Danish women's national costume. Settlements and dwellings of the Danes. Furniture and utensils. Clothes and food. Holidays in Denmark

Denmark (Danmark) is a state in Western Europe, located on the Jutland peninsula and on the Danish archipelago.

Denmark entered the 19th century as the metropolis of a mini-empire, which also included Norway with its overseas possessions - Iceland, Greenland and the Faroe Islands and the north German duchies of Schleswig and Holstein.

It has been in this state since the 17th century. a kind of "constitutional" absolutism was established, since the omnipotence of the king was determined by the "Royal Law". From 1766 to 1808 the mentally ill Christian VII sat on the throne, for whom, since 1784, his son Prince Frederick ruled, relying at first on a group of enlightened aristocrats and carrying out a series of reforms.

From 1808 to 1839 he reigned as King Frederick VI. In the first period of the Napoleonic Wars, Denmark tried to pursue a policy of neutrality, but the attack of the British fleet on Copenhagen in August-September 1807 prompted her to become an ally of Napoleon, declare war on Great Britain and join the continental blockade. Following in the wake of Napoleonic policy led Denmark to war on the side of France in 1813, the invasion of Holstein in December by the Allied Northern Army led by the Swedish Crown Prince Carl Johan. After short negotiations in Kiel on January 14, 1814, a peace treaty was concluded with Sweden, according to which Norway passed to the Swedish king.

Since 1814, universal compulsory education has been introduced in Denmark.

In the 1830s the liberal-democratic movement, which demanded reforms, strengthened in the country. Since 1831, they began to convene legislative regional class meetings of representatives. There was a liberal press. German nationalism grew in the duchies, striving for a closer rapprochement with Germany. In contrast, a national-liberal movement arose, advocating the division of Schleswig, in the northern regions of which the population was Danish-speaking, and its annexation to Denmark. Scandinavian ideas were popular in intellectual circles. The government defended the policy of maintaining the status quo. The aggravation of these contradictions led to a serious crisis in the con. 1840s The revolutionary wave of 1848 also swept over Denmark, where absolutism fell, a Constituent Assembly was convened, which adopted a rather liberal constitution. The power of the crown was significantly limited. The National Liberals came to power. However, the national upsurge in the duchies led to an uprising against the Danes and the Danish war with Prussia and other German states in 1848-1850. Denmark was supported by the Russian Emperor Nicholas I, as well as Sweden - Norway. The unresolved dynastic issue was also superimposed on the Schleswig-Holstein national crisis, since the German movement was headed by the middle branch of the House of Oldenburg that ruled Denmark - the Augustenburgs. With the mediation of Great Britain, an attempt was made to resolve these issues peacefully, but in 1863 a new crisis followed, which caused a war between Denmark and Prussia and Austria. The Danes were defeated, and the result was the loss of the duchies. 200 thousand Danes living in Northern Schleswig also fell under German rule. The National Liberals lost their popularity for a long time.

Downtown Copenhagen 19th century

Denmark was able to quickly heal the wounds inflicted by the war. Economically, Denmark was going through the process of the industrial revolution and industrialization, structural changes in agriculture, reoriented from grain production to meat and dairy, when wealthy peasant landowners became the basis of the agricultural sector, they often united in cooperatives. Politically, there was a rather tough struggle between the conservatives (the Heire party - the right) and the liberals (Venstre - the left, then from 1895 the Radical Venstre) for democratization and the introduction of parliamentary responsibility of the government. The conservative government, supported by the king, was headed from 1875 to 1894. the wealthy landowner J. Estrup, while in parliament the preponderance was with Venstre. In 1876, the Social Democratic Party arose based on the growing working class. Trade unions appeared, in 1898 the Central Association of Trade Unions of Denmark was created. The strengthening of the left forces led in 1901 to the formation of the government of the "Radical Venstre" responsible to the parliament.

Denmark is a country of sandwiches and the most temperamental people among all Scandinavian countries. The Danes are very talkative and inquisitive, they are very fond of sandwiches and are able to cook more than 500 types of dishes from fish and potatoes. Denmark has access to the Baltic and North Seas, so it can offer tourists not only sightseeing, but also a beach holiday.

Transport

Transport in Denmark is modern and the road network is well developed. Each city is divided into certain zones. At the bus stop, you can find information in which zone the tourist is currently located. Also on the information board, you can see what routes the buses make in this area. At the stop, you can also purchase a travel card that is valid for 1, 2 or 3 zones. From the moment of purchase, the card is valid for an hour.

At the bus stop, you can buy a card only if you have a bank card; you can pay in cash with the bus driver. All buses run precisely, on schedule, and the intervals between buses are 10 minutes.

Buses move along a specially dedicated lane, which is designated as BUS, and car drivers are not allowed to move along the bus line, so it is most often more convenient to travel by bus during rush hour than by car. All buses in Denmark are equipped with special seats for wheelchairs, prams. And the interior of the bus always shines with cleanliness, so you can safely put your bag on the floor.

The metro in Copenhagen is very interesting. It is fully automated. This means that the subway cars run automatically, there is no driver. If you wish, you can sit near the windshield and watch the trip, imagining yourself in the place of the “driver”. The train itself is short in length (about 3 cars of Russian metro trains). Inside the train is a single cabin with comfortable seats. Entrance to the metro is free, and there are no turnstiles, but on the platform there is a special machine for issuing a travel card. At the entrance to the car, just like on the bus, you need to punch a transport card. You should not be tempted to take the opportunity to ride for free, as there are often controllers in the Danish metro. If it is found that you have not paid the fare, you will face a very high fine.

Electricity in the country

There are no problems with electricity in Denmark, here the usual European standards are 220 Volts with an alternating current frequency of 50 Hertz. Sockets in tribute also meet European standards. Provided that your camping household appliances have old Russian plugs, then at the reception in the hotel you can ask for a special adapter - an adapter.

If you are not staying at a hotel, but in a rented apartment, then you should buy an adapter in advance before the trip, or visit any household appliance store in Denmark.

Holidays in Denmark

April 18 - Day of the Battle of Dybbel in Denmark. On this day the national flags are flown in Denmark. Flags are hung out on almost all holidays dedicated to military topics. Military operations and battles for Denmark did not always go well, so any victory was sacredly honored by the inhabitants of the state. So one of the battles in the history of the state was marked by victory. The Battle of Dübbel was fought between Danish and Prussian forces. This event took place in 1864.

June 23 - Saint Hans Day. On the night of June 23-24, mass festivities are held throughout Denmark. Mostly festivities are held on the seashore. The Danes dance around fires, sing national songs, arrange dances. The peak of the festival begins at sunset. At sunset, large fires are lit, singing and dancing in order to keep the sun longer.

December 24 - Christmas Eve in Denmark. Christmas Eve in Denmark starts early in the morning. On this day, children wake up early, find sweets and small toys on the windowsills. On TV, as a rule, they begin to show a large number of cartoons and entertainment programs. While the children are busy with cartoons, adults are preparing for a festive dinner. Some Danes go to church, the service on Christmas Eve starts at 3 pm. According to tradition, on this day you can visit the graves of deceased relatives, put candles, and clean up.

National clothes in Denmark

The Danish national costume existed in the 19th century, but in the 20th century it was replaced by European-style clothes. In some villages in Denmark, women still wear traditional attire.

Traditional National clothes unmarried girls and women was simple. Women wore a jacket, a long wide skirt. An apron was worn over the skirt. they always wore a headdress resembling a bonnet. On holidays, a white, starched scarf with various applications was worn over the headdress.

Married women wore dresses instead of jackets and skirts. This is the only difference from unmarried and married women. All other details, in the form of a scarf, headdress, apron, were unchanged. According to tradition, women wore woolen armlets that covered the arm, from the wrist to the elbow.

Women's everyday clothes were darker in color, and festive clothes were always brighter and lighter.

The men wore a striped undershirt, short knee-length tanas, and woolen stockings that had garters and were fastened just above the knee. Leather shoes were worn on the feet. A frock coat or vest was worn over the shirt. A small scarf tied in a knot was worn around the neck. Youth and children wore small knitted hats. married men as a headdress, as a rule, they wore Cylinders.

Modern Danish clothes are European in style, but there is a certain peculiarity here, as in most Scandinavian countries. The Danes mostly wear woolen clothes in the form of sweaters, knitted jackets, hats, scarves, vests and so on.

National cuisine in Denmark

The Danes are lovers of tasty and satisfying food. The main feature of national food in Denmark is spices. Here you can really cook potatoes and fish in 500 ways, using all kinds of sauces and seasonings.

From 7 a.m. to 10 a.m. in Denmark is considered early breakfast time. The breakfast itself starts at 12:00 and lasts until 13:00. Although in Russia this time is set aside for lunch. Lunch itself in Denmark begins in the evening from 18:00 to 21:00. Many of the readers are puzzled by the question of whether there is dinner in Denmark in this case. Yes, there is also dinner in Denmark, and it is considered the very last meal of the day. As a rule, dinner is a failure of a small snack with a cold lunch - dishes for dinner are not warmed up.

Lunch is the most important meal. Many Danes devote several hours to this process. In a restaurant, at home or in a cafe, every Dane will rush to the table and will not rush to leave the feast.

In the national Danish cuisine, the dominant place is given to fish and all kinds of seafood. AT cookbook In Denmark, you can find almost a thousand different fish recipes, ranging from fried fish in greens to fish casseroles.

As a side dish, the Danes use stewed cabbage, or potatoes, both boiled, fried, mashed.

The national dish of the Danes can be considered a sandwich. In Copenhagen, until recently there was a cafe - a sandwich shop. This cafe got into the Guinness Book of Records, where the menu contained a huge number of sandwiches. There is a legend that one of the visitors almost suffocated while rereading the list of sandwiches - the attack of hunger was so strong. Unfortunately, the sandwich shop is now closed.

As a dessert, a tourist should try the most popular dishes, namely apple pie with currant jelly and cream, as well as strawberry soup, also poured with whipped cream. Strawberry soup is more like a cross between jam and compote.

Most of the cafes and restaurants in Denmark with national cuisine are open until late. There are always a lot of visitors here, and not only because there is nothing to do at home - at a meal you can always have a nice chat with friends or make new acquaintances.

Religion and customs of the country

The Danes are law-abiding citizens, so the level of crime in the country is quite low. Tourists may be surprised at how the Danes react to criminals. The inhabitants of this country are simply sure that the criminal is a sick person and is subject to thorough treatment, but he also has the right to attend any events that are important to him.

The Danes, although law-abiding citizens, often do not have such traction among motorists and bus drivers, so tourists should be especially careful on the roads.

Of all the Scandinavian countries, the population of a country like Denmark is more emotional, temperamental, so tourists from Russia will be much more comfortable surrounded by rather sociable and active Danes.

The Danes vehemently fight for human rights, we can say that Denmark is a country in which human rights are protected to the maximum.

The mentality of the Danes is different in that here people do not like to be alone, so all kinds of clubs of interest open all over the country, from dancing to those who like to read poetry aloud.

The Danes are punctual - this is the rule good manners. Here it is not even customary to be late for a meeting with friends, to be sure about work or business visits. If you are late, then be sure that this will make a negative impression on your Danish interlocutor.

The Danes try to be polite and cultured in everything. For example, when invited to dinner, every Dane will definitely bring a bottle of wine with him as a thank you for the prepared dinner.

Rules of conduct in Denmark

Tourists should show understanding and delicacy, as well as respect the traditions and customs not only of Denmark, but also of any foreign country.

In Denmark, smoking is prohibited in public places, on the street, in a bar, airport, etc. Smoking is allowed only in specially designated areas. If you are a heavy smoker, then you should explore all the places where you can smoke a cigarette, located near your hotel. Otherwise, for smoking in a public place, you can get a rather large fine.

If a tourist wants to win over a Dane, then something nice about Denmark should be said. Express admiration for the country, and the Dane will immediately show interest in you. By the way, the Danes are very fond of asking questions, so do not be surprised if a new acquaintance bombards you with a stream of all kinds of questions about you, about the culture of your country, and so on.

A tourist who wishes to visit any serious event, a film festival, a party, or was invited to a restaurant, must carefully select his wardrobe. The Danes are very fond of people who know how to dress with taste. Even in everyday life, going out into the street, the Danes try to look stylish.

In Denmark, it is not customary to refuse a meal out of politeness, we recall that the Danes are very fond of food, and it is quite normal if you are offered a sandwich, or a piece of freshly prepared fish casserole. If you refused out of courtesy - it means you missed the chance to taste the national dish - in Denmark it is not customary to invite to the table twice.

A tourist should not ask a Dane about his personal life, income, business, etc. It is not ethical to ask such questions, you may receive a rude refusal to talk on such topics.

Things to do in Denmark

Denmark has access to the Baltic and North Seas, so the concept of a beach holiday in Denmark is very relevant. Beach holidays can be considered as entertainment for tourists

The Danish Sonderstrand beach is the most popular beach in the country. This is one of the largest, sandy and most beautiful beaches, which are in great demand among tourists. Also one of the popular beaches is Lacolque beach. West coast beaches are ideal for anyone who would like to spend a "lazy" vacation, and active, and for those who would like to be in a secluded place.

Anyone who is used to active rest and getting the most out of their vacation is Denmark, one of the countries where this will be possible. On the beaches you can engage in active water sports, sailing, water skiing. In urban areas, you can go hiking or cycling. Behind the proud, as an entertainment, you can go hiking, or go fishing - tourists will never be bored.

If you want to get to know the culture and mentality of Denmark better, it would be best to relax outside the city. If you want to get acquainted with the history of the city, architecture, then it is best to visit a number of excursions, in addition, there are more remarkable places and architectural monuments in Denmark that are worth seeing.

Difference in time

Jet lag is called jet lag syndrome. This syndrome is known to almost every tourist who not only travels a long distance visiting foreign countries, but also changes the time zone, which means that he changes his usual routine. Signs of jet lag are headache, insomnia, irritability, fatigue, fatigue, and so on. Fighting jet lag is difficult - it only takes time for the body to adapt and adapt to the new regimen. The time difference between Denmark and the following cities in Russia is quite significant, so tourists planning a trip to Denmark should add a couple more days to their vacation, which you can spend on adaptation without compromising your vacation plans.

Time difference Copenhagen Moscow +3 hours
Time difference Copenhagen Novosibirsk +6 hours
Time difference Copenhagen Volgograd +3 hours
Time difference Copenhagen Vladivostok +10 hours
Time difference Copenhagen Ufa +5 hours

Flight time to Denmark

As it turned out, airlines do not offer wide selection flights to Denmark. Most flights are made directly to Denmark from Moscow. For tourists from other countries, it would be optimal to make a trip first to Moscow, and then go to the resorts of the Danish state. When contacting a travel agent, it is he who thinks over the flight for the tourist, the tourist only has to pack his bags and be ready for the trip. In the event that a tourist prepares his trip on his own, he will need to work out the route in detail so as not to get stuck at the Moscow airport, while waiting for a transfer to a plane to Denmark, for several hours. How much to fly to Denmark and Moscow - as it turned out, not so much. The optimal amount of time to read a book, watch a couple of movies on a laptop or player, or simply take a nap.

How long to fly to Denmark from Moscow - 4 hours 5 minutes

The Dutch costume was mainly influenced by French fashion, although there were also influences from Germany and Spain.
Back in the 16th century, the Dutch costume was formed on the basis of Burgundian styles using Spanish and French patterns and some local features.
Later, when the Netherlands came under the rule of Philip II, Spanish fashion began to spread in the country. The upper class accepted it reluctantly. During the despotic rule of Alba, the colors of the light-colored Netherlandish robes faded, the clothes became plain and dark. They lost their popular character and gradually turned into Spanish-French ones. But the upper class rejected this fashion, and in the 17th century the Dutch costume returned its originality.

Men's suit

The men's Dutch costume of the 17th century persistently got rid of the Spanish forms. Everything that is uncomfortable and interferes with movements is expelled from it - first of all, pillow-shaped pantaloons and sleeves lined with gaskets.
The military abandoned clothing that was incompatible with their craft.
pantaloons were worn for some time, but then they were no longer stuffed, and they began to fall freely to the knees. Short trousers also appeared in the military costume.
After 1620, the pants widen even more and hang over the knees. All padding in clothes disappears.
from dutch men's suit Ribbons and lace, characteristic of French fashion, are also eliminated. The suit has become simple and comfortable.
The short jacket and skirt adopted from the French, fashionable during the childhood of Louis XIV, are lengthened. The jacket has become lighter and more comfortable - waist-length and below, divided at the bottom into eight parts; the lower part was laced to the jacket. The sleeves also became longer and wider, sometimes split, with buttons. The rengrave skirt was sometimes pulled together with a cord and tucked into high boots.
The upper caftan is straight, loose, below the knee length. To prevent long floors from clinging to wide trousers, a cut was made on the back of the caftan, each floor below was wrapped up and its ends were connected together. Later this style was borrowed by the French.
The Dutch loved pleated lace folds that covered the chest, shoulders and back, or lace-trimmed folds with a cut-out front that showed the shirt underneath.
The stiff, round, standing Spanish "millstone" collar, also known as the "tubular collar", which appeared in the Netherlands in the 2nd half of the 16th century, fell out of fashion only around 1630. Later it was worn only by older people.
In the 50s-60s. In the 17th century, along with the fashion for long wigs, a white “rabat” collar appeared: short at the back, and with rectangular ends at the front.

Source: mir-kostuma.com

This material is made up of illustrations and will help you get a general idea of how the Danes dressed. The images show the clothing of the Viking Age, as well as the Danish national costume of the early and late 19th century.

If you are engaged in the reconstruction of Scandinavian clothing and would like your materials to appear on the pages of this site, please write to us at the address indicated in the Contacts section.

Viking Age

1-3. Warriors. Middle - with a pipe like an alpine horn, 1 - dressed in sagurr, 4. Leader of the troops with a standard. 5. Warrior.

I. Viking in animal skin pants. 2. Viking (Norman) in a bronze helmet and a blouse with a pattern along the edge. 1 and 2 - from bronze plates found on the island of Öland. 3, 4. Normans in iron and bronze helmets of various shapes. VII - X centuries. 5. Norman warriors. Leather armor with a jagged edge. 9th century Britannia.

Denmark. OK. 1800

Islands of Zeeland and Amager

1. Woman from Skovshoved north of Copenhagen. 2. Clothing for going out to the church of women from Turnby on about. Amager (near Copenhagen). 3.4. Man and woman from Kragerup. 5. A woman from the island of Zeeland, going to milk a cow.

Amager

1. A woman from a Dutch settlement on about. Amager going to church 2. A young man with Fr. Amager. 3. A peasant woman from the southern part of about. Zealand in winter clothes. 4. Woman from Drager on about. Amager in church clothes. 5, 6. Peasants from Fr. Zealand.

1. A peasant from Roskilde. 2. Girl with Fr. Amager. 3.4. Participants of the funeral procession from the Dutch village on about. Amager: 3 - winter, 4 - summer clothes. 5. Peasant from Fr. Amager in winter clothes.

Denmark. new time

1.2. Man and woman with Amager near Copenhagen. 3. A man with Fr. Lie between the islands of Funen and Als. 4. Owner of a farm near Hedebo. 5. Woman with Fr. Fyn.

Danish folk costume towards the end of the 19th century.

1.2. A woman and a man from Refsnes (north-western part of the island of Zealand) 3. A woman from the island. Dreyer, south of about. Fyn. 4. A girl from Ringkebing (west of Jutland). 5. Icelandic. 6. A woman from the southern part of Jutland.

Denmark. Peasant clothes

1.2. Woman and girl with Fr. Fanya. 3. A peasant woman from Skovshoved near Copenhagan. 4. Peasant woman from Agger. 5. Girl with Fr. Bornholm.

Source: The history of world fashion from antiquity to our time

Source: www.dansk.ru

Kingdom of Denmark

The Kingdom of Denmark is the smallest and southernmost of the Scandinavian countries, located on the Jutland Peninsula and another 406 islands in the North and Baltic Seas, of which only 100 are inhabited. The country also includes the volcanic Faroe Islands lying in the northeast of the Atlantic, as well as about. Greenland is the largest island in the world. The total area of the "mainland" part of the country is 42.9 thousand square meters. km., water part 700 sq. km.

Denmark has been a member of the European Union since 1973, but is still not part of the Eurozone. Denmark is a founding member of NATO and the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development.

Denmark is a constitutional monarchy. The head of state is the queen, the parliament (Folketing) really rules the country. Her Majesty Queen Margrethe II (Margrethe Alexandrina Thorhildur Ingrid, Dan. Margrethe Alexandrine Þórhildur Ingrid, born April 16, 1940) is the Queen of Denmark since January 14, 1972, the head of the Danish state. Queen Margrethe II was born on 16 April 1940 at Amalienborg Palace. Her parents are King Frederick IX of Denmark and Queen Ingrid, born Princess of Sweden. The Queen is the third granddaughter of King Christian X. The Queen was baptized on May 14, 1940 in Holmens Church (Danish Holmens Kirke), confirmed on April 1, 1955 in the church of Fredensborg Palace.

The supreme body of legislative power is the unicameral parliament of Denmark (Folketing), elected by the citizens of the country for 4 years. Parliament's decisions are final and are not accountable to anyone.

Since 1953, the parliament has been unicameral, consisting of 179 members, of which:

135 are elected by proportional representation based on universal suffrage in 23 constituencies

40 are elected to seats (so-called additional), distributed among parties and lists in proportion to the total number of votes received in the elections

2 elected from the Faroe Islands

2 are elected from Greenland.

The government is headed by the prime minister.

The flag of Denmark is red with a white cross symbolizing Christianity. It is considered the oldest state, documented, flag on the planet (XV century).

It bears the name "Dannebrog", which is translated from the Old Danish language as "the banner of the Danes" or "red banner".

The coat of arms is one of the main state symbols of the country. AT modern form was adopted in 1972. Consists of three blue leopard lions and 9 red hearts on a golden shield. Above the coat of arms is crowned with a royal crown.

The official language is Danish. Also used: English, German, French.

The territory of the country is flat, the highest point of the country is 173 m - Mount Iding-Skovkhoy, and the lowest point is 7 m below sea level.

The climate is temperate maritime. Thanks to the influence of the warm Gulf Stream, Denmark has mild winters and warm summers. Strong winds prevail most of the year.

The population of Denmark is 5.5 million. human. The main population is Danes. In terms of population, the country ranks 107th in the world.

The capital of Denmark is Copenhagen. It is the largest city in the country and the only one with a population of more than a million people. Copenhagen was founded in 1167 by Bishop Absalon, who founded a fortress on this site. In 1417, King Eric VII makes the city his capital and surrounds it with a fortress wall, which stood until the 19th century.

It is best to start sightseeing in the city from the Town Hall Square. Here is the delightful Town Hall building (1892-1905). Its portal is crowned with a statue of the founder of Copenhagen, Bishop Absalon. The height of the Town Hall tower is 105 meters.

From the Town Hall Square begins the world's largest system of pedestrian streets - Streget (1.8 km), it is filled with cafes and restaurants, shops and souvenir shops.

Nearby is the Nyhavn embankment (New Harbor Canal), a canal dug in 1671 in order to connect the inner city with the sea. Many old wooden ships today fill the canal, recreating the atmosphere of the late 18th and early 19th centuries, when the canal was the center of trade in Copenhagen. Most of the houses on the canal have more than three hundred years of history. In three of them lived the great Danish storyteller G.Kh. Andersen.

In Copenhagen, monuments were erected to King Christian IV (who lived in the 16th century) - the builder king, who built a lot in Copenhagen, many of the buildings have survived to this day (for example, the Stock Exchange building).

In Copenhagen is the royal residence - Amalienborg Palace. On the Palace Square every two hours there is a change of guard of the royal guards guarding the Palace and the royal family.

In the north-east of the Danish island of Zeeland is the city of Helsingør, world-famous for which was brought by Shakespeare's immortal tragedy "Hamlet". Every year, Shakespeare's famous tragedy is staged here at Kronborg Castle.

In the city of Roskilde there is a majestic cathedral, consecrated in the 11th century. The kings of the country are buried here. This city is the historical center of religious activity in Denmark.

In the city of Billund, which is located 260 km from Copenhagen, there is a wonderful park for children and adults - Legoland. Everything in the park is built from Lego, which is made in Denmark and is known to children all over the world - models of world-famous buildings, fairy-tale characters, and even animals and birds are built from more than 40 million bricks..

Denmark is the birthplace of the great storyteller Hans Christian Andersen, April 2, 2005 the whole world celebrated 200 years since his birth, he is buried in Copenhagen. In Copenhagen, on the embankment, there is a monument to one of the heroines of his fairy tales - the Little Mermaid, which has become a symbol not only of Copenhagen, but of all of Denmark.

Denmark is the birthplace of great people known throughout the world, such as:

Astronomer Tycho Brahe (1546-1601)

who founded the first observatory in Europe, his work became an important step "from Copernicus to Galileo". On the basis of the results accumulated by him, new theoretical conclusions were obtained, developing the Copernican heliocentric doctrine (the doctrine of the movement of planets around the Sun).

Scientist, physicist Niels Bohr (1885-1962)

Also known is the Danish biologist, one of the founders of modern genetics, Wilhelm Johansen (1857-1927), who introduced the concepts of "gene", "genotype". Architect, author of the famous ensemble of the Sydney Opera, Jorn Oberg Utzon (1918-2008).

The Danes love to eat a lot and tasty food.

The basis of the national cuisine is fish and seafood.

From meat preference is given to pork. The garnish is most often potatoes and cabbage.

The main feature of Danish cuisine is the variety of sandwiches - smörrebred (there are more than one hundred recipes) - from the simplest to multi-story structures that need to be eaten in a strictly defined order: first fish, then meat, then cheese. And of course with a fork and knife.

A traditional dessert is röd gruz meze fleze, a thick blackcurrant soup with whipped cream.

The national drink is golden amber Aquavit and Gammel Dansk. They are said to have been created 200 years ago by alchemists searching for the secret of eternal youth.

Danish national costume

The traditional costume of a married townswoman consisted of a wide and long dress, an apron, a shoulder scarf, and a headdress of shoes with slightly elongated heels. The casual suit was usually dark, the festive one was brighter. The girl's costume was different in that instead of a dress they wore a jacket and a wide long skirt.

Until the beginning of the 20th century. In Denmark, in both rural and urban areas, many men, women and children wore wooden shoes on weekdays, and leather shoes were worn only on holidays.

Modern Danish clothing is of a pan-European type. However, it has a feature common to all Scandinavian countries: here, more than in other European countries, it is more common to wear knitted woolen items - sweaters, jumpers, jackets, woolen socks.

Conclusion:

Denmark is a modern European state with a rich centuries-old history (it has existed as an independent state since the 9th century AD).

It has 500 years of diplomatic relations with Russia and is one of the few European states that have never fought against Russia.

Despite its relatively small size, Denmark has given the world a lot prominent people, modern technology. It has a stable economy and political system.

In recent years, Denmark has been repeatedly recognized as the happiest and most prosperous country in the world.

Source: nsportal.ru

Electricity in the country

If you are not staying at a hotel, but in a rented apartment, then you should buy an adapter in advance before the trip, or visit any household appliance store in Denmark.

Holidays in Denmark

National clothes in Denmark

The Danish national costume existed in the 19th century, but in the 20th century it was replaced by European-style clothes. In some villages in Denmark, women still wear traditional attire.

The traditional national dress of unmarried girls and women was simple. Women wore a jacket, a long wide skirt. An apron was worn over the skirt. they always wore a headdress resembling a bonnet. On holidays, a white, starched scarf with various applications was worn over the headdress.

Women's everyday clothes were darker in color, and festive clothes were always brighter and lighter.

The men wore a striped undershirt, short knee-length tanas, and woolen stockings that had garters and were fastened just above the knee. Leather shoes were worn on the feet. A frock coat or vest was worn over the shirt. A small scarf tied in a knot was worn around the neck. Young people and children wore small knitted hats. Married men, as a rule, wore Cylinders as a headdress.

National cuisine in Denmark

Lunch is the most important meal. Many Danes devote several hours to this process. In a restaurant, at home or in a cafe, every Dane will rush to the table and will not rush to leave the feast.

In the national Danish cuisine, the dominant place is given to fish and all kinds of seafood. In the Danish cookbook, you can find almost a thousand different fish recipes, from fried fish in greens to fish casseroles.

As a side dish, the Danes use stewed cabbage, or potatoes, both boiled, fried, mashed.

Religion and customs of the country

The Danes, although law-abiding citizens, often do not have such traction among motorists and bus drivers, so tourists should be especially careful on the roads.

The Danes vehemently fight for human rights, we can say that Denmark is a country in which human rights are protected to the maximum.

The mentality of the Danes is different in that here people do not like to be alone, so all kinds of clubs of interest open all over the country, from dancing to those who like to read poetry aloud.

The Danes are distinguished by punctuality - this is a rule of good form. Here it is not even customary to be late for a meeting with friends, to be sure about work or business visits. If you are late, then be sure that this will make a negative impression on your Danish interlocutor.

The Danes try to be polite and cultured in everything. For example, when invited to dinner, every Dane will definitely bring a bottle of wine with him as a thank you for the prepared dinner.

Rules of conduct in Denmark

Tourists should show understanding and delicacy, as well as respect the traditions and customs not only of Denmark, but also of any foreign country.

A tourist should not ask a Dane about his personal life, income, business, etc. It is not ethical to ask such questions, you may receive a rude refusal to talk on such topics.

Things to do in Denmark

Denmark has access to the Baltic and North Seas, so the concept of a beach holiday in Denmark is very relevant. Beach holidays can be considered as entertainment for tourists

Difference in time

Source: turpogoda.ru

Ethnography - Peoples of Foreign Europe

Almost 62% of Danes are city dwellers. In total, there are 78 cities in Denmark, of which only three have more than 100 thousand inhabitants. These are Copenhagen, Aarhus and Odense. Almost half of Denmark's urban population lives in the capital, Copenhagen, and the two cities that have merged with it. At the end of 1960, there were 1 million 223 thousand people in it, in Aarhus - 168 thousand inhabitants, in Odense - 120 thousand inhabitants. In other cities, the population is very small, usually from 1,500 to 5,000 people.

Medieval Gothic buildings, reminiscent of North German ones, have been preserved in the cities. Along with brick or block residential buildings erected in the last two decades, traditional frame buildings are widespread, which have much in common with peasant dwellings.

Until the middle of the XIX century. in the rural areas of Denmark, settlements such as villages prevailed. In connection with the fencing and the allocation of each owner to his own land in the countryside, a typical farm type of settlement has become. However, villages are still found in places, mainly in densely populated areas of eastern Jutland and on the islands, and fishing villages predominate along the coast.

The Danish village is characterized by four types of layout: cumulus, areal, roadside and single-row. The most ancient for Denmark is a cumulus village, where the buildings are located in a group, without any regular connection with each other, without streets. A cumulus village type is common in the hinterland of Jutland, especially in Himmerland. The second type is characterized by the presence of a central square, sometimes a meadow or pasture, around which buildings are located. This type of village also does not have streets. They arose later than the cumulus - in the early Middle Ages, and are also found most often in the interior of Jutland.

Roadside villages, even younger in time, are distinguished by the greatest diversity. They have been around since the late Middle Ages. Depending on the direction of passing roads, roadside villages are L-shaped, T-shaped and cruciform. The simplest version of this type of village is a straight roadside village with houses on both sides of the road. Roadside villages are most commonly found in Funen, Lolland, Zeeland, and the southwest Isle of Man. In forest or swampy areas and along rivers, fjords or seashores, there are settlements of the fourth type - single-row. Such are all the fishing villages and villages on the banks of the reservoirs, as well as on the edges of the forests in the interior of the island of Zealand.

Of the various old types of layout of a peasant yard in the early Middle Ages, the most common was a single-row estate, usually with residential and utility buildings assembled under one roof - a barn, a stable and a barn. Most often, buildings of this type are elongated from west to east. The front door was usually located in the middle of the wall of the house, facing north. In the south of Jutland, the Saxon house was common until the late Middle Ages. In some places it was also found in the first quarter of the 20th century.

A later layout is two-row, with a parallel arrangement of buildings, and their rows do not adjoin each other. In one row there are living quarters, a barn, often a pigsty, a sheepfold and a stable, in the second - a covered current, a room for storing unrefined grain and a barn.

In the Middle Ages, a type of manor with a U-shaped layout arose, first separate, not connected by its separate parts, then - under one roof. However, until the late Middle Ages, both types of estates were widespread. If the two-row type was found mainly along the western coast of Jutland, then the U-shaped type was found throughout the country, but it is most typical for the islands of Funen and Als.

The completion of this evolution of the peasant estate was a rectangular courtyard, which arose in the second half of the 18th century. Initially, it formed a quadrilateral not closed at the corners. By the end of the XIX century. it was customary to connect all sides of the quadrangle under one roof, so that a closed courtyard was obtained. If the estate was built anew, then with a closed quadrangular courtyard, if it was built earlier, then it was completed at the corners, connecting into a closed quadrangle, and often the corners were completed with rounded ones. In the center of the estate there is a stone-paved yard with a place for manure in the middle. Covered gates lead out onto the road. Sometimes there are two gates: the second one goes to the opposite side from the first gate - into the field.

The number of residential and utility rooms in the estate always reflected the social status of the owner. At Husman, as before, the estate often has a living quarters, a barn-stable and a pantry. A well-to-do peasant's estate consists of a large number of living quarters for the owner's family, separate rooms for men and women, and, in addition, many different household premises for livestock, food supplies and fodder. Often the number of rooms reaches 20.

The residential part of the estate is usually the northern or southern side of the quadrangle, but the residential part never faces the street or the road. A number of buildings with barns and stables sometimes occupies the opposite side of the quadrangle from the residential part. However, most often the placement of buildings on the estate is different. Usually in one of the rows of the quadrangle to the left of the entrance to the hallway are the living rooms of the owner's family and workers, a room for firewood and peat, and to the right there is a bakery, a brewery, a room for maids and a room for storing peat. The bakery is a walk-through, it adjoins the living rooms of the owner's family and is connected to them by doors. On the other two sides of the quadrangle, barns, a cart shed and a barn were erected.

According to the methods of construction, Danish folk dwellings can be divided into three types: frame, brick (or stone) and adobe.

The frame type is the oldest and most common in Denmark that has survived to this day. Such a dwelling consists of a wooden lattice frame, the lattices of which are filled with some kind of building material: wickerwork, smeared with clay, with an admixture of heather and straw, baked or unfired bricks. It is customary to fill the frame lattices with wickerwork from a vine in western and southern Jutland, with brick or mud - in eastern Jutland and on the islands. For the frame, mainly species of deciduous trees are used, which are now more numerous in the country than conifers.

Brick and adobe houses (made of rammed clay) became the traditional type of folk dwelling rather late: in the sandy regions of southern and western Jutland not earlier than the 17th century, in the rest of Denmark even in the second half of the 18th century. Up to our time, these houses constituted a smaller part of the peasant buildings here. On the islands of Funen and Zealand, brick and adobe houses began to be built only from the middle of the 19th century, and outbuildings from about the 1870s.

Roofs of peasant buildings - on pillars, gable, steep. They cover them in forest areas with shingles over wickerwork; in the western and southern regions of Jutland, straw, heather, or both; in coastal areas and along the Limfjord - reeds and algae; in a number of regions of middle Jutland and on the island of Fun - turf, and now everywhere in different areas Denmark also has roof tiles.

Modern peasant buildings, as well as buildings in fishing villages, are most often built of brick, usually according to standard designs, using the achievements of modern technology.

Furniture and utensils

Until the end of the XIX century. the peasant usually had the necessary carpentry tools and made tables, chairs, benches, chests, chests, cabinets and shelves, stands for kerosene lamps, beer ladles, wooden spoons and bowls. In some cases, they also made metal things themselves: candlesticks, knives, hinges for doors and window frames. But most often, metal household items were bought from artisans.

Now furniture and utensils both in cities and in rural areas of Denmark are factory-made. From traditional, home-made furniture, stools, benches and tables are found in farms, as well as wooden spoons and beer mugs in the form of small oak and beech barrels.

clothing

Back in the 19th century Danish folk costume existed everywhere and even retained a number of regional differences, but at the beginning of the 20th century. it was largely supplanted by clothing of a common European cut. However, in rural areas, women's folk costume or some of its elements are still found.

For a very long time, until the end of the 19th century, Danes and Danes wore an undershirt with polka dots and gussets. Only at the beginning of the XX century. it was completely superseded by the factory-made undershirt.

The traditional costume of a married townswoman consisted of a wide and long dress, an apron, a shoulder scarf, a headdress resembling a Russian warrior, woolen stockings and shoes with slightly elongated heels. A shoulder scarf was usually cleaved off with a brooch or pin on the chest. The dress had different forms of sleeves - long, narrow, to the elbows and with a flashlight. It was customary to wear knitted woolen elbow pads that covered the arms from the wrist to the elbow - something like long gloves without brushes. The casual suit was usually dark, the festive one was brighter.

The girl's costume was different in that instead of a dress they wore a jacket and a wide long skirt. The headdress of teenage girls and girls resembled a bonnet; on holidays, a white starched cape with appliqué was worn over it.

The most common costume of a rural woman consisted of a woolen knitted sweater with a sleeve shortened to three quarters, a wide and long skirt, a bodice, an apron, a shoulder scarf with ends tucked under the bodice, woolen stockings and shoes with a small heel. Sometimes, instead of a jacket with a skirt, they WEAR a LONG woolen sundress with short sleeve. Often the head was covered with a scarf, which was tied in a knot at the back of the head. It was widespread to wear long, to the elbow, woolen knitted gloves with fingers, without fingers or even without brushes (mitts).

On weekdays, Danish women wore skirts and sweaters in dark and light green, red and blue prevailed in festive clothes. To visit the church, they wore a black knitted jacket, a long pleated skirt, a white headdress or a large scarf with lace around the edges, a white apron and long, almost to the elbows, fingerless gloves. The clothes of girls on the day of confirmation are similar to this costume. In rural areas, it has survived to this day, while in cities, girls go to confirmation in white festive long dresses.

The men's folk costume consisted of a white, striped or checkered undershirt, short knee-length trousers, high woolen socks with garters at the knees, leather shoes, a top hat (usually for married men) or a woolen cap (for young people and children), a scarf around the neck , knotted in front, a sleeveless vest, and for the elderly, a caftan is also over it.

Modern Danish clothing is of a pan-European type. However, it has a feature that is common to all Scandinavian countries: here, more than in other European countries, it is more common to wear knitted woolen items - sweaters, jumpers, sweaters, woolen socks. Men wear cowboy shirts with large checkered colors. Until the beginning of the 20th century. In Denmark, in both rural and urban areas, many men, women and children wore wooden shoes on weekdays, and leather shoes were worn only on holidays. Nowadays, such shoes are not worn; they have been completely replaced by factory-made leather or leather-cloth shoes.

Food

The Danes eat four times a day: they have breakfast twice, lunch and dinner. The Danes love to eat densely. On weekdays, hot food is served twice a day - for breakfast and dinner; eat sandwiches for lunch. If during the period of field work among peasants and on weekdays among workers, the main meal is most often breakfast, then on weekends it is lunch, when they eat hot dishes.

In urban areas, bread is baked in bakeries and delivered to both the townspeople and the population of suburban villages. In farms, sour hearth bread with yeast is baked by peasant women themselves, usually for a week. Unleavened cakes are less common than, for example, in neighboring Norway.

Traditional Danish dishes are cereals: wheat, oatmeal, barley, semolina and rice (from imported rice). The most ancient delicacy of the Danes, known since the early Middle Ages, is wheat porridge on cream with raspberries, called fledegred ( fledegmd). As holiday dish a kind of sausage stuffed with rice porridge with raisins is served on the table.

Traditional sandwiches are widespread. They are so typical of the Danish table that the sandwich is called the king of Danish cuisine,

In the capital of Denmark, and in many other cities, there are grocery stores that specialize in selling sandwiches. There are up to seven hundred various kinds Danish sandwiches, ranging from the simplest, buttered bread, to the multi-story sandwich called Hans Christian Andersen's favorite sandwich. It consists of several layers of bacon, tomatoes, liver pate, jelly and white radish, separated by slices of bread. They eat it, removing slices in layers. Such a sandwich is enough to satiate any eater. At different prices and based on different consumers, street stalls sell standard sandwiches: "school", "tourist", "sports" and others. One of the most famous restaurants in Copenhagen, Oscar Davidsen, specializes only in sandwiches and is so popular that it even receives orders from abroad, in particular from New York, by phone, where sandwiches are delivered on the same day by a regular plane.

Almost every day Danes also eat fish dishes. It is no coincidence that the fish markets in the cities are the liveliest and busiest trading places in Denmark. Cheap varieties of fish are common: herring, mackerel, eel and flounder. They are eaten boiled and salted. Smoked and dried fish are less common in food. In some Copenhagen restaurants, the menu consists mainly of fish dishes.

Among the fats in Danish food, the first place is occupied by table varieties of margarine. It is estimated that Danes consume three to four times more margarine than butter, one of their main exports.

The favorite drink of the Danes can be considered coffee, which 60-70 years ago replaced tea, which was widely used earlier. Coffee is drunk not only at the end of breakfast, lunch or dinner, but also during the day. It is very customary to treat a guest with a cup of strong coffee to a neighbor or postman who has come in for a minute. Jokingly, and perhaps with good reason, it is claimed in Denmark that Danish postmen die prematurely from excessive coffee consumption.

Meat occupies a prominent place in the diet of the Danes. For the first courses, it goes as an integral part of soups or in the form of meat broths, for the second they eat boiled or stewed meat, roasts, schnitzels. The peasants prepare meat for future use: they smoke lamb and pork hams and brisket, dry or salt meat, salt and smoke lard. On holidays and on Sundays, cold appetizers are prepared from these stocks, and on weekdays they take ham and lard with them to field work.

The Danish table is complemented by beans, vegetables, berries and fruits, dairy products. Of the alcoholic beverages, the Danes drink the most beer, whiskey and vodka. The breweries supply beer mainly to the cities. The peasants themselves brew beer from barley for their own needs. Other drinks in both cities and rural areas are imported. They are imported from various countries of the world: whiskey from the USA, England and Canada, gins and liqueurs from England and Holland, vodka from Norway and Sweden, liqueurs and various wines from France and Italy, wines from Chile, South African Union, Yugoslavia, Portugal , Spain and Germany. Of course, the wealthier classes turn out to be consumers of more expensive drinks. For a long time in Denmark, as in other Scandinavian countries, the consumption of alcoholic beverages is quite significant. Not only on holidays and Sundays, but also on weekdays for dinner, and sometimes in the evening, men usually drink a glass of strong wine or vodka.

Like other Scandinavians, tobacco smoking is very common among Danes. Citizens smoke cigarettes more, peasants and fishermen prefer pipes.

Over its centuries-old history, Danish has created its own national culture, reflecting the impact of the natural environment, economic structure and contacts with neighboring peoples. The original material culture of the Danes is still manifested in clothing and food, despite the leveling effect of modern urban civilization.

Traditional types and forms of settlements in Denmark were determined by the structure of the surface and the nature of the occupations of the population. In the east of Jutland, cumulus villages prevailed, in Funen - ordinary ones, stretched along roads and rivers. On Zeeland and in certain eastern regions of Jutland, village houses were located around a round or square shape(the “solskifte” system), where cattle were grazed and gatherings were collected. After the abolition of feudal landownership, farmsteads became the dominant form of rural settlement, which are especially characteristic of Western Jutland, Funen and many other parts of the country. Many former villages have turned into industrial and station settlements.

Danish farms were built separately from each other. It was a system of one-story buildings united under a common roof and placed around a rectangular or semi-oval yard. Residential, barn, and sheds were united under one roof. As a rule, local materials were used for the construction of houses: frames were made from oak, foundations were erected from boulders, walls were built from adobe and reinforced with vines, roofs were covered with straw, peat or shingles.

Until recently, such frame structures were widespread not only in rural areas, but also in cities. Now they have largely given way to brick houses with tiled roofs. In front of the house you can often see elegant flower beds and lawns, and boxes with geraniums on the windowsills.

In the southwest of Denmark, Frisian buildings have been preserved. Many old peasant estates consist of four buildings surrounding a small interior. On the walls of houses, images of cattle are not uncommon. A pointed one rises above the front door; except for , white and black semicircles are depicted above the windows and doors.

Until half a century ago, in the rural houses of Denmark, the most remarkable were the stoves lined with majolica, which heated only the kitchen. Now in these houses central, and other modern conveniences are quite common. The handicraft rural furniture, made from local tree species, was replaced by the standard urban type.

Since ancient times, the main type of dwelling in Denmark has been a separate house belonging to one family. Now it remains characteristic of the countryside. A significant part of the townspeople lives in apartments in multi-storey buildings, although many single-family houses are still being built.

Even at the beginning of this century, people wore a folk costume in Denmark, and with various regional options. But nowadays it has been completely supplanted by standard European-style clothing. As well as in other Scandinavian countries, woolen products are common in Denmark: sweaters, jumpers, machine-knitted and hand-knitted sweaters.

Elements of ancient women's folk clothing survived the longest in the remote western islands and are associated with Frisian traditions. For folk women's clothing peculiar colored scarves and bonnets, thick knitted sweaters and long skirts trimmed with ribbons, sometimes pleated. Male, now completely out of use, consisted of wide pants, an embroidered jacket or vest and a high cylinder hat. All kept in dark colors.

Post office in Denmark (1 not preserved folk crafts. The exception is the lace craft with its center in the town of Tönner. A favorite of Turner's lace is running. Scarves, shawls, capes, which were an important element in the past, are decorated with these laces. folk costume, and nowadays are in great demand among tourists.

Pork and sweets occupy an important place in the daily diet of the Danes. The most common, one might say, Danish sandwiches have become a national dish - smurrebr' . These are thin slices of bread with ham,

fish, pate, salad, etc. Fish cuisine is very diverse - dishes from cod, herring, eel. The flounder is especially skillfully prepared. Of alcoholic beverages, they usually drink caraway vodka "Ol-Borg Akvavit". The most popular drink is. In terms of its consumption, it occupies one of the first places in Europe. The Danish beer of the Tuborg and Carlsberg brewing concerns is world famous and is a significant item in Danish exports.

All Danes solemnly celebrate Christmas. For this holiday, piglets and geese were specially fattened in the countryside, blood sausage was made, beer was brewed and large round breads were baked from wholemeal flour. According to legend, Christmas and beer have healing properties. All rooms are carefully cleaned and decorated for the holiday, and the animals are given hearty food. It is widely accepted to give Christmas gifts to relatives, friends and acquaintances. The custom of decorating the Christmas tree with toys and national flags has also been preserved.

On Christmas Eve, December 24, shops across the country close early. The next day everyone gets up very early and congratulates each other. This day is usually spent in the family circle, so as not to be taken out of the house. Christmas is especially observed. On Christmas Eve for dinner, roast goose or duck, red cabbage, blackcurrant, potatoes fried in caramel sauce, beer and wine are served at the table. A special dish of boiled rice, which is added with a few grains of blue almonds. whoever gets it gets a Christmas present - marzipan or a bundle of selected Danish pork. Then they arrange dances around the Christmas tree and Santa Claus appears (who is called in advance from special offices) to distribute gifts to children.

No less solemn in Denmark is the New Year's Eve. On the eve, receptions, dances, carnivals, and comic games are arranged. New Year's dinner consists of plentiful dishes, among which fish dishes are obligatory, especially fresh boiled with a special mustard sauce. Cod is served at the table on the first day of the New Year. This day is usually spent at home. they are greeted with fireworks, an explosion of firecrackers and the launch of paper rockets.

February 21 in the evening in the south-west of Denmark lights are lit in honor of St. Peter, patron saint of sailors. This holiday reflects the traditional ties of the local population with navigation.

At the beginning of February, Shrovetide is celebrated in the country, which lasts three days - Sunday and the first two days of Lent. By this holiday in the countryside, it is customary to dress up branches of birch and other trees and put them on window sills and shelves. On Shrove Tuesday, feasts are often arranged with an abundance of buns, cakes, pretzels and other flour products, and on Shrove Tuesday, fatty pork is cooked.

5 May Denmark celebrates Liberation Day. The day before, the Danish national flag is hung on each window sill, and in the evening a candle is lit in the departure of darkness and the joy of liberation.

On the calendar folk holidays an important place is occupied by the day of St. Hansa, 23 June. On this day, houses are decorated with fresh herbs and cooked holiday treat. The climax of the holiday comes in the evening, when people gather around the bonfires, on which the effigies of "witches" are burned. This symbolizes the desire to expel all evil forces from the country. Before the burning of the “witch”, speeches are made, and after the burning, people have fun and sing the song of the summer solstice.

Other summer holidays timed to coincide with various agricultural activities. On the island of Samsø, for example, they solemnly celebrate what is associated with the pagan cult of the fertility of the earth. On August 15, the Dormition is celebrated in the countryside, big celebration before the end of field work. On this day they put on new or clean clothes, feast and dance.

Folk dances have survived only on some small islands in Denmark. All the inhabitants dance there, most often they lead round dances or walk in a circle. Picturesque lawns have long been chosen for dancing, where, according to legend, they gathered. Now Danish youth prefer modern dancing in country squares or in restaurant halls.

Denmark - a country of continuous literacy, which has an extensive system of educational institutions, public schools, technical courses.

In 1972, the country introduced nine-year-old children, starting at the age of seven. To continue education, there are real schools and gymnasiums. Graduates of gymnasiums receive the right to enter.

Among higher educational institutions stand out. There are five in Denmark. The oldest of them is Copenhagen (founded in 1479), which plays a leading role in the cultural life of Denmark. The youngest university in the country was founded in 1974 in Aalborg. The other three are in Aarhus, and Roskilde. There are also several specialized higher educational institutions - the Higher Technical Academy, the Higher Engineering Academy, Pharmacists, the Higher Veterinary and Agricultural School, the Higher Trade School, the Higher Pedagogical School, the Academy of Arts, etc.

During the 70s, a number of reforms were carried out to create more progressive education systems, but at the same time, spending on and restrictions on access to higher and special education were being cut, in particular, student benefits from the state were significantly cut. Students are given the right to receive a loan from banks with installment payments over 5-10 years, a very percentage (from 1975 to 14%). Both , and higher educational institutions do not distribute and do not provide work for graduates. This is one of the reasons for youth unemployment, which is becoming an increasingly acute social problem.

in the fine arts of the early 19th century. developed a fascination with neoclassicism. The most prominent representative of this direction, the famous Bertil Thorvaldsen, won world fame. He donated many of his best works to Russia. The paintings of K. Eckersberg (1783-1853), the original master of the portrait genre, who brought up a galaxy of talented students (W. Marstrand and others), were painted in the spirit of neoclassicism. In the 40s of the XIX century. in architecture began to gothic and renaissance, associated with the flourishing of romanticism.

Denmark gave the world the original philosopher S. Kierkegaard (1813-1855), whose works constituted modern existentialism. Great progress in the 19th century have been achieved

you are Danish scientists K. Thomsen, E. Worse and S. Müller in archeology. The method of field excavations developed on the basis of Danish material formed the basis of archaeological science. X. became famous for the discovery of electromagnetism.

In the 60s of the 19th century, when great changes were taking place in the life of Denmark, romanticism gave way to realism in literature. Prominent figures in this trend were the critics the Brandes brothers - Georg (1842-1927) and (1847-1931), the writer Jene Peter Jacobsen (1847-1885), the author of the psychological novels Grubbe and Niels Lühne, the poet and writer C .-dorf (1836-1901).

Romanticism in the visual arts was outlived later than in literature. The most famous portrait painter and genre painter P. Kroyer (1851-1909), the head of the realist movement, who at a later stage of his career was influenced by the French Impressionists.

An original musical school was formed in the country, headed by N. Gade (1817-1890). His works are inherently harsh with a touch of melancholy.

At the end of XIX - beginning of XX century. in literature and art, new trends arose:, and neo-romanticism, manifested in some works of X. Bang, X. Drakman and other writers. Along with this, the development of the realistic trend continued, vividly represented in the work of J. Jensen (1873-1950), the author of numerous novels (The Fall of the King, etc.) and short stories, striking with brilliant stylistic mastery.

Denmark has given the world a whole galaxy of proletarian writers. Among them, the most famous is Andersen-Neksø (1869-1954), the author of the social novels Pelle the Conqueror, Ditte the Human Child, Morten and numerous short stories.

Among the sculptors of the early XX century. the name of Kai Nielsen (1882-1924) is widely known, whose works adorn the modern one. M. Nyurop, the creator of the building of the Copenhagen City Hall, became famous in architecture.

Kai Munch (1898-1944). different stages recent history The novels of X., X. Scherfig, X. Wulff and other proletarian writers are devoted to the Danish people. A series of novels about the position of women in bourgeois society was created by Karin Michaelis. Psychological novels by K. Becker, T. Christensen, K. Soya and X. Brunner are very popular.

In the 1960s, modernist tendencies intensified in the work of some Danish writers (M. A. Hagien, K. Riefbjerg, L. Panduro, V. Sørensen). In opposition to this trend, a current of new realism arose (A. Boselsen, K. Kampman), which grew into a merciless exposure of the capitalist way of life.

In recent years, socio-psychological realistic novels by T. Skou-Hansen, V. Rasmussen, and M. Christenson have appeared. There was a renewed interest in the working novel.

In architecture and art, such trends as abstractionism appeared. Along with them, the use of folk artistic traditions continued (especially in monumental painting). Great advances were made in urban planning and functional architecture. Danish has received worldwide recognition.

Research centers of international rank have developed in Denmark: theoretical physics, headed by N. Bohr, the Institute of Animal Physiology, the Institute of Serums, etc. Economic history is developing rapidly.