. When the broth soured by the end of the day (in summer), smaller portions of it are prepared, for about two doses.

N a p a r. They cook almost the same. The only difference is that the potion is poured with boiling water and soared in the oven (gradually cooling down) all night. In the morning, filter, warm and take as well as a decoction.

These are the most common methods of preparing decoctions and steams among the people.

Each medicinal plant in the overwhelming majority of cases contains a very small particle of the active substance or substances, the amount of which cannot yet be practically increased or decreased. Therefore, using medicinal plants, we take with them a microscopic fraction of the substance that has a therapeutic effect. The doctor either increases or reduces the dose of the medicine, depending on the nature and severity of the disease or for other reasons. With medicinal plants, until their active principles have been learned to isolate, this cannot be done. Therefore, people are treated with plants in most cases for a very long time, and practice shows that the longer they are treated, the better. For example, for some diseases (long-term ulcerative processes in the stomach, advanced eczema), plants are treated for many months, taking a break for 14 days every two months. The longer the treatment with plants, the more necessary a certain regimen becomes, for example: fresh air, staying in a pine forest, baths, sun, etc. Food is recommended not so much hearty as digestible, with the exclusion of alcohol and all kinds of spices from it.

P a rt II

medicinal plants

and their use in traditional medicine.

1. Plants used by the people for

treatment of gastrointestinal diseases.

N 1. AsnILLEA MILLEFOLIUM L. - Common yarrow. Russian name: Yarrow; Ukrainian: DerevIy, bloodstone; Polish: KRWAWNIk poSroLITY.

Family: SomroSitae - Compositae.

A well-known plant, its elastic stem grows up to 50 cm. Creeping rhizome with shoots. The stem is straight, slightly hairy, like the leaves. The leaves are bipinnate. Flowers are usually white, but (rarely) pink or purplish, small, in many oblong compound corymbs. The smell of the plant is balsamic, pleasant. Flowers are fragrant, bitter in taste. Blooms from the second half of May until the end of summer. Distributed in all areas, usually in meadows, fields, borders, roadsides, slopes, shrubs, forests.

S b o r. Flowers are harvested during flowering, and leaves in late April and May.

It is believed that the plant improves digestion, stops bleeding, promotes proper metabolism.

Consumption. Yarrow is used both in scientific and folk medicine. In folk medicine, it is a very popular remedy. It is used both internally and as an external agent.

In n at t r b. Yarrow leaf tea is drunk for hemorrhoids, boils and weak periods. Dose - 30.0 g. Per liter of water.

Yarrow leaf juice with honey, 3 teaspoons a day, is taken to increase appetite, improve metabolism, with liver disease and women's diseases.

N a r u n o. The juice squeezed from yarrow leaves and applied to a fresh wound stops bleeding and promotes healing. The action of the juice in relation to wound healing is very effective. Old ulcers, long festering wounds, boils, etc. are successfully cured with yarrow juice. In winter, almost the same effect as the juice of fresh leaves, has a pressure from the flowers of this plant with an admixture of 1/3 by weight of chamomile flowers. In the same steam, it is good to wash your face, especially for young women. The skin becomes velvety and matte.

Finely chopped yarrow leaves, mixed with crushed barley and a few grains of bitter pepper, are considered excellent food for turkeys.

Here are a few recipes that people use for both internal and external use.

1. With strong heartbeats, drink two glasses of weak wine daily, into which 24 drops of yarrow juice and 24 drops of rue juice (N 47) are poured into both glasses of wine.

2. Pimples on the body, boils and rashes, as the people believe, should be treated by cleansing the blood, and for this purpose they use steam from the following mixture of herbs: Sage (N 49), wormwood (N 7) and rosemary 1 tablespoon each; yarrow (N 1), juniper berries (N 26), lanceolate plantain (N 34), large nettle (N 58), St. John's wort (N 23) and centauria (N 14) - 2 tablespoons each; horsetail (N 82) - 3 tablespoons. They mix everything, take 4 tablespoons from this mixture, each with a top, pour 1 liter of boiling water and soar all night; during the day, in 8 doses, they drink all this steam.

3. Inflammation Bladder recommend drinking a decoction of such plants: Yarrow - 2 tablespoons, cuff (N 3) - 1 spoon, calamus root (N 2) - 1 spoon, birch buds (N 77) - 2 tablespoons, bearberry leaves (N 75) - 2 spoons. Take 2 tablespoons of this mixture, pour 2.5 cups of raw water and boil for 5-7 minutes; set aside from the fire and filter after half an hour. All this broth is drunk per day in 4 divided doses.

4. Severe pains in the stomach (cramps) are soothed by drinking tea from a mixture of chamomile flowers (No. 28) and yarrow, 1 tablespoon per glass of boiling water. At the same time, a heating pad is placed on the stomach area.

5. Tea from yarrow flowers is drunk (3 cups a day) for uterine bleeding and hemoptysis.

6. When bloating is very a good remedy a decoction of a mixture of the following herbs is considered: Cumin seeds (N 12) - 2 tablespoons, urop seeds - 1 spoon, yarrow leaves - 2 tablespoons, finely chopped straw (N 76) - 3 tablespoons, calamus root (N 2) - 1 spoon and coarsely grated valerian root (N 6) - 1 teaspoon. 3 tablespoons of this mixture, each with a top, pour 3 cups of raw water. Boil 15 minutes. Drink 3 glasses a day.

A few recipes for external use:

1. In case of inflammation of the skin, crushed and turned into a mass of yarrow leaves are applied to the sore spot or smeared with yarrow ointment: A handful of flowers and yarrow leaves are rubbed into a homogeneous mass and mixed with unsalted melted lard. Comfrey ointment (N 52) is prepared in the same way, only instead of leaves and flowers, they take pounded comfrey root. It is recommended to prepare the ointment in small portions and it is best to use it freshly prepared.

2. It often happens that while working in the field, you have to get hurt. Where to look for? Then they look for yarrow, take its leaves (they are juicier than flowers), knead them firmly in (if possible clean) fingers and apply to wounds. After that, in most cases, as I could observe, the wound heals in 3-4-5 days without a trace of suppuration. Even wounds from a cut with a sickle, which usually quickly suppurate and slowly heal, as well as wounds from a cut with a knife, a plow, an ax, made in the field, in conditions that are far from sanitary, heal quickly. That is why people call this beautiful plant "bloodwort".

Storing Yarrow grass, leaves and flowers dried in the shade are stored in tin boxes.

N 2. AcoRUS calamUS L. - Calamus marsh (or odorous).

Russian names: calamus bog, calamus fragrant, calamus root; Ukrainian: АIр trostInniy, Tatar zIllya, lepekha, shuvar; Polish: TataRak roSroLITY, aJeR, tataRSkIe ZIeLe.

Family: ARaceae - aronnikovye, aroid.

Calamus has a creeping, roundish, thick rhizome, white inside, soft, spongy, yellow or yellow-green above. The stem at the base is reddish with a lilac (often) tint, the leaves are with clearly expressed veins, xiphoid linear pointed, fleshy. Blooms in June. It does not bear fruit here, but only in the south of Europe. It was brought to Europe from Turkey in the 17th century. The taste of rhizomes is bitter-burning. The smell is pleasant. The plant is well known to all the inhabitants of the village (in religious holiday"Trinity" decorated living quarters with leaves, spread them on floors, in courtyards and in churches). Distributed throughout the USSR; in the middle part of the USSR it occurs only in places in abundance in rivers and ponds near the banks, forming thickets.

S b o r. The rhizomes are harvested by digging them up with a pitchfork in autumn or spring. Wash in cold water, discard thinner roots, cut into small pieces and dry.

Consumption. Modern medicine uses this plant. In pharmacies, you can find calamus rhizome oil, tincture and extract.

In folk medicine, the calamus rhizome is more widely accepted than in scientific medicine. Considering calamus to be an excellent disinfectant, people rinse their mouths with an alcoholic tincture of calamus in case of scurvy, wash wounds, festering ulcers, and chew the root during epidemics of cholera, Spanish flu (influenza of 1919) and typhus. Tinctures are prepared on alcohol or strong vodka with different dosages of crushed calamus rhizomes. The tincture is sometimes replaced with a solution of calamus oil purchased at a pharmacy, adding 50 g of it to 2 liters of 90% alcohol. For external use, the tincture is diluted with chilled boiled water in the proportion: Water 3 parts, tinctures 1 part. For internal use, use undiluted tincture and take it before meals from 10 to 30 drops with water or on a piece of sugar. If there is no tincture, use a decoction of 30 g. Rhizomes per 1 liter. Water, boiled in a covered bowl. Both tincture and decoction are used internally for diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, diarrhea, diseases of the biliary tract, kidney stones and malaria.

Calamus rhizomes are considered one of the main components of bath mixtures for scrofulous and rickety children (see "Rickets and scrofula").

Calamus rhizomes are also an indispensable component in carminative mixtures of medicinal plants.

In case of hair loss, 3 times a week they wash their hair in a decoction of a mixture of equal parts of calamus and burdock (N 106), sometimes adding a couple of handfuls of hop cones to the decoction.

Inside calamus is taken in the following cases.

1. With sluggish digestion, drink 3 cups a day of a decoction of calamus rhizomes: Rhizomes 15.0 g, water 2-3 cups. Cook for 15 minutes in a covered bowl.

2. According to my observations, even very annoying heartburn stops if you take a fine powder from calamus rhizomes on the tip of a knife 3 times a day.

3. Calamus is included in a mixture of herbs used in the treatment of inflammation of the bladder.

N a r u n o. 1. A decoction of calamus root from 30.0 g. Per 1 liter. Women use water for diseases of the genital organs for sitz baths.

2. Calamus rhizome powder is also used for powdering festering wounds and ulcers.

3. I have often seen the good action of calamus mixed with other plants in a disease which is expressed as follows: Swelling of the tongue, and sometimes cracks on it with chills, fever and difficulty in swallowing. In this case, rinse your mouth 3 times a day with a decoction of the following mixture of medicinal plants: Calamus rhizomes - 10.0 g, Sage leaves (N 49) - 8.0 g, Oak bark (N 41) - 10.0 g. And large nettle leaves (N 58) - 10.0 g per 1 liter of water.

4. Calamus is also used for toothache. To do this, prepare the medicine as follows: For half a liter of vodka at 60 degrees, take 10.0 g. Fine powder of calamus rhizomes, shake, cork the bottle, tie the cork with twine. A bottle in a standing position is covered with dough and baked like bread. It turns out, as it were, a vodka decoction of calamus, a glass of which is taken into the mouth and kept on the aching tooth.

In the Rovno district of the Rovno region, it is customary for the people to take the same vodka inside if tuberculosis is suspected. In such cases, they drink a glass of this vodka before dinner. If the vodka is strong, it is diluted with a little boiled water. People claim that after two weeks of taking such calamus vodka, the cough becomes soft, appetite appears and the general condition of the patient improves significantly. Vodka is drunk only once a day.

Storage. Store unground calamus rhizomes in barrels lined with paper inside.

N 3. ALSNIMILLA VULGARIS L. – Common cuff. Russian name: Cuff ordinary. Ukrainian: Love spell, goose paw, zirochki. Polish: PRZeWROtNIk poSroLity.

Family: Rosaceae - rosaceous.

The cuff is a plant with a stem 10-30 cm high, creeping and arching upwards, especially during flowering. The lower leaves are on long petioles, and the upper ones are almost without petioles; the upper ones are five-six-lobed, the lower ones are seven-ten-lobed. The lobes are rounded, crenate-serrate, covered with hairs on both sides. There are many flowers, they are all very small, green-yellow, crowded into balls. The taste of the plant is sometimes bitter, and in most cases it is tart, astringent, the smell is slightly balsamic. The plant is distributed in a vast strip of the European part of the USSR, except for the most southern regions. Grows in meadows, groves, borders, forest edges, pastures.

S b o r. Gathered by cutting plants during flowering. It has an astringent, expectorant effect on the human organism, improves metabolism.

They successfully apply them in trade, the rest have no idea about them or do not know how to use them. One of these tools is the Fibonacci levels, the correct construction of which may determine the success of your trading system. In this article, you will learn how to draw Fibonacci lines, as well as get acquainted with such types of levels as correction and extension.

What are Fibonacci levels?

In the 13th century, the famous mathematician Leonardo Fibonacci invented a numerical sequence inherent in all phenomena in nature. If you add the previous figure to the next, you will get the Fibonacci number sequence. When dividing the previous digit by the next in the numerical sequence, approximately the same value is obtained - 0.618. This observation, called the "golden section", has found its application in trading with the advent of a tool that determines Fibonacci levels. What are Fibonacci lines used for? This tool is used to find support and resistance levels, as well as to set take profit values. Don't be afraid, you don't have to calculate anything, your software will do it for you. You just have to learn how to build Fibonacci levels. See also how they differ from unscrupulous dealing centers.

How to build Fibonacci retracement levels?

Fibonacci levels are used to determine the end of the correction and the continuation of the trend. Therefore, one should enter into transactions based on the Fibonacci lines only in the direction of the current trend. How to draw Fibonacci lines on the chart? First you need to determine which trend is in front of you - a downtrend or an uptrend. For example, there is an uptrend, then you need to find the minimum point on the chart. Then, in the toolbar, select the Fibonacci Lines tool, find the minimum point on the chart and, without releasing the left mouse button, stretch the tool grid from it to the place where the correction began. As a result, you will get the following possible correction levels: 23.6, 38.2, 50.0, 61.8, 100. These levels are a percentage of a given segment, but it is from them that you can expect a price rebound and continuation of the current trend. The picture below shows how the price actually tested the level of 38.2 and then bounced and the price resumed its upward movement, which gave us a good opportunity to make money.

Let's consider an example of applying Fibonacci levels on a downtrend. First, you need to determine the nearest local maximum on the chart and from it, without releasing the left mouse button, drag the Fibonacci grid to the place from which the correction began. As it turned out, the price reached the 50.0 level before turning around and continuing down.

It is impossible to say with 100% certainty from which level the rebound will occur, in our first example it was the level of 38.2, and in the second it was 50.0. Therefore, one should not enter transactions immediately after the price touches one of the Fibonacci levels, it is possible that this is not a correction at all, but the beginning of a new trend. It is worth waiting for the appearance of confirming signals: Price Action patterns, or trend lines, and only then enter the market.

How to set new levels in the Fibonacci grid?

Sometimes it is necessary to remove unnecessary levels or add new ones in the Fibonacci grid. This is done very simply. It is enough to set the Fibonacci levels as described earlier, double-click on the dotted line connecting the minimum and maximum, and then right-click and select "Fibo Properties". A settings window will open in front of you, in which you can change the values ​​of the levels, for this you need to go to the "Fibonacci levels" tab. We recommend that you remove level 23.6 as it is not as significant as the others. Select this level and click Remove. Adding levels is as easy as removing them. For example, you can add the level 78.6 because it is the square root of 0.618, which is the "golden ratio". To add a new level, click "Add" and enter 0.786 in the first column, and 78.6 in the second and click "OK". Now the Fibonacci grid has appeared new level– 78.6, and level 23.6 was successfully removed. You do not need to make changes every time when building new Fibonacci levels, your software remembers them immediately after you have entered the necessary values ​​and clicked "OK". Also in the settings you can change the color and thickness of the Fibonacci levels.

Disadvantages of Fibonacci levels

We mentioned above that Fibonacci levels are not a perfect tool. It is impossible to know for sure from which level the price will bounce - from 38.2, 50.0 or 61.8. Or maybe there will be a reversal of the trend in the other direction. Even if there was a rebound from one of the levels, the momentum may be short-term, and the price will continue to move in the opposite direction from our transaction. How to reduce the likelihood of false signals? Trading on Fibonacci levels is considered successful only in combination with other technical analysis tools. Next, we will look at how combining Fibonacci levels with other technical analysis tools makes it more effective.

Fibonacci levels and horizontal levels

It is known that they are a very strong trading tool, and in combination with Fibonacci levels, they give an even greater effect. How can they be applied in practice? Let's say you have a pronounced uptrend, you stretch the Fibonacci grid on the chart, connecting the local minimum with the nearest maximum, which is a signal for a possible correction. Then you look for strong horizontal levels on the chart, which can be a good support for the price. In this case, the strongest level will be the one that is in the same price zone with horizontal levels and Fibonacci lines. In our example, this is the price of 1.0510, in which the resistance level and the Fibonacci level with a value of 50.0 have connected.

The combination of these levels became an excellent signal to buy, which was confirmed, the price repeatedly tested this level, and then continued the uptrend. Why is this happening? Most traders use horizontal levels in their trading, the other part of the players in the foreign exchange market uses Fibonacci levels. The imposition of these levels on each other increases the probability of placement in this particular price area.

Fibonacci levels and trend lines

As practice shows, Fibonacci levels work only in a trend, and they are best suited for determining it. For example, there is an uptrend on the chart, in order to enter a trade, you must wait for the correction to begin. We draw a trend line along two local minima, and also draw a Fibonacci grid on the chart. As a result, the price tested the 50.0 level, and the trend line served as a support level. This is a good signal to buy, which happened later, the price continued to move up. This example is another proof of the effective combination of Fibonacci levels with other trading instruments.

Fibonacci levels and Price Action patterns

The strongest signals are the combination of Fibonacci levels and . In our example, we will look for reversal patterns: pin bars, . So, there is a downtrend on the chart, and then a correction begins. It's time to look for signals to open a sell trade. To do this, we put a Fibonacci grid on the chart and wait for the appearance of Price Action patterns. The figure shows how the price confidently overcame the levels of 23.6 and 38.2, but at the level of 50.0 a doji pattern formed, which, although not a strong signal, can be used in combination with Fibonacci levels. What is doji? This is a price action candlestick pattern with a small body and long tails in both directions. It shows the uncertainty of Forex players, it is possible that the strength of the bulls has dried up, and the bears have taken over them. And so it happened, after the formation of the doji under the Fibonacci 50.0 level, the price reversed and moved down.

What is the Fibonacci Extension trading tool for?

We figured out how to open trades using Fibonacci levels, and now let's look at another technical analysis tool that will allow us to place for taking profit. Many traders have trouble placing take profits, some make them very small, others sit out waiting for big profits, which very often leads to disappointing results. With such a trading tool as the Fibonacci Extension, you will always know exactly where to set goals for taking the maximum profit. How to plot the Fibonacci extension? Let's imagine that there is an uptrend on the chart. On the next pullback, you entered into buys. To determine take profit levels, you need to install the "Fibonacci Extension". To do this, go to the menu "Insert" - "Fibonacci" and select "Extension". Now it is necessary, without releasing the left mouse button, to connect the minimum point on the chart and the correction start point. Then you need to double-click on the dotted line and move the 3rd point to the place where the correction ends. As a result, levels will appear on the chart at which take profit values ​​should be placed.

The figure shows how the price did not reach the FE 100.0 level a little. This should be taken into account, since the price does not always reach levels with an accuracy of one point. Fibonacci levels, like trend lines or horizontal levels, are not some exact tools that the price should reach point by point. These are just some supply and demand zones, the price may either not reach the level of a few points, or test it by forming a candle with long tail. What levels to use to take profit? You can do the following: open two deals, close the first one when it reaches the FE 100.0 level, while moving the second one to breakeven and wait until the price reaches the FE 161.8 level.

Thus, Fibonacci levels in combination with other technical analysis tools show excellent results, and Fibonacci extension can be used to set profit targets. However, Fibonacci lines have a subjective meaning, since each trader has his own idea of ​​how to build Fibonacci levels. To simplify the task, novice traders can use the Fibonacci Levels indicator, which can be downloaded completely free of charge from the link at the bottom of the article. This indicator will save you time on plotting Fibonacci levels. It automatically detects Fibonacci levels, and also adjusts to different screen sizes and changes.

Free download indicator:

Over the course of many centuries of the entire history of the development of human civilization, people have thought about what the physical abilities of a person are, what are their significance and limits.

True, thoughts and reasoning about the strength and beauty of the human spirit and body were not always positive. If we recall the historical stages of the approval of the idea of ​​the development of the physical body, then we can build a graph that will be characterized more by a wave-like movement than by a vector aimed at increasing.

History reference

• The primitive world, ancient civilizations (Greeks, Romans, Assyrians and others) - all these first social formations recognized and extolled physical strength and beauty. Each culture had its own, individual motives: the primitives valued the power that would protect and feed, the ancient Greeks and Romans enjoyed precisely the aesthetics and harmony of the manifestation of human beings. physical abilities and considered them a unique gift of the gods.
• The European Middle Ages is a period when the physical body of a person was declared almost outside the law, God's law. It was then that the manifestation of beauty and unique abilities was considered diabolical intrigues. Inquisitorial bonfires, a ban on bathing and keeping the body clean, the sacralization of deformities - such are the excesses known to human civilization.
• Renaissance and New Age. The beginning of the triumph of the human mind. It seems that everyone has already washed and put themselves in order. But the worship of painful slenderness for a long time made the weather in all areas of the arts. Pale skinny ladies, graceful gentlemen and no physical activity so that nothing happens unintentionally.

• Only the twentieth century introduced a general fashion for physical beauty, strength and health. Man has learned to develop his power abilities to fantastic limits. promotion of sports and healthy lifestyle life is a symbol of our time.

Modern understanding of human strength and physical abilities

Why does a modern person with such awe and respect treat strong and beautiful people? Why does he want to be like them?

Presentation: "Fundamentals of the methodology for the development of human physical abilities"

With an increase in the level of education of the population and with an increase in the amount of human knowledge, society has come to a simple and obvious conclusion: strength and beauty are the key to success.

There are many examples when, thanks to personal courage, dexterity and the ability of a person to correctly coordinate and group his body, loud and fateful feats were accomplished.

Entire research institutes of physical education are working to ensure that a person has the opportunity to develop all his physical and strength abilities, as well as in what ways to achieve this. It is they who develop the concept of physical abilities.

Modern researchers identify several areas in which power abilities can be developed:

• speed development;
• dexterity improvement;
• increase in muscle strength;
• development of flexibility.

Improving the ability to move quickly

One of the main skills that our distant ancestors, who lived in the African savannah, owned. It was this ability that helped them escape from natural enemies and, as a result, kept the great apes the opportunity to evolve into more developed forms. Now, of course, we need to have a more impressive range of abilities in order to survive.

But, nevertheless, running and active movement remained in the structure of our body and in our genes as one of the main prerequisites that ensure the health and vitality of the body.

The concept of speed

Speed ​​- the ability to perform a motor action in a minimum period of time. This period can be shortened solely by increasing the mobility of nervous processes.

It is not very difficult to train your body for quick reactions. It is enough to systematically perform certain sets of exercises for those motor complexes of the body that must quickly respond to commands from the nervous system. For boxers, these are strikes, for football players and athletes - running, etc. Each sport has its own indicators of speed.

It is believed that the fastest runners are people with long legs. Indeed, such an anatomical feature provides clear advantages. It is enough to look at the races at the athletics competitions.

However, there are a lot of people who, thanks to daily training, have developed such fast reactions that their names are included in the Guinness Book of Records. So, for example, tap dancer Ryan Flatley, who can do 35 kicks per second. At the same time, he looks like a completely ordinary person with the most ordinary physical data.

The concept of dexterity

This skill is wise to use all your skills and apply them according to need.

Each person during his life acquires and works out a lot of techniques for dealing with his body and with the objects of the world around him. A person easily wields a fork and a knife, knows how to handle stationery tolerably and has the skills to drive a car. The dexterity with which he does all this determines the quality and skill of the work performed.

And this skill can also be trained. According to the recommendations of the masters of physical education, agility is best trained in adolescence. The main parameters of the concept of dexterity:

• precise coordination of movements;
• the accuracy of the task;
• task execution time.

Being engaged in the improvement and honing of some of your physical abilities, it is enough to measure success by these three characteristics. Very soon it will be possible to achieve amazing performance in agility.

Improvements in agility are difficult to record and evaluate. This is one of the few categories for assessing human physical ability that is not represented by specific champions on the pages of the Guinness Book of Records.

The concept of improving muscle strength

Humanity has mastered the methods and techniques that contribute to the recruitment and development of muscle strength very well.

It is so arranged that the strength of a person directly depends on the amount of muscle mass. In this case, it is not necessary to have huge muscles, it is enough to achieve the optimal ratio of all anatomical parameters of the body.

Muscular strength refers to the concept of a person's ability to overcome external resistance.

Such power abilities are developed thanks to the following sets of exercises:

• weightlifting loads (barbell, dumbbells, etc.);
• acrobatic training;
• stretching and moving exercises for tendons.

So far the most strong man Ukrainian Vasily Virastyuk is recognized in the world. With a height of 191 cm, its total weight is 140 kg. These are not the largest indicators of the ratio of height and weight. But only Virastyuk learned to use the available physical resources in order to be able to pull a couple of five tram cars or ten large cars with his own strength.

The concept and development of flexibility

These are the amazing power abilities of the human body, which allow for many years to maintain excellent physical shape and strength, and also provide long-term health and endurance to the entire musculoskeletal system.

The development of flexibility is given great attention with younger age. Physical education lessons in kindergartens and schools are certainly associated with stretching and plastic exercises.

Experts believe that high levels of flexibility can be achieved only if you actively engage in specialized sports from childhood. However, modern studies of physical abilities prove that at any age, systematic and active exercises can develop unique plasticity and flexibility in a person.

Almost all modern health-improving methods for different age groups of people include training complexes that strengthen strength abilities in terms of flexibility.

The main directions of development of plastic abilities:

• Active flexibility - an increase in the range of motion due to the development of the joints.
• Passive flexibility - work with a protective contractile reflex of the muscles, which causes contraction and tension of the stretched muscle fibers.
• Mixed flexibility - it allows you to improve abilities by developing both active and passive plasticity.

Russian Mukhtar Gusengadzhiev is recognized as the most flexible person in the world. His ideas make the most inveterate skeptics freeze in delight..

This is indeed a very clear demonstration of what a person can achieve by training his body. According to Mukhtar himself, he works out no more than 2 hours a day. But he does it every day, without exception.

prospects

Each generation of people believes that they have reached all possible limits of human strength and physical abilities. Indeed, it is difficult to imagine that modern records can be surpassed without the use of assistive technologies and intensive hardware effects on the human body.

However, science believes in miracles. Everyone knows studies that show that today's humanity uses only a few percent of its physical capabilities and strength. Now more and more people appear who say that they can live without sleep, food, water and other resources necessary for the body.

It is possible that in the near future humanity will improve precisely these physical abilities and learn how to use the allotted resources more economically.

But even these superpowers cannot be sufficiently mastered without basic human skills that allow you to develop a fast, agile and strong body, as well as a strong spirit and willpower.

A trend is a growing idea that the whole world will be talking about tomorrow. And your business can benefit from this - for this you need to detect the trend in time and use it correctly.

Rohit Bhargava is the founder of Influential Marketing Group, trend expert, branding and leadership consultant for leading companies. The blog where Rohit shares his thoughts on trends is featured in AdAge magazine's Top 25 Marketing Blogs.

In the first quarter of 2014, Venmo processed $314 million worth of payments, equal to the volume of mobile payment transactions made in the same period using the Starbucks app. Now you understand how important it is to see the trend in time?

How to follow trends

To learn to predict the future, it is extremely important to have a growth mindset - to perceive success as a result of focused work and determination. People with this type of thinking easily go into battle and overcome life's obstacles with pleasure. They achieve goals and learn new things.

Don't be discouraged if this isn't about you yet. Everyone is able to change the way of thinking - you just need to make such a decision and pump the following qualities:

With practice, you can learn to see trends in the same way that you can, say, learn to play the guitar or develop your powers of observation.

Keep an eye on the short term

We make most decisions in life with a short-term perspective. Even if we sometimes say otherwise. So, for example, decisions are made to establish a business. And about getting married. And a career change. We take into account only the short term. But decisions that are calculated for many years to come also begin with a short-term perspective.

Understanding how our world is changing every minute, right now, is much more important than trying to predict what will happen in two decades.

For example, how many trend forecasters do you think predicted something like Twitter would emerge in 1997? Yes, none! And even earlier? .. - .

Watch trends carefully and study very carefully everything that is happening right now. This will provide you with predictions for the near future. And they are the most valuable.

Current trends

Any massive idea can benefit your company. For example, now everyone is talking about selfies. This phenomenon has become worldwide, but have you ever thought about how someone's photo can affect your business? Offer your customers great Wi-Fi and creative office decor, and they'll talk about your brand on social media through their own pictures and descriptions.

This is where the next trend comes from. Buyers share absolutely everything on social networks - from birthday greetings to angry criticism of a particular company. And your task is to make sure that customers recommend you to friends. The best way to achieve this - to show care. Do you create content that helps customers use your products after they have purchased them?

The main thing for you is to focus on improving the quality of interaction with the consumer and thereby launch positive viral marketing, and not just try to sell as much as possible.

Effective approach

In 2009, Tom Maas, former director of marketing for Jim Beam, created the RumChata drink, which was a blend of light rum, cream and spices, including cinnamon and vanilla. But RumChata did not become a hit immediately, but after a period of sales innovation.

Bartenders began to use the liquor for other purposes - based on it, they created more refined and complex cocktails. As soon as RumChata became aware of this trend, they encouraged bars to offer RumChata-based drinks and develop the brand further. And over time, the creative approach has borne fruit.

Responding to the trend in time, the RumChata brand managed to achieve a resounding business success. - .

Now it seems that a product like RumChata just couldn't help being born. Of course, assessing the situation through time, connecting the dots, as a rule, is not so difficult. But it is more important to learn how to do it in advance in order to succeed in your business in the near future.

More in the book

How to Adopt the Trend Curator Mindset

How to curate trends in a fun and profitable way

Why most trend forecasts are completely useless

The best sources of information about trends

Anti-trends: the reverse side of trends

2015 Unobvious Trends Report

The future belongs to those who are able to observe the present and see the connection between industries, ideas and people's behavior - to identify trends. You can learn to see non-obvious things around and apply them correctly in business. Try it!

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Do you think you have found your true calling or are you only working for a paycheck? Do you truly love what you do? After all, a person, according to statistics, spends more than 25 years at work, that is, most of his heyday.
How to understand that you may actually be a world-class star, but in reality your creations are heard only by karaoke walls and close friends? Or maybe you are a brilliant teacher but are forced to work as a manager in a bank, since there is a higher salary and a social package?

In Chinese metaphysics, the opportunity to find one's calling is one of the pillars of good luck, the other two are health and family, because a person doing his favorite thing is happy man. And there is a very detailed, actionable form of analysis - Bazi, or 4 pillars of destiny, based on 5 elements, which can help you find your true calling, do not waste time searching and immediately determine your true abilities.
At the seminar on July 26, using the example of the Natal Chart of several people - Gennady Golovkin, Goar Avetisyan, Yana Rudkovskaya and Dimash Kudaibergenov, Nastya Kamensky, I will talk about the possibilities of each of the 5 elements. After all, if initially a person from an influential family, with a good education, then a priori he has more opportunities to open a business or achieve a high position, but when a person from the outback, without access to expensive knowledge, succeeds, everyone has an idea - maybe I can do it ? And what each of us is capable of, we will consider in detail at the seminar. Pre-registration is required, places are limited!

Seminar program:
5 elements - their abilities and inclinations
Signs of the action of elements - sometimes it is not even necessary to look at a map, appearance, voice behavior - all this betrays the presence of one or another element.
How to cheer up a relaxed man-Soil and relax a tense man-Metal? A very useful guide for bosses and parents.
Signs that your activity is clearly not suitable for you.
Corrections and recommendations for all elements
Auspicious dates in August, why it will be special and why you should be especially careful this month.
Activation by Qi Men Dun Jia in August.

The seminar is led by Elena Li, a professional consultant on feng shui, Chinese metaphysics and geomancy, a resident of the Chinese Academy of Feng Shui and Metaphysics, the founder and owner of the Solar Feng Shui company.

Seminar program, duration - 1 hour. Start at 19:30. Pre-registration is required, places are limited!
For all workshop participants:
You can ask all questions to Feng Shui Master Elena Li
Drinks and food for everyone
20% discount on all feng shui amulets only on the day of the seminar.
Gifts for excellent feng shui for each participant of the seminar.
Cost 3988 tenge
Pre-registration by phone +7 707 111 86 18, +7 707 111 86 18
Address: Almaty, Karasay batyr street 61, Abylai Khan corner