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And again I can’t remember: where did the person kiss like that? Adults, especially aged people, believe that this old age creeps up so much, some dismiss it and report that such a phenomenon accompanies them all their lives, only a small percentage of those who regularly “bloom” the skin, think and look for ways to solve the problem. These most often include restless mothers, discovering hematomas that have come from nowhere on the child’s body. Maybe in the kindergarten or at school someone offends? Or is it still a signal that something is wrong in the body?

Injuries, female problems, vitamin deficiency

The occurrence of a hematoma from a blow is considered an absolutely natural phenomenon. Especially if the blow is strong, capable of damaging both soft tissues and blood vessels that permeate our body, supply everything necessary and take away metabolic products. Of course, most of all goes to the capillaries, because they are very accessible, because they are located in the skin.

But when bruises appear for no reason, then there is a reason for this for sure. First of all, this is an increased fragility of the walls of capillary vessels. Why they suddenly start to break is another question or another reason. And not alone.

Everyone knows that the female body bruises prefer more. Why? It turns out that this is due to the hormonal background, or rather, with lack of estrogen. The female body undergoes various hormonal fluctuations in the course of life, and in pre- and menopause the situation is sometimes generally catastrophic, so it turns out that bruises appear for no reason, and women attribute everything to age, which, of course, is involved in such phenomena. After all, the vessels are not the same. Yes, and vitamins with trace elements are sometimes not enough. Here's another reason.

Lack of vitamin C, or simply ascorbic acid, slows down tissue repair after mechanical damage, and vitamin D deficiency promotes increased permeability, fragility and fragility of capillaries, which leads to bruising as if for no reason. By combining the flavonoid rutin with P-vitamin activity and ascorbic acid, scientists many years ago received an excellent drug ascorutin, which is very palatable and very useful. It strengthens the vascular wall, allows you to get rid of bruises and prevent the formation of new ones.

Askorutin is a good remedy for bruises and is great for people whose hematomas are caused by a deficiency of the above vitamins.

Unreasonable, at first glance, the appearance of bruises contributes to the long-term use of drugs with anticoagulant action, for example, aspirin, which is precisely the main cause of bruising. It thins the blood and its use for a long time leads to the appearance of hematomas in various places of the human body.

More compelling reasons

However, there are more serious prerequisites for the appearance of bruising, due to various, sometimes severe disorders in the body, which are combined into a large group of diseases called hemorrhagic diathesis. These include:

Vasopathy is damage to the walls of blood vessels as a result of exposure to infectious-toxic or immunoallergic agents; hemorrhagic vasculitis can be considered an example of such a pathology;
Coagulopathy (congenital or acquired), resulting from a decrease in the level of coagulation factors, which include such a well-known disease as hemophilia;
Thrombocytopenia (decrease in the number of blood cells - platelets, as a result of their trauma, inhibition of production or increased consumption, which occurs with hemangiomas, thrombocytopenic purpura, DIC syndrome);
Thrombocytopathies (impaired functional abilities of the platelet link, characteristic of multiple myeloma, erythremia, systemic lupus erythematosus).

As it turned out, there are many reasons, and before trying to remove a bruise, it would be good to find out its origin, because, letting everything take its course, you can start a disease that will lead to even greater violations. Of course, a bruise under the nail does not deserve special attention if it arose from a hammer blow on the finger. In this case, you can not run to the doctors and not take tests, you need to try to use folk remedies or just wait: the nail will come off - everything will pass. However, there are types of bruises that make you wary.

What are bruises?

Parts of the body that have turned blue from injury are familiar to us from childhood. Bruises on the legs, knocked down knees - this is easy for a tomboy boy, because at this age all activities are traumatic. Outdoor games, cycling, overcoming such heights as fences and trees, and the result is not a very soft landing and big bruises, the same in origin, but with their own history.

Disease-related types of bruising appear differently and behave differently. In medical science, they are divided into types:

Hematoma, which is characterized by huge painful hemorrhages not only in the subcutaneous layer, but also in deep muscles, joints, causing tissue destruction, pathological fractures, arthrosis and muscle atrophy. Large bruises on the legs, arms, and throughout the body are quite natural for coagulopathies such as hemophilia A and B;
Microcirculatory, which is called petechial-spotted, is manifested by the appearance of bruises on the arms, legs, mucous membranes (nose, gingival bleeding). Slight traumatization of the vessels of the microvasculature - capillaries (one has only to rub the skin with your hand), immediately causes bruising (patients with thrombocytopenia know this);
The microcirculatory-hematoma, that is, the mixed type, includes a combination of the two previous ones and is characterized by the appearance of a few, but large bruises, localized mainly in the subcutaneous fat, so they are clearly visible. DIC, hemophilia A, and overdose of anticoagulants are accompanied by a similar type of hematoma;
For the vasculitic-purple type, in addition to peculiar inflamed bruises, an itchy rash is characteristic, which eventually gives residual pigmentation.

However, if a person has permanent bruises, then it is better to consult a doctor after all, because this may be a sign of illness.

Bruises on the chest, bruises on the veins

Of particular concern are bruises on the chest in women, because the mammary glands are still less likely to be injured than the arms and legs, although injuries are not excluded here. You can fall or run into some kind of blunt object, and a hematoma is guaranteed. Of course, you should try to avoid damage to the mammary glands, since large hematomas can turn into cysts, which subsequently give quite severe pain.

If the bruise is caused by trauma or taking anticoagulants, then we can hope that it will pass without any special consequences. It is dangerous when a hematoma appears for no apparent reason, because then it can be a sign of a malignant neoplasm, in particular, inflammatory breast cancer, therefore, in such cases, a visit to a mammologist or gynecologist should not be postponed.

The structure of a normal bruise (left) and a breast mass that turns into a malignant one (right)

The male gender is not immune from bruises on the chest, but in men their appearance is due mainly to blunt chest injuries and fractures of the ribs, and if the bruise does not go away long time coagulopathy or taking blood thinners may be the cause. In any case, with such a question, you need to consult a doctor.

Quite often there are bruises on the veins. First of all, this applies to people with varicose veins. Sometimes the veins themselves create this appearance, and sometimes hematomas are the result of the presence of a capillary network, spider veins and nodules that tend to rupture. This occurs mainly due to injury or weakness of the vessel walls.

Ointments to help heal a bruise

It is rarely possible to cure a bruise instantly, in general, but if cold is applied immediately after the injury (often frozen meat is used for this, which is always at hand at home), then the size of the hematoma can be significantly reduced and staining intensity reduced. And if the first moment is missed, it is better to send someone to the nearest pharmacy to purchase an ointment for bruises. In such cases, heparin ointment has proven itself well, which dissolves the blood clot formed under the skin and thereby accelerates the disappearance of the blue. In addition, heparin ointment also has an analgesic effect due to the local anesthetic benzocaine included in its composition.

It should be remembered that the ointment is used with caution if the integrity of the skin is broken and is NOT used at all for deep vein thrombosis or simultaneously with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), which are often used for bruises to reduce pain.

In addition to heparin, it would be nice to use troxevasin ointment, which also helps to quickly cure a bruise and forget about it. Having a fairly wide spectrum of action, the ointment is used for many diseases associated with increased fragility of the vascular walls. The main substance of the drug is the flavonoid rutin, which has P-vitamin activity. To enhance the therapeutic effect of the ointment, it is desirable to use it together with capsules or tablets of troxevasin.

Help folk methods

Some people do not recognize pharmaceutical preparations and prefer to use exclusively folk remedies for the treatment of bruises. If the bruise appeared from a bruise, then such treatment is fully justified and can be successfully used at home.

with a burdock leaf (inner surface of the leaf, cellophane, woolen scarf),
onion gruel with sugar,
herbs of wood lice, fresh or dry (dip in boiling water), covered with cellophane and bandaged

contribute to the rapid healing and disappearance of an unattractive black spot.

A fresh parsley compress is an affordable and (according to popular opinion) effective way to get rid of a bruise

For the same purpose use:

½ teaspoon each of ginger and turmeric, adding a few drops of water to them (3 or 4),
apples boiled (to gruel) in milk,
fresh Tradescantia leaf, or
lotions with vinegar (linen cloth is moistened with a tablespoon of vinegar or a teaspoon of essence dissolved in water).

However, one should not forget that all folk remedies are good if there is no open wound and bleeding, since in this case a slightly different approach is needed, but from the listed recipes, in case of damage to the skin and bleeding, a warm gruel from apples boiled in milk will do. It must be applied to the injured area.

The patient himself chooses how to treat a bruise resulting from a bruise, but this should not be done if hematomas form as a result of other diseases, that is, as if by themselves. You need to contact a specialist (phlebologist or hematologist), who will conduct the necessary studies (blood tests, ultrasound of blood vessels, etc.), will probably figure out what's what and prescribe adequate treatment, since the patient himself will not be able to cope, and folk remedies do not have sufficient strength to solve deep-seated problems.

The essence of the problem

Possible reasons

What to do?

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Vasculitis.
Varicose veins.
Blood flow disorders.

They provoke a decrease in blood viscosity, bleeding develops, resulting in the appearance of hematomas.

Often, such negative reactions occur in patients taking Aspirin or Cavinton. When you notice that bruises constantly appear, but there were no bruises, then it is necessary to abandon these drugs, otherwise serious internal bleeding may begin.

Bruises on the legs of women

Such trouble can happen in women having different ages. Young girls are the most worried because they are deprived of the opportunity to wear nude tights and wear short skirts. The answer lies within the body. Bruises can signal the development of dangerous diseases, they should not be ignored. We can talk about a lack of vitamins - hypovitaminosis, which develops after winter, when the body is greatly weakened. If a person has genetic blood diseases, hematomas can also appear unexpectedly, for no apparent reason. but such diseases are diagnosed at an early age and people are more attentive to their condition.

When there is not enough cobalt, selenium or calcium in the blood, this also provokes problems with the vessels, they lose their elasticity and strength.

Bruises on the hands of women

Bruises on the eyelids in women

Bruises on the abdomen in women

Bruising on the knees of women

If you notice causeless bruising in the knee area, reconsider your diet, give up strict diets. Remember if you have recently undergone major surgical interventions, and what medications you are taking. Larger hematomas may appear as a result of liver dysfunction. Hepatitis of a different nature, trauma to internal organs, acute poisoning lead to malfunctions in its work.

Do not forget about the common disease of the legs - varicose veins. Bruising does not always occur, but it is still worth contacting a doctor for advice.

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Why do bruises appear quickly on the body

Why there are bruises on the body and how to deal with it

Bruises on the body can appear due to soft tissue damage, resulting in bruising. So they are called in the common people, in the scientific literature they are called hematomas or bruises on the body. The damaging factors are bruises and squeezing, after which the capillaries break at the site of injury (of which there are especially many under the skin) without violating the integrity of the skin. Blood flows out of the damaged capillaries under the skin, spreading to the adjacent soft tissues, as evidenced by the appearance of reddish-purple spots. The leaked blood contains hemoglobin, which eventually breaks down to form biliverdin (a bile pigment with a greenish tinge) and bilirubin (yellow-red bile pigment), from which the bruise that appears changes its shade, from a reddish-violet (sometimes red-brown) bruise becomes purple , then mauve, and then yellow-green.

The essence of the problem

Why do bruises appear on the body? The reasons for the appearance of bruises on the body as a result of bruises and compression are quite understandable and explainable. Many questions and concerns are caused by hematomas on the body when there was no mechanical damage. In such a situation, each person finds his own explanation: young people think that they simply did not notice when they bumped; adults - write off the approaching old age; especially vigilant - they will think and suspect health problems.

Possible reasons

For example, increased fragility of capillaries, which is called hemorrhagic vasculitis. The vast majority of doctors attribute the frequent occurrence of bruising to this cause. This pathology is an autoimmune disease, manifested by a malfunction of the body's immune cells. These cells, being the defenders of the body, begin to perceive the vessels of the circulatory system as a foreign antigen, which leads to the production of antibodies that destroy the walls of blood vessels. As a result of this, the vessels become thinner, their fragility and fragility increase. Even with minimal pressure or impact, the subcutaneous vessels burst, causing bruising on the body. Due to the increased fragility of the blood vessels located in the membranes of the internal organs (heart, lungs, kidneys, liver), hematomas begin to appear throughout the body (in the back, abdomen, arms and legs), with the exception of the face.

Bruises on the body may have the following causes:

With varicose veins, hematomas begin to appear on the legs. This pathology is accompanied by congestion in the veins of the legs, which provokes excessive stretching and, as a result, thinning of the walls of blood vessels.
Hypovitaminosis or avitaminosis of vitamin C and P is a common cause of bruising on the body, due to which the function and integrity of blood vessels is impaired. The body is especially sensitive to a lack of ascorbic acid (vitamin C). You can eliminate the cause by including tomatoes, pineapples, rose hips, gooseberries, strawberries and so on in the diet. Medicines can help in the fight against beriberi. Hypovitaminosis of rutin (vitamin P) disrupts the healthy state of capillaries, increasing their permeability and blood pressure, which, in turn, also increases the load on the vessels. If in the body there is a simultaneous hypovitaminosis of vitamin C and P, then there will be a lack of Ca in the blood, which also increases the fragility of the walls of blood vessels and thins them.
Hormonal imbalance. As a result of this reason, bruises appear on the fair sex. With a deficiency in the body of a woman of estrogens, the strength of blood vessels decreases. Throughout life, the hormonal background of a woman is very mobile, and especially with the onset of menopause. It is during this period that most women begin to detect causeless (not from a blow) hematomas.
Cancer diseases. In particular, blood cancer - leukemia, causes a hematoma not from a bruise. This pathology is accompanied by a decrease in the number of platelets, erythrocytes and leukocytes in the blood. In turn, thrombocytopenia (lack of platelets) is manifested by a decrease in blood clotting. Therefore, even a slight blow or bruise can lead to extensive hemorrhage under the skin.
Drug therapy. A number of drugs can disrupt the strength of blood vessels, such as taking antidepressants, analgesics, anti-inflammatory, antianemic and blood thinners. Bruising is a serious side effect in which the medication must be stopped immediately to avoid possible bleeding.
Reduced blood clotting. If blood thinning is not due to cancer or drug therapy, then you should pay attention to your diet.

What to do?

How to get rid of bruises on the body? Naturally, in people with hematomas in open areas of the body, with pain from bruises, the question arises of how to quickly remove bruises. Before choosing a way to deal with bruises, you need to accurately understand the cause of their occurrence.

So, with hypovitaminosis or avitaminosis of vitamins C, P, you should adhere to a proper diet, in which the lack of vitamins will be replenished. In this case, the restoration of blood vessels will come quickly and the bruises will disappear earlier. A lot of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) in rose hips, citrus fruits, lingonberries, etc. With beriberi, therapy with drugs containing this vitamin will be more effective. In green tea, buckwheat, plum, red pepper, cherry, there is a lot of rautin. Combined drug Ascorutin, containing both vitamins, is an ideal tool for restoring and strengthening the walls of blood vessels.

Quickly get rid of bruises of any etiology will help Heparin ointment. This ointment is able to quickly dissolve a blood clot that has collected under the skin and reduce the time of a purple-purple spot on the skin. And also Heparin ointment can relieve pain from a hematoma. Troxevasin ointment is another effective drug that reduces the fragility of the vascular walls.

In the case of emergency use immediately after a bruise or a few minutes after it, the use of ice gives a positive effect. Ice is placed in a bag or heating pad and placed on a towel or handkerchief and then on the affected area. The cold emanating from the ice will help stop the flow of blood from the damaged vessel. The use of cold should remain until the site of the bruise becomes the same color as the skin. It will be enough to set ice for minutes every day.

See also: Troxevasin is one of the the best means to fight bruises

An old grandmother's way of getting rid of bruises is to use vinegar. This substance promotes blood flow to the damaged area, in which the dissolution of the blood clot occurs. Heat applied to the hematoma has a similar mechanism of action.

Another current doctor's recommendation to the patient's question of how to quickly get rid of bruises is to move the affected area to the "as high as possible" position. Since a hematoma is accompanied by an accumulation of blood under the skin, then with the vertical position of this accumulation, according to the laws of gravity, the blood will tend to the ground.

Bruises on the body for no reason

It would seem that bruises on the body cannot appear without a reason. However, why, in the absence of bruises, does a hematoma suddenly form? In fact, this phenomenon, of course, has a reason and may be a signal of the presence of a serious illness.

Indeed, some diseases become provoking factors for the appearance of a bruise. Why does a hematoma form? A bruise is the result of a small hemorrhage under the skin, caused by a violation of the integrity of the walls of blood vessels.

This condition can be caused by:

vasculitis;
varicose veins;
violation of blood flow;
decrease in the elasticity of the walls of blood vessels;
low blood clotting;
insufficient number of platelets.

Often, bruises on the body occur due to prolonged use of pharmacological drugs. Most often, a similar side effect is caused by anti-inflammatory and anti-asthma drugs, analgesics, antidepressants. They significantly reduce blood viscosity, which leads to bleeding, as a result of which hematomas appear.

Especially often, such a negative occurs due to the intake of Aspirin or Cavinton. If the patient observes the constant presence of bruises, knowing for sure that there were no bruises, it is necessary to stop taking this group of drugs, since their continued use can lead to serious internal bleeding.

It is currently assumed that bruising on the body for no reason appears due to a deficiency of a group of vitamins. The lack of the required amount of vitamins C, K, P can negatively affect the condition of blood vessels, increasing their fragility.

If bruises on the body are formed regularly, it is necessary to contact a professional hematologist, who will definitely identify the cause of the pathology and prescribe the necessary treatment.

As a rule, a clinical analysis of a blood sample and a coagulogram helps to find out why a person has hematomas. When the cause of discomfort and cosmetic defect lies in the lack of vitamins, it is recommended to balance your own diet by adding more chicken eggs, seaweed, fish oil, citrus fruits, fresh herbs, cherries, apricots and blackberries to the menu.

You can buy a ready-made vitamin and mineral complex at a pharmacy kiosk, which contains ascorbic acid, bioflavonoids, hesperedin, and also rutin.

Within a month after the start of taking the vitamin-mineral complex, the defect must be eliminated. If this does not happen, you should undergo a diagnosis that allows you to find out exactly what the cause of the pathology is.

Often, the elasticity of blood vessels is impaired due to age-related changes weakening body tissues. In addition, bruises on the body for no reason can form due to hormonal imbalances, which are more common in women.

Insufficient estrogen content in menopause has a direct impact on the state of the circulatory system. The resulting failures can easily provoke the fragility of the capillary walls and their further destruction.

When hematomas appear due to low blood clotting, it is advisable to try to increase it by eating more foods rich in vitamin K, white cabbage and fresh lettuce. ethnoscience often advises to use nettle decoction to thicken the blood.

To this council should be treated with great caution, since with hypertension this method of treatment can lead to thrombosis.

It is also worth checking the liver, since it is she who is responsible for the production of special enzymes that ensure normal blood clotting. If they are not enough, the organ does not function properly.

Sometimes bruises appear with oncological blood disease, so you should not let things take their course. You need to make sure that the cause of bruising on the body was a minor bruise, which was quickly forgotten, and not a serious illness.

Women suffering from varicose veins are well aware of why hematomas constantly “bloom” on the surface of the skin. Wearing a high narrow heel, excessive load on the legs, obesity often lead to weakening of the capillaries and veins located in the superficial tissues.

High fragility of blood vessels is also provoked by vasculitis. With this disease, the body's own immune system begins to perceive the blood vessels as a foreign element, and destroys them in a directed way.

Naturally, you can get rid of the appearance of hematomas only after appropriate treatment. However, it is much easier not to treat the disease, but to prevent it. Knowing why hematomas form, you can use a series preventive measures that can reduce the risk of developing pathologies of blood vessels and eliminate the causes due to which bruises appear.

Prevention of the reasons why bruises regularly appear on the body is simple and does not take much time.

It is rather a way of life that takes into account proper nutrition, as well as the necessary physical activity:

Vessels should be strengthened by constantly using foods rich in vitamin complexes;
It is advisable to closely monitor the functionality of the liver;
You should not use pharmacological drugs that disrupt blood clotting on your own;
It is worth spending more time in the fresh air, actively engaging in playing sports. A contrast shower and hiking also have a good effect;
If you are prone to allergies, you should limit the likelihood of contact with allergenic substances. It is also necessary to avoid infection and hypothermia, factors that can significantly affect the state of immune protection. Routine prophylaxis will reduce the risk of developing vasculitis;
Do not forget that hematomas often appear with varicose veins. Therefore, it is undesirable to wear tight shoes, to be in a sitting position for a long time. You need to watch your weight and do not abuse fatty spicy foods. In the presence of a disease, wearing compression stockings will allow you to get rid of bruises.

A bruise cannot appear for no reason. This is a sign of malaise, often a dangerous disease, which can only be detected by contacting medical institution. Self-medication in this case is fraught with complications that can cause great harm to health.

Bruises on the body for no reason in women

When bruises, blows are applied to the surface of the body, the skin transfers pressure, hemorrhages with hematomas form inside, better known as bruises. At the site of injury, blood vessels rupture, blood flows out under the skin with further spread around the soft tissues surrounding the damaged area. A substance called hemoglobin, which is part of the blood, affects the color of bruises. At first, they all become dark red, changing shades over time. The color is affected by the degradation products of hemoglobin. We are talking about biliverdin and bilirubin. It is generally accepted that the pressure on the vessels depends on the location of the bruise, if it is located in the lower body, the hematoma will take longer to heal. The above facts confirm that hematomas that have formed as a result of injuries are a completely natural phenomenon. But bruises on the body for no reason in women is a rather dangerous phenomenon, signaling that the body is not in order and you should make an appointment with a qualified doctor for advice.

Possible causes of bruising on the body in women

It cannot be denied that severe ailments provoke the appearance of bruises. In particular, we can talk about:

Vasculitis.
Varicose veins.
Blood flow disorders.
Decreased elasticity of the vascular walls.
Impaired blood clotting.
Insufficient number of platelets.

There are known cases of bruising associated with prolonged use of medical products. Often, side effects develop after taking anti-inflammatory and anti-asthma drugs, as well as analgesics and antidepressants.

They provoke a decrease in blood viscosity, bleeding develops, resulting in the appearance of hematomas. Often, such negative reactions occur in patients taking Aspirin or Cavinton. When you notice that bruises constantly appear, but there were no bruises, then it is necessary to abandon these drugs, otherwise serious internal bleeding may begin.

Also, the appearance of causeless bruises on the body can be affected by a lack of vitamins. If the body lacks vitamins C, K, P, this negatively affects the vessels, they become more fragile.

If bruises regularly form, you should visit a professional hematologist who can determine the cause of the pathology and prescribe the necessary course of treatment.

Bruises on the legs of women

Such trouble can happen in women having different ages. Young girls are the most worried, because they are deprived of the opportunity to wear nude tights and wear short skirts. The answer lies within the body. Bruises can signal the development of dangerous diseases, they should not be ignored. We can talk about a lack of vitamins - hypovitaminosis, which develops after winter, when the body is greatly weakened. If a person has genetic blood diseases, hematomas can also appear unexpectedly, for no apparent reason. but such diseases are diagnosed at an early age and people are more attentive to their condition. When there is not enough cobalt, selenium or calcium in the blood, this also provokes problems with the vessels, they lose their elasticity and strength.

Probably everyone knows that it is the liver that purifies the blood, how good its coagulability depends on its work. If suddenly bluish spots appear on the legs, but there are no blows or injuries, it is quite possible that the liver has malfunctioned.

Bruises on the hands of women

Bruises on the hands in most cases appear after skin injuries. But if there are no visible causes, this is already a cause for concern, because they signal that serious pathologies are developing in the body. If there were no injuries, then, perhaps, the causes of bruising were:

hemorrhagic vasculitis. This disease is characterized by the development of inflammation affecting the smallest vessels under the skin. Capillary ruptures occur, blood enters the subcutaneous tissue zone and bruises appear on the hands.
Lack of vitamin C. This vitamin is one of the main ones in the body, which also takes part in the processes of blood circulation. It depends on him how permeable the capillaries are. If there is too little of it in the body, this leads to internal bleeding, which results in bruising. Pay attention to your gums - if they bleed, then the body feels a lack of vitamin C.

Bruises on the eyelids in women

If unreasonable hematomas occur in the area of \u200b\u200bthe eyelid, this is a dangerous signal warning of the presence of complex diseases. Why bruises can appear on the eyelid?

The fabrics have lost their elasticity. As we age, the skin becomes less firm and elastic. The blood vessels also become weaker. In some cases, bruising can also form from your own touch (if you wipe your face very carefully with a towel or rub your eyes sharply).
Due to hormonal imbalances. It is this reason that is considered the most common if hematomas do not appear as a result of injuries or injuries. Mostly women suffer from hormonal changes. Bruises appear when there is too little estrogen in the body. Its lack is observed during menopause, provoke deficiency and some hormonal drugs.
The development of oncological diseases. Blood cancer belongs to possible reasons hematomas on the eyelids, because the composition of the blood changes significantly, a small number of platelets makes the blood liquid, bruises may appear.
Due to the intake of certain medications. Often they appear precisely on the eyelid, because the skin is distinguished by tenderness and sensitivity. We are talking about antidepressants, analgesics, blood thinners, drugs with a high iron content. Most likely, their further use will have to be abandoned, because there is a danger not only of external bleeding, but also internal, which is life-threatening.

Bruises on the abdomen in women

The formation of hematomas on the abdomen is not a pleasant phenomenon, it must be treated without fail.

Bruises on other parts of the body are less dangerous than on the stomach, because they can signal damage to internal organs and bleeding that has begun.

Hematomas are blood formations inside soft tissues or under the skin, leading to ruptures of the smallest vessels. Blood cannot leave the internal space and accumulate in the abdominal cavity, near the organs, or inside them. When several capillaries are damaged, bruising will be small, and with arterial and venous injuries, there is a significant threat to life, because a person can lose a significant amount of blood. In this case, many bruises may appear. In addition, if you do not seek help, blood formation will begin to press down the insides, preventing them from fully performing their functions.

Bruising on the knees of women

Be sure to contact your therapist for an initial diagnosis. They will be assigned a blood test, a coagulogram, after which a decision will be made on referral to specialists of a narrower profile.

The portal administration categorically does not recommend self-medication and advises you to consult a doctor at the first symptoms of the disease. Our portal presents the best specialist doctors, to whom you can make an appointment online or by phone. You can choose a suitable doctor yourself or we will select one for you absolutely free of charge. Also, only when making an appointment through us, the price for a consultation will be lower than in the clinic itself. This is our little present for our visitors. Be healthy!

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Why do bruises appear on the body for no reason

When meeting, we always pay attention to the appearance of a person, and therefore it can be said without exaggeration that the condition of the skin is our “calling card”. And it's just terrible if bruises appear on the body out of nowhere, very reminiscent of the consequences of injuries. They look completely unaesthetic, but more importantly, a person who cares about his own health cannot but be excited about the reason for their appearance.

Why do bruises appear on the body for no reason? In this article, we will try to understand the nature of the origin of such hematomas and talk about how to deal with this unpleasant phenomenon.

The mechanism of the appearance of hematomas

Every person at least once in his life faced with the appearance of bruises. It hurts enough to hit a hard object and immediately the skin at the site of impact turns red, and a little later it becomes blue-violet. Touching such a bruise, you can feel soreness.

The appearance of blue under the skin after a painful blow is associated with internal bleeding. As a result of a soft tissue injury, small vessels under the skin were damaged, and the blood from them got into the soft tissues, forming the same hematoma. Hemoglobin, contained in the blood, determines the shade of the bruise, which at first has a purple-red color. Gradually, after some time, the bruise begins to change its color, becoming purple, purple, yellow-green. The products of hemoglobin destruction stain the hematoma - these are biliverdin (green bile pigment) and bilirubin (yellow-red bile pigment). It is believed that the lower the location of the bruise on the human body, the higher the pressure inside the vessels, respectively, the hematoma will heal for a longer time.

However, this is a completely natural and familiar process to everyone, which after a few days dissolves without a trace. But what about bruises that appear without injury, for example, at night while sleeping. Doctors say that such phenomena are associated with pathological changes in the body and can signal serious illnesses.

Causes of hematomas

First of all, do not rush to panic. If you have one bruise, even if impressive, this is not a cause for concern. Perhaps you had a minor injury that you just didn't notice. It is worth worrying only when such hematomas appear systematically. With a question about the reasons for their appearance, you should contact a hematologist, and in the absence of a narrowly focused specialist, a local therapist.

1. Hemorrhagic vasculitis

This is a serious disease in which the walls of blood vessels become inflamed, brittle, and begin to break down over time. The reason for this pathological phenomenon lies in the immune system, which perceives vascular cells as “foreigners” and produces antibodies against them, gradually destroying the vascular walls. In these cases, hemorrhages in soft tissues are often observed in the patient's body, which are visible to the naked eye.

The causes of the disease can be very different, for example, an infectious lesion, the development of an autoimmune process in the body, or even prolonged use of antibiotics. But regardless of the cause that caused it, vasculitis affects the vessels of vital organs - the heart, brain, kidneys or liver. Bruises in this case can occur almost anywhere - on the abdomen, back or limbs.

It is possible to suspect vasculitis in emerging hematomas, if only because the pigmentation with it, as a rule, is focal, with many small hematomas. And on the hands of rashes, usually more than on the legs. And with vasculitis, the lower limbs swell strongly, and the patient himself begins to feel weakness and observes a moderately elevated temperature.

Vasculitis is a rather serious disease that requires qualified treatment, sometimes throughout life. To combat the disease, doctors prescribe antileprosy drugs (Sulfasalazine), blood purification through plasmapheresis, and glucocorticosteroids to the patient.

2. Thrombocytopathy and thrombocytopenia

There are other diseases that can cause bruising on the body. In medicine, they are called platelet pathologies.

thrombocytopathy. Thrombocytopathy is a congenital or acquired disorder of hemostasis, which develops due to the inferiority of platelets, despite the fact that their number is normal. In this condition, a person can develop severe bleeding with the slightest injury, damage to the skin and mucous membranes. Periodically appearing hematomas under the skin indicate internal hemorrhages that can endanger a person's life.

Fortunately, modern medicine has learned to maintain the health of patients with such an incurable disease. Patients with thrombocytopathy throughout their lives have to take hemostatic (hemostatic) drugs.

thrombocytopenia. There is also a less severe condition called thrombocytopenia. With this disease, the number of platelets in the blood drops sharply, due to the weak formation of such blood cells or their rapid decay. In a person with such a disease, frequent nosebleeds are observed, mucous membranes often bleed, and impressive hematomas can appear under the skin.

Patients with thrombocytopenia have to take steroid hormones for a long time to normalize their blood condition. But if this treatment does not help, experts decide to remove the spleen. As practice shows, in 80% of cases, resection of this organ allows achieving positive dynamics in the treatment of the disease.

3. Deficiency of clotting factors

Modern medicine knows more than 10 blood clotting factors that are involved in stopping bleeding along with platelets. In the event of a failure in their work, a person may develop a pathological condition associated with impaired blood clotting and frequent bleeding. The most well-known such disease is hemophilia.

Tellingly, such violations of blood coagulation factors practically do not manifest themselves in any way. It is possible to detect malfunctions in the body only by bleeding that does not stop for a long time, as well as by hematomas that appear on the patient's body for no apparent reason. But even in the presence of characteristic symptoms, it is rather difficult to make an accurate diagnosis for the patient, since complex and expensive diagnostics are required to confirm the violation of a certain factor.

And even having identified the disease, it should be understood that it is not possible to completely cure it. All that modern medicine can help is to maintain the normal condition of the patient through blood transfusion, taking hemostatic agents and a special diet.

4. Pathologies of connective tissue

This includes several diseases at once, in which the production of collagen, a key protein necessary for the formation and strengthening of the vascular walls, is disrupted. The list of these pathologies can include: imperfect osteogenesis, elastic pseudoxanthoma and some other diseases.

Connective tissue pathologies often manifest themselves at an early age. In addition to hematomas, the patient may have defects in the development of the skeletal system, for example, excessively long limbs.

Unfortunately, it is impossible to completely cure such congenital malformations. All that medicine can do is to maintain the condition of patients, minimizing the severity of severe symptoms of the anomaly. In this regard, to combat hematomas that appear on the body, the use of drugs that improve blood flow can be prescribed. In any case, bleeding in these diseases does not pose a threat to the patient's life, and therefore the appearance of bruises becomes just one of the ways to detect the disease.

5. Purpura caused by long-term steroid use

In some cases, the appearance of hematomas on the body does not pose a serious threat to the body, but is a side effect of taking medications. For example, the appearance of subcutaneous bruises may turn out to be purpura, i.e. a medical symptom that is associated with long-term use of glucocorticosteroids, for example, in some autoimmune diseases.

If it's all about side effect taking medications, you can not worry about your own health. As a rule, after the end of the treatment of the disease, go with a decrease in the prescribed dosage, this frightening symptom disappears without a trace.

6. Taking medication

Sometimes bruising occurs with long-term use of antidepressants, analgesics, anti-asthma or anti-inflammatory drugs. With bouts of pain, bruises often appear on the face. To protect yourself from the appearance of bruises on the face, abdomen, arms, legs and other parts of the body, it is necessary to avoid excessive physical exertion and severe hypothermia.

7. Lack of vitamin P

Vitamin P deficiency leads to impaired collagen production, the vascular walls become thinner, their fragility and permeability increase, which leads to frequent bruising. In addition to the appearance of hematomas, irritability, upset of the stomach and intestines (heartburn, diarrhea, flatulence) are felt, the sensitivity of the skin increases - to sunlight, cosmetics and household chemicals.

A rich source of vitamin P is freshly brewed green tea, two cups per day is enough. 3 cloves of garlic, a couple of apples or 150 g of pumpkin will also help to replenish the lack of a daily vitamin intake.

8. Lack of Vitamin C

With a lack of vitamin C in the body, the fragility of blood vessels increases, as a result, small hematomas (bruises) in the area of the legs, thighs or biceps are often disturbed. Additional symptoms of vitamin C deficiency include frequent colds, systematic fatigue, drowsiness and apathy, hair loss and brittleness, skin peeling. Simultaneous lack of vitamins C and P leads to a lack of calcium in the blood.

Scurvy. This disease is characterized by an acute deficiency of vitamin C in the body. Deficiency of such an important vitamin leads to a severe disruption of metabolic processes, and above all, disrupts the synthesis of collagen, which is responsible for strengthening the vascular walls and connective tissues. It is not surprising that scurvy begins precisely with hematomas on the body, which become larger with the development of the disease.

To understand that the cause of bruising lies in the development of scurvy, just look at other characteristic symptoms of this disease, namely:

bleeding and looseness of the gums;
loosening and then loss of teeth;
development of anemia;
severe muscle pain due to massive bruising.

It is worth noting that dealing with scurvy is quite simple. It is only necessary to return ascorbic acid to the patient's diet, and his condition will gradually return to normal. In this regard, the patient is prescribed a diet, with the use of rose hips and sea buckthorn, hawthorn and red sweet peppers, Brussels sprouts and broccoli, black currants and strawberries, parsley and dill, kiwi, oranges and other citrus fruits, the doctor may prescribe a course of special medications that contribute to the maximum enrichment of the body with vitamin C. It is only important to remember that in a neglected state, the disease poses a serious threat to life due to massive hemorrhage.

When the deficiency of both vitamins is replenished, the vessels strengthen, blood pressure stabilizes, capillary permeability decreases, and the inclusion of buckwheat, plums, cherries and red pepper in the diet will make it possible to forget about the problem soon.

9. Lack of Vitamin K

With a lack of this vitamin, blood clotting worsens, and with a minimal rupture of the vessel wall, a bruise occurs. In addition to bruising, frequent bleeding from the nose is disturbing, with a small scratch or cut, the blood does not stop for a long time, and the wound does not heal well, the gums are loose and bleed.

The daily requirement of the vitamin can be obtained by eating 2 bananas or 2 eggs, a handful of nuts, a gram of oily fish or a couple of tablespoons of linseed oil.

10. Rendu-Osler disease

This is a rare congenital disease in which the patient's vessels do not have external and muscular membranes. For this reason, blood vessels dilate over time, forming small blood spots under the skin. It is not surprising that the main symptom of such a pathology is spider veins and hematomas that appear on various parts of the body (most blood points are localized in the face, abdomen and neck).

A characteristic feature of the disease is the fact that in the case of physical stress, the number of small hematomas immediately increases and there is a risk of bleeding. In addition, these patients are constantly observed bleeding from the nose.

It is not possible to completely recover from Randu-Osler disease. Treatment of the disease is aimed at reducing the severe symptoms of the disease, through drugs that stop bleeding, heal the skin and resolve hematomas. However, by following your doctor's advice and taking your prescribed medications regularly, you can live a full life without severe bleeding that threatens your health.

11. Varicose veins

Varicose veins often cause small, dark bruises. The presence of bruises on the legs and the complete absence of hematomas on other parts of the body speaks eloquently of stagnant processes and the initial stage of development of varicose veins. In addition, there is the appearance of spider veins, protrusion of the veins on the lower extremities, convulsions are disturbing. The legs swell, there are pains when walking. With this disease, the outflow of venous blood is disturbed, the vessels overflow and a tear of the vessel wall is possible, leading to the appearance of a small hematoma.

If you have problems with the veins, you need to contact a phlebologist. The doctor will make an accurate diagnosis and assess the magnitude of the problem by prescribing an ultrasound of the vessels or dopplerography, as well as a blood clotting test.

12. Infectious diseases and oncology

In some cases, bruises appear on the body for no reason after a recent infectious disease. The exact cause of the formation of hematomas on the body will be identified by a qualified doctor after a thorough examination; The treatment of this disease is strictly individual.

And one more thing: you should never ignore, at first glance, an unreasonable phenomenon, since it can also indicate the presence of an oncological disease. With cancer, the number of platelets in the blood decreases, which leads to a violation of blood clotting. As a result, large bruises with blurred borders can appear almost daily. All this occurs against the background of unreasonable weight loss, swollen lymph nodes, blanching of the skin, ulceration of the oral mucosa (stomatitis) or frequent nosebleeds. With such symptoms, it is necessary to consult a doctor without postponing a visit indefinitely.

13. Hormonal failure

While taking contraceptives or during menopause, the hormonal background in a woman's body changes - the level of estrogen decreases. This leads to a decrease in blood viscosity and the appearance of large, light hematomas. They disappear quickly, in about 3-5 days. Concomitant symptoms include memory impairment, decreased concentration, sleep disturbances and dizziness.

It is recommended to make a hormonogram. With a slight lack of estrogens, it is enough to include foods containing phytoestrogens in the diet - 150 g of soy or legumes (beans, peas or beans), a handful of nuts or flax seeds. With a significant shortage of hormones, appropriate drugs are needed to equalize the hormonal balance.

14. Other reasons

In addition, bruises on the body can appear with hypertension, rheumatism, chronic tonsillitis, and kidney diseases. You should be tested to determine the level of platelets and blood clotting.

It is safe to say that bruises on the body never appear without a reason. True, sometimes they do not occur due to bruises, but for very serious reasons that qualified doctors should deal with. That is why you should be attentive to any changes in the body and do not hesitate to consult a doctor if you suspect something is wrong. Remember, timely detection and proper treatment diseases often become key factors in the struggle for health and life.

Kidney stones (renal stones, nephrolithiasis) is a urological disease, a characteristic feature of which is the deposition of solid crystalline formations (calculi) in the kidneys, formed from substances dissolved in urine.

Stones are localized in one or simultaneously in both kidneys, while a person suffering from manifestations of nephrolithiasis may be the owner of several stones at once. The size of these formations can vary from small (such stones are usually no more than 3 mm in diameter) to large (up to 5 cm in diameter on average), and they are very rare. Some of the calculi resemble grains of sand and imperceptibly pass through the urinary system with urine, while others have a complex shape and, changing their location and moving along the urinary tract, cause excruciating pain to a person.

People are susceptible to disease different ages and both sexes, but men between the ages of 20 and 50 are primarily at risk.

Reasons for the development of kidney stones

Unfortunately, according to most urologists, there is no exact answer to the question why kidney stones form. It is believed that most often they are provoked by an inflammatory process developing in the urinary system (for example, pyelonephritis) and much less often by diseases characterized by damage to individual endocrine glands.

Usually, the pathological process, accompanied by the formation and growth of calculi, begins against the background of certain metabolic disorders in a person, in particular, water-salt balance and chemical composition blood. An increased amount of calcium or uric acid contained in the blood, which occurs in pathologies such as fibrocystic osteitis (hyperparathyroidism) or gout, can provoke the deposition of kidney stones. In addition, excessive intake of vitamin D also contributes to stone formation.

An important role is played by insufficient intake of fluid, as well as its loss by the body (the latter is often noted against the background of taking drugs that have a diuretic effect). In both the first and second cases, fluid deficiency leads to the formation of overly concentrated urine, which provokes the growth of calculi in the urinary system and, in particular, in the kidneys.

The pathological condition often occurs as a result of damage to the kidneys by infectious diseases. This is due to the fact that infections can lead to stagnation of urine and a significant change in its acidity. It also contributes to the growth of stones and the need for a long period of time to observe strict bed rest.

Possible factors that increase the risk of kidney stones include:

hereditary predisposition;
Drinking water containing too much mineral salts;
Excessive addiction to fried, spicy, smoked, sour and salty foods;
Insufficient fluid intake;
Living in regions with a hot climate;
Sedentary lifestyle;
Violation of kidney function, in particular, and the urinary system as a whole;
Infectious diseases of the urinary tract;
Chronic diseases of the genitourinary system and gastrointestinal tract;
Diseases and injuries of bones;
Hypo- or hypervitaminosis (in order to avoid the formation of kidney stones, it is especially important to ensure that there is no deficiency of vitamin A and an excess of vitamin C);
Lack of ultraviolet rays;
Abuse of alcohol and diuretics;
Uncontrolled intake of certain drugs.

Symptoms of kidney stones

There are cases when nephrolithiasis was completely asymptomatic, however, in the vast majority of cases (more than 85% of patients), the development of the disease is accompanied by pronounced clinical manifestations.

The first symptom of kidney stones is the appearance of a dull pain in the lumbar back or the occurrence of renal colic, which is caused by a violation of the outflow of urine from the kidney and a violation of its blood circulation due to blockage of the ureter with a calculus. Renal colic is accompanied by an acute attack of pain, the cause of which is the overdistension of the renal pelvis under the pressure of non-draining urine. The pain in this case can be localized directly in the region of the diseased kidney or in the lower abdomen, and sometimes it spreads to the inguinal region. Pain lasts until the stone comes out with urine.

Others possible symptoms kidney stones are:

Nausea;
Vomit;
Hematuria (moreover, blood impurities in the urine can be both visible externally and invisible);
cloudy urine;
Frequent strong urge to urinate;
Burning sensation at the time of urination;
High blood pressure;
puffiness;
elevated temperature;
Fever and chills (these symptoms are accompanied by the release of stones).

Treatment of kidney stones

If a patient has kidney stones, treatment involves the use of:

drug therapy;
The method of crushing kidney stones using ultrasound;
The method of crushing kidney stones with a laser;
Surgical intervention;
Removal of kidney stones folk remedies.

Drug therapy is selected based on how large the size of the calculus is and what its chemical composition is. In addition, when deciding on the appointment of certain drugs, the doctor pays attention to the general condition of the patient, the presence of any chronic kidney diseases, as well as diseases of other internal organs and systems. Medicines are effective method the fight against stones only in cases where the size of the largest of them does not exceed 0.5 cm.

Treatment must be supplemented with a special diet, which involves limited use salt and protein foods of animal origin, foods rich in oxalic acid and purine bases. In this case, fluids should be consumed at least 2 liters per day.

Crushing of kidney stones is advisable in cases where their diameter is from 0.5 to 1.5-2 cm. This does not exclude the possibility of a surgical operation to remove them: for this, a small an incision into which a nephroscope is inserted to crush stones.

stones large sizes are removed exclusively during surgery.

Removal of kidney stones folk remedies

To remove kidney stones folk remedies often resort to herbal medicine. The most effective medicines are: parsley, calamus, burdock, rue, madder, dill seeds, St. John's wort, etc.

Urate stones are removed with the help of dill seeds, birch leaves, horsetail, lingonberries. Oxalate - using corn silk, strawberries, horsetail, knotweed and peppermint.

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The process of stone formation and types of stones

The formation of kidney stones occurs as a result of a complex physicochemical process in violation of the colloidal balance and changes in the renal parenchyma.

Under certain conditions, a so-called elementary cell, a micelle, is formed from a group of molecules, which serves as the initial nucleus of the future calculus. The “building” material for the nucleus can be amorphous sediments, fibrin threads, bacteria, cellular detritus, foreign bodies present in the urine. The further development of the process of stone formation depends on the concentration and ratio of salts in the urine, the pH of the urine, the qualitative and quantitative composition of the urinary colloids.

Most often, stone formation begins in the renal papillae. Initially, microliths form inside the collecting ducts, most of which do not stay in the kidneys and are freely washed out by urine. When the chemical properties of urine change (high concentration, pH shift, etc.), crystallization processes occur, leading to retention of microliths in the tubules and encrustation of papillae. In the future, the stone may continue to "grow" in the kidney or descend into the urinary tract.

According to the chemical composition, several types of stones found in the kidneys are distinguished - oxalate, phosphate, urate, carbonate, cystine, protein, cholesterol, xanthine. Oxalates are composed of calcium salts of oxalic acid. They have a dense structure, black-gray color, prickly uneven surface. Oxalate kidney stones can form in both acidic and alkaline urine.

Phosphates are calculi consisting of calcium salts of phosphoric acid. By consistency, they are soft, crumbling, with a smooth or slightly rough surface, whitish-grayish in color. Phosphate kidney stones are formed with alkaline urine, they grow quite quickly, especially in the presence of infection (pyelonephritis).

Urates are represented by crystals of salts of uric acid. Their structure is dense, the color is from light yellow to brick red, the surface is smooth or finely punctate. Urate kidney stones occur when the urine is acidic. Carbonate stones are formed during the precipitation of calcium salts of carbonic (carbonate) acid. They are soft, light, smooth, can have a different shape.

Cystine stones contain sulfur compounds of the amino acid cystine. Calculi have a softish consistency, smooth surface, rounded shape, yellowish-white color. Protein stones are formed mainly by fibrin with an admixture of bacteria and salts. These kidney stones are soft, flat, small in size, white in color. Cholesterol kidney stones are rare; formed from cholesterol, have a soft crumbling texture, black color.

Sometimes in the kidneys, stones are formed not of a homogeneous, but of a mixed composition. One of the most difficult variants of nephrolithiasis are staghorn kidney stones, which make up 3-5% of all calculi. Coral-like kidney stones grow in the pelvis and in appearance represent its cast, almost completely repeating the size and shape.

Reasons for the formation of kidney stones

Stone formation is based on the processes of crystallization of urine saturated with various salts and the deposition of crystals on the protein matrix-core. Kidney stone disease can develop in the presence of a number of concomitant factors.

Violation of mineral metabolism, leading to the formation of kidney stones, may be genetically determined. Therefore, people with a family history of nephrolithiasis are advised to pay attention to the prevention of stone formation, early detection of stones by monitoring the general analysis of urine, ultrasound of the kidneys and ultrasound of the bladder, and observation by a urologist.

Acquired disorders of salt metabolism, leading to the formation of kidney stones, may be due to external (exogenous) and internal (endogenous) causes.

Among the external factors, the greatest importance is given to climatic conditions and the drinking regime and diet. It is known that in hot climates with increased sweating and a certain degree of dehydration of the body, the concentration of salts in the urine increases, which leads to the formation of kidney stones. Dehydration of the body can be caused by poisoning or an infectious disease that occurs with vomiting and diarrhea.

In the northern regions, the factors of stone formation can be a deficiency of vitamins A and D, a lack of ultraviolet radiation, the predominance of fish and meat in the diet. The use of drinking water with a high content of lime salts, food addiction to spicy, sour, salty also leads to alkalization or acidification of urine and precipitation from salts.

Among the internal factors contributing to the formation of kidney stones, in the first place, hyperfunction of the parathyroid glands is distinguished - hyperparathyroidism. The increased work of the parathyroid glands increases the content of phosphates in the urine and the leaching of calcium from the bone tissue. At the same time, the concentration of calcium phosphate salts in the urine increases significantly. Similar violations of mineral metabolism can occur with osteoporosis, osteomyelitis, bone fractures, spinal injuries, spinal cord injuries, accompanied by prolonged patient immobility, bone thinning, and impaired urinary tract emptying dynamics.

Endogenous factors in the formation of kidney stones also include diseases of the gastrointestinal tract - gastritis, peptic ulcer, colitis, leading to acid-base imbalance, increased excretion of calcium salts, weakening of the barrier functions of the liver and changes in the composition of urine.

In the pathogenesis of the formation of kidney stones, a well-known role belongs to unfavorable local conditions in the urinary tract - infections (pyelonephritis, nephrotuberculosis, cystitis, urethritis), prostatitis, kidney anomalies, hydronephrosis, prostate adenoma, diverticulitis and other pathological processes that disrupt the passage of urine.

Slowing down the outflow of urine from the kidney causes stagnation in the pyelocaliceal system, oversaturation of urine with various salts and their precipitation, delay in the excretion of sand and microliths with urine. In turn, the infectious process developing against the background of urostasis leads to the ingress of inflammatory substrates into the urine - bacteria, mucus, pus, protein. These substances are involved in the formation of the primary nucleus of the future calculus, around which salts crystallize, which are present in excess in the urine.

Symptoms of kidney stones

Depending on their size, number and composition, kidney stones can cause symptoms of varying severity. A typical clinic of nephrolithiasis includes back pain, the development of renal colic, hematuria, pyuria, and sometimes independent excretion of a stone from the kidney with urine.

Pain in the lower back develops as a result of a violation of the outflow of urine, can be aching, dull, and with an abrupt onset of urostasis, with blockage of the pelvis of the kidney or ureter by a stone, progress to renal colic. Coral-like kidney stones are usually accompanied by a mild dull pain, while small and dense ones give a sharp paroxysmal pain.

A typical attack of renal colic is accompanied by sudden sharp pains in the lumbar region, spreading along the ureter to the perineum and genitals. Reflexively, against the background of renal colic, frequent painful urination, nausea and vomiting, and flatulence occur. The patient is agitated, restless, cannot find a posture that alleviates the condition. The pain attack in renal colic is so pronounced that it is often stopped only by the introduction of narcotic drugs. Sometimes with renal colic develops oliguria and anuria, fever.

At the end of an attack of renal colic, sand and stones from the kidneys often leave with urine. When passing stones, they can injure the urinary tract mucosa, causing hematuria. More often, mucosal damage is caused by pointed oxalate calculi. With kidney stones, the intensity of hematuria can be different - from slight erythrocyturia to severe gross hematuria. The excretion of pus in the urine (pyuria) develops when there is inflammation in the kidneys and urinary tract.

The presence of kidney stones is not symptomatic in 13-15% of patients. In this case, as a rule, pyelonephritis and morphological changes in the kidneys are absent.

Diagnosis of kidney stones

Recognition of kidney stones is made on the basis of anamnesis, a typical picture of renal colic, laboratory and instrumental imaging studies.

At the height of renal colic, a sharp pain is determined on the side of the affected kidney, a positive symptom of Pasternatsky, pain on palpation of the corresponding kidney and ureter. Urinalysis after an attack reveals the presence of fresh red blood cells, white blood cells, protein, salts, bacteria. A biochemical study of urine and blood to a certain extent allows us to judge the composition and causes of the formation of kidney stones.

Right-sided renal colic must be differentiated from appendicitis, acute cholecystitis, and therefore an abdominal ultrasound may be required. With the help of ultrasound of the kidneys, anatomical changes in the organ, the presence, localization and movement of stones are evaluated.

The leading method for detecting kidney stones is x-ray diagnostics. Most of the calculi are already determined during survey urography. However, protein and uric acid (urate) kidney stones do not block rays and do not give shadows on survey urograms. They are subject to detection using excretory urography and pyelography. In addition, excretory urography provides information on morphological and functional changes in the kidneys and urinary tract, localization of stones (pelvis, calyx, ureter), shape and size of kidney stones. If necessary, the urological examination is supplemented by radioisotope nephroscintigraphy, MRI or CT of the kidneys.

Treatment of kidney stones

Treatment of nephrolithiasis can be conservative or operative and in all cases is aimed at removing stones from the kidneys, eliminating the infection and preventing the recurrence of stones.

With small kidney stones (up to 3 mm), which can be removed independently, an abundant water load and a diet that excludes meat and offal is prescribed. With urate stones, a milk-vegetable diet is recommended, alkalizing urine, alkaline mineral waters (Borjomi, Essentuki); with phosphate stones - taking acidic mineral waters (Kislovodsk, Zheleznovodsk, Truskavets), etc. Additionally, under the supervision of a nephrologist, drugs that dissolve kidney stones, diuretics, antibiotics, nitrofurans, antispasmodics can be used.

With the development of renal colic, therapeutic measures are aimed at relieving obstruction and pain attack. For this purpose, injections of platifillin, metamizole sodium, morphine or combined analgesics in combination with atropine solution are used; a warm sitz bath is performed, a heating pad is applied to the lumbar region. With non-stopping renal colic, a novocaine blockade of the spermatic cord (in men) or a round ligament of the uterus (in women), catheterization of the ureter or dissection of the mouth of the ureter (if the calculus is infringed) is required.

Surgical removal of stones from the kidneys is indicated for frequent renal colic, secondary pyelonephritis, large stones, ureteral strictures, hydronephrosis, blockade of the kidney, threatening hematuria, single kidney stones, staghorn stones.

In practice, with nephrolithiasis, a non-invasive method is often used - remote lithotripsy, which allows you to avoid any intervention in the body and remove fragments of stones from the kidneys through the urinary tract. In some cases, an alternative to open surgery is a high-tech procedure - percutaneous (percutaneous) nephrolithotripsy with lithoextraction.

Open or laparoscopic interventions to remove stones from the kidneys - pyelolithotomy (dissection of the pelvis) and nephrolithotomy (dissection of the parenchyma) are resorted to in case of ineffectiveness of minimally invasive surgery. With a complicated course of nephrolithiasis and loss of kidney function, nephrectomy is indicated.

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Types of stones

Why are stones formed and what are they? The reason is quite simple: with an increase in the content of salts in the urine, some of them precipitate in the renal pelvis.

The treatment for this disease depends on the size of the stones. At first, the stones are small in size, but over time they become larger and can completely fill the renal calyces and pelvis.

The least difficult to treat are small stones with a diameter of up to two centimeters.

Kidney stones are very variable in size, appearance and structure. They differ in their chemical composition and are the result of various metabolic disorders. Based on this, the methods of their removal and treatment also differ. The classification of stones used by urologists around the world helps to learn more:

By nature:

compounds of calcium salts (80%);
infectious stones (15 - 20%);
urates (5-10%);
cystine and xanthine stones (rare - 5% - associated with protein metabolism disorders).

In count:

single and multiple;
unilateral and bilateral.

By form:

round;
flat;
conical;
coral with sharp edges.

In about half of the cases, single stones are observed, formations of 2-3 stones are more rare, and sometimes their number reaches tens.

Classification of stones

Type of stones	Compound	Appearance	Cause
Oxalates	Salts of oxalic acid	Dark gray with sharp edges	Large amounts of ascorbic or oxalic acid in the blood
Phosphates	Salts of phosphoric acid	Gray color with smooth edges	Violation of calcium metabolism
Urats	Salts of uric acid	Brick or yellow, smooth and hard	Excess uric acid in the blood
Carbonates	Salts of carbonic acid	Smooth white stones	Excess calcium
Struvites	Magnesium, ammonium phosphate, calcium carbonate	Smooth white stones	Infection

Oxalates

They are the most common type of stones (more than 80%). Oxalates have a very hard structure with sharp edges. Previously it was thought that the cause of their appearance is an excess of calcium, but now it is known that the cause of the formation is a lack of calcium, which effectively binds oxalic acid salts in the intestine. With their sharp edges, oxalates often injure internal organs.

The first sign of the formation of oxalates is the appearance in the urine of crystals consisting of calcium and oxalic acid. This is facilitated by a lack of vitamin D, which is involved in the metabolism of this trace element. An excess of ascorbic and oxalic acids increases the likelihood of oxalates.

These stones have a high density, so they are well identified by radiography.

Oxalates are practically insoluble, so treatment is difficult. Stones of this type are very hard and not always amenable to lithotripsy. If oxalate is large, then it is often necessary to resort to surgical intervention to remove it. The diet that is prescribed for oxalates serves as a preventive goal, preventing new stones from appearing.

Read more in the material "Oxalate stones".

Phosphates

Rounded, slightly rough calculi, rather soft consistency. The main reason for their appearance: a violation of calcium metabolism. They form very quickly in the urine if it has an alkaline pH. A feature of phosphates is their high growth rate.

On ultrasound, phosphates are less visible than oxalates. The doctor establishes an accurate diagnosis based on test data (blood, urine), as well as on the specific symptoms that accompany this disease.

Phosphates have a rather loose structure, so they dissolve well with a properly adjusted diet, including a special diet, acidic juices, mineral waters and herbal infusions. The main goal is the acidic pH of the urine. At the same time, dairy products, certain types of vegetables, fish, and meat should be used with caution.

If conservative methods are ineffective, surgical treatment is used.

Read more in the material "Phosphate stones".

Urats

Formed with an increased content of uric acid in the urine, hence its acidic pH. It occurs in people who are prone to overeating and whose diet is dominated by protein foods. Urate stones are diagnosed in 10% of cases of nephrolithiasis.

To determine urates, methods of computer and magnetic resonance imaging are used. Ultrasound and radiography are not very effective. Data from blood and urine tests are also studied, and special attention is paid to the general symptoms of the disease.

Usually, urates do not require surgery to treat: they dissolve perfectly in a conservative way. The doctor may recommend that the patient take more fluids and follow a diet.

Read more in the material "Urate stones".

Carbonates

Quite a rare type of kidney stones are calcium salts of carbonic acid. They have a loose structure, so they dissolve easily without requiring crushing.

Struvites

They are usually caused by a urinary tract infection. Such stones grow very quickly and in just a few weeks they are able to fill a large volume of the kidney. Struvites are found in approximately 20% of nephrolithiasis cases. For their formation, an alkaline reaction of urine is necessary. Struvites are more often found in women (features of KSD in women are described here).

For determination, standard methods are used: ultrasound, CT, MRI and radiography. Analyzes and symptoms are also studied.

Struvites dissolve very poorly, independent exit is impossible, therefore, lithotripsy and percutaneous lithotomy are used for their treatment. Sometimes surgery is required.

Other types of stones

In addition to the above types of stones of inorganic origin, there are others, consisting of organic compounds. These include cholesterol, protein and amino acid stones. They are quite rare, their appearance is often associated with metabolic disorders, often genetically determined.

Types of organic stones and their features:

Cholesterol stones: black, brittle, crumble easily and are almost invisible on x-rays
Cystine stones: light yellow, smooth and soft; appear in violation of the absorption of the amino acid cystine (cystinuria). Children and young adults are more prone to cystine stones.

It is important to remember that the composition of the stones is rather heterogeneous in a certain group and the classification is carried out according to the predominant substance. In addition, there are stones of mixed composition.

Diagnosis and treatment

The following methods are used to diagnose kidney stones:

blood and urine tests;
Ultrasound of the kidneys;
x-ray examination;
urography (with the use of contrast agents);
CT and MRI.

After a complete examination and thorough diagnosis, which allows you to determine the type of kidney stones with absolute accuracy, the doctor prescribes treatment for the patient. It may include:

drug therapy;
surgical intervention;
remote crushing;
methods of diet correction;
sanitary-resort treatment.

In this material, methods for removing stones are analyzed in detail.

manmedic.ru

What are the stones?

Many people wonder what kidney stones are and how to get rid of them. We need to study the answers to these questions more carefully. Stones are composed of mineral and organic substances.

Depending on the content of a particular element, stones are divided into four main groups:

phosphates and oxalates. Formed from inorganic calcium salts. This type is often found in people who have been diagnosed with "urolithiasis";
infectious magnesium. Occurs due to abnormalities in the urinary tract. Excess fluid remains in the kidneys, an infection gets in, and the normal operation of the system stops;
urates. Occur after disruption of the digestive system and excessive excretion of uric acid;
cystine and xanthine. They are extremely rare. Formations of a small type arise due to heredity, congenital pathology and genetic disorders.

According to other parameters, stones are also divided into several types:

in count: single, binary and multiple formations;
by type of location: unilateral and bilateral;
for differences in shape: circles, flat formations, stones with clear edges, spiked and coral-like;
by dimensions: the size of neoplasms can vary from the eye of a needle to the entire territory of the kidneys;
by type of location: stones can be found in the kidneys, urinary tract, and in the ureter.

To find out exactly what type of formations you have, why kidney stones are dangerous, and how to get rid of them faster, you need to see a doctor on time.

Causes

A couple of years ago, all scientists argued that kidney stones are formed due to the poor quality of drinking water, the content of chlorine and scale. But now there is another way of thinking.

Uralithiasis appears when the correct content of salt and urine colloids is disturbed in the human body. It is because of this that the remnants of substances begin to accumulate in the organs and cause a lot of inconvenience to a person.

What causes each type of stone?

oxalates. Occur when there is a reaction of oxalic acid and calcium. The first element is often found in vegetables and fruits, where there is a lot of vitamin C. Metabolic disorders, lack of B vitamins, diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, Crohn's disease and others also lead to oxalite stones;
urates. They appear due to the intake of poor-quality water, poor ecology, a sedentary lifestyle, metabolic disorders, malnutrition, lack of B vitamins and other reasons;
phosphalite formations- this is the interaction of calcium salts with phosphoric acid. The causes of the occurrence are infections that enter the urinary tract and infect the organs. Because of this, the acidic environment turns into an alkaline liquid, the function of the kidneys and bladder is impaired;
Formations of such a plan have a loose structure, therefore, do not violate the integrity of the organs. But they grow very quickly and cover the entire kidney cavity;
struvites. They occur due to a change in the acidic environment of urine to an alkaline environment, and the presence of bacteria in the urinary tract. Such formations have a habit of growing rapidly and covering the entire area of \u200b\u200bthe kidneys, so treatment cannot be delayed;
cystine stones. Arise due to genetic pathologies, namely cystinuria disease. Appears in children and adolescents. These formations are made up of amino acids.

To find out what kidney stones look like, you need to decide on their types. After all, each formation has its own shape and size.

Symptoms

There are several symptoms that will allow patients to notice the disease in time and seek medical help. Only an experienced specialist will determine what kidney stones are and how to get rid of them. The main thing is not to endure pain and discomfort, but immediately go to a specialist. It is much easier to cure the early stage of the disease than the complicated form.

There is a list of symptoms that occur in patients with organ stones:

colic in the kidney area;
a stabbing and sharp pain appears in the lower back or on the sides, which then disappears;
lower abdomen colitis and pain;
the patient begins to feel sick and vomit;
during urination, pain and burning appear;
pebbles or sand come out with urine;
body temperature rises;
the urinary system fails, going to the toilet becomes difficult and frequent;
the patient sweats, cold sweat comes out;
the intestines swell and the stomach hurts;
pressure rises;
blood appears in the urine.

The frequency of manifestation of these symptoms is individual for each person, because the body acts differently on the presence of stones, and the formations are of a different nature. Pain can be every week or once a year. The duration is one or two hours. The main thing is to pay due attention to them and go to the doctor. Only he knows what kidney stones are and how to get rid of them.

Treatment

How to treat stones in the kidneys and urinary tract, only doctors know, so it is important to immediately contact them.

The first step is to take tests to identify exactly what kind of deposits you have and where they are located, for example, uric acid kidney stones.

Only after the specialist checks the tests and makes an accurate diagnosis, he will prescribe the appropriate treatment. With different forms of the disease and stages of development of stones, suitable methods of their treatment are used.

To begin with, diagnostics are performed. The patient undergoes an ultrasound examination of the kidneys and urinary tract, blood and urine tests, urography, doctors do computed tomography, nephroscintigraphy and determine sensitivity to antibiotics. Only after that the doctor makes an accurate diagnosis and determines the type of stones that the client has. Treatment takes place in several ways.

The drug method allows you to remove stones with the help of special preparations..

Thanks to this method, the formations are broken down into small particles and excreted from the body naturally.

There are many drugs that fight certain types of stones, so the doctor himself makes recommendations.

Surgical intervention is necessary when a severe degree of the disease has come, and there is no other way out but to remove the stones, and sometimes even the kidneys themselves. The operation can be open or with the help of endourethral technique.

In the first option, stones are removed by cutting the kidney or bladder. The second method is more reliable and safe, involves the use of ultrasound therapy or a laser that is brought to the source of infection.

Diet therapy can help only when the number of formations does not reach a critical limit. By eating certain foods and avoiding others, you can maintain your health and begin to live without pain and colic.

Therapeutic exercise sets the body in motion. And one of the reasons for the formation of stones is a sedentary or sedentary lifestyle. Therefore, more walks and sports will not hurt.

Phytotherapy allows you to get rid of stones with the help of various procedures. The process is long but safe.

Rest in sanatoriums and resort centers has a positive effect on the body as a whole. warm climate and Fresh air Helps to get rid of formations in the kidneys and bladder.

Folk methods are also widespread. They are aimed at the natural removal of stones from the body. To do this, you can make a rosehip root solution and drink it with meals or drink tea from apple peel or with milk.

In order for the effect to be noticeable after the first weeks, several treatment methods can be combined at once. Thus, the formations will be removed from the body, and the person will begin to live again actively and painlessly.

mkb.guru

Source: pochki5.ru

Hard chancre is the primary stage of syphilis. Syphilis refers to a number of infectious diseases and has 3 stages. Its causative agent is pale treponema. Hard chancre is also known as primary syphiloma, and it occurs at the place through which the pathogen entered the body.

What does hard chancre look like
Atypical form of the disease
The main aspects of therapy

How does hard chancre develop?

Hard chancre, or primary syphilis, is formed on the 3rd-4th week after the penetration of pale treponema. The causes of infection, as a rule, are the same - sexual contact with an infected person, the use of common hygiene products. Hard chancre is the most benign form of syphilitic infection because:

its localization is limited (most often found on the penis or in the oral cavity);
the active form is characterized by scarcity and monomorphism;
education does not affect the internal organs;
effective and relatively easy to treat.

Most often, signs of a hard chancre appear in the genital area. However, in 10% of cases, a hard chancre may appear on the oral mucosa, on the tongue, on the lip, on the chest in women, on the tonsils.

What does hard chancre look like

A hard chancre begins with a reddish spot with smooth edges (what primary syphilis looks like can be seen in photos 1, 2). The spot diameter is not more than 15 mm. The spot has a regular round or oval shape. It does not cause any discomfort to the patient, does not itch or burn. However, if a bacterial infection is attached, complications may occur. The latter is evidenced by uneven edges of the formation, pain when touched.

Photo 1 and photo 2. Localization of a hard chancre in the genital area.

After a few days, the spot becomes a flat papule, and a little later it turns into a state of erosion or ulcers (less often) with a compacted base. The bottom of the ulcer is flush with the skin around or slightly rises above it.

In the vast majority of cases, hard chancre takes the form of erosion. Ulcer formation occurs due to:

the patient has other chronic infections;
intoxication of the body;
therapy using topical irritants;
neglect of personal hygiene measures;
adolescent or elderly patient.

There are 3 types of hard chancre depending on the size of the formation:

Dwarf - 1-3 mm.
Medium - 10-20 mm.
Giant - 40-50 mm. As a rule, it appears on the thighs, on the pubis, on the face and forearms.

In addition, hard chancre is classified according to the number of formations on the patient's body:

Single type.
Multiple type. In this case, the chancre is formed simultaneously or sequentially in several locations through which pale treponema entered the body.

In addition to the solid form of the chancre, a soft chancre is also isolated. It differs somewhat in morphology from solid. Hard and soft chancre are symptoms of a syphilitic infection.

Atypical form of the disease

In rare cases, people who contract syphilis from a sick person may develop an atypical chancre. These include:

edema is indurative;
amygdalitis;
chancre-panacir.

Indurative edema is localized in the zone (in men) or labia (in women). The affected area increases 2-3 times over time, becomes dense and cyanotic. At the same time, swelling does not cause pain.

As mentioned above, sometimes the symptoms of the disease can appear on the tonsils. However, amygdalitis is different from the usual form of chancre. There is a sharp increase in the size of the amygdala, and on the one hand. The body of the amygdala becomes hard and inflamed. This phenomenon can be mistaken for one of the symptoms of angina.

The symptoms of the chancre-felon are almost identical to those of the common panaritium. This complicates the diagnosis of hard chancre. Chancre panaritium appears on the phalanges of the fingers. The lesion is characterized by bluish-red edema with further ulceration with pus formation. With this type of primary syphilis, the infected person feels a throbbing or shooting pain in the affected area.

The main aspects of therapy

If a person is diagnosed with "hard chancre", he is prescribed treatment in a hospital or on an outpatient basis. Since the main and most common way of transmission of the infection is sexual, any sexual contact to the patient during treatment should be stopped. In addition, all previous and current sexual partners of the patient should undergo examination and, if necessary, therapy, even if they do not have any symptoms.

Primary syphilis is treated with antibiotics of the penicillin group, since pale treponema is sensitive to them. Benzylpenicillin and ampicillin are often injected.

A hard chancre is an early stage of a syphilitic infection.

Having started treatment at this stage, the infected person will recover easily and quickly, preventing the infection from progressing and eliminating the possibility of complications.

As soon as formations similar in morphology to a hard chancre are found on the body in characteristic places of localization, a person should immediately seek advice from a dermatovenereologist.

If a person has had sexual intercourse with a suspected carrier of the causative agent of syphilis, he should also contact a specialist to take preventive measures to avoid infection.

Hard chancre is a symptom of primary syphilis. It is also called primary syphiloma or erosion. Hard chancre appears in men and women about three weeks after the introduction of the causative agent of the disease, treponema pallidum, into the body. Its symptoms are an erosive or ulcerative formation on the skin or mucous membranes.

Hard chancre has the following features:

characterized by limited localization;
does not affect the internal organs and systems of the body;
responds well to treatment.

The hard chancre got its name from the type of base of the formed ulcer or erosion. The duration of the existence of primary syphiloma is from six to eight weeks.

Localization

Localization of primary syphiloma can be absolutely any. A hard chancre in a person appears directly at the site of introduction of pale treponema into the human body after a certain time after infection. Its most common localization is the external genitalia - in women the labia, clitoris, in men the head, base and trunk of the penis, the outer or inner leaves of the foreskin. In some cases, a hard chancre is formed on the internal mucous membranes: in the urethra in men, on the walls of the vagina or cervix in women.

In ten percent of all cases, an extragenital location of the chancre is observed. Hard chancre in women and men can be localized:

in the oral cavity;
in the language;
on the border of the lips;
on the tonsils in the throat;
on the mammary glands of women.

Symptoms

Outwardly, a hard chancre looks like a reddish spot with clearly defined, even edges, up to 1.5 centimeters in size. It has the shape of a geometrically correct circle or oval. Sheer or undermined edges indicate a bacterial complication.

Symptoms of hard chancre are only external. It does not disturb the patient in any way, does not cause any pain. Complications develop only if a bacterial infection has joined the lesion.

After a few days, the redness turns into a flat papule, and after a while - into erosion or an ulcer with a compacted base. Hard chancre has a bottom, which is located on the same level with the skin or slightly raised above.

In almost 90% of cases in women and men, a hard chancre looks like erosion. An ulcer forms:

when the body is weakened as a result of concomitant chronic diseases;
as a result of intoxication;
when self-medicating with local irritants;
in case of non-compliance elementary rules personal hygiene;
in young or elderly patients.

When formed in men on the penis, a hard chancre is covered on top with a transparent, dense detachable film. It is in it that pale treponemas are located, which are then used to determine syphilis. If a hard chancre is located on an open area of the body, then on top it is covered with a dense brownish film.

Hard chancre in size is:

from 1 to 3 mm - dwarf, it is considered the most dangerous from an epidemiological point of view;
from 1 to 2 cm - medium;
up to 4-5 cm - gigantic, localized on the skin of the thighs, pubis, forearms or face.

Hard chancre in humans can vary in the number of morphological units, that is, it can be single and multiple. If multiple chancres are present, then they can appear all at once at the same time or sequentially, one after another, after some time. If there are multiple lesions on the skin, then a hard chancre occurs in several places at once, that is, where pale treponema enters the body. Multiple chancres most often occur during repeated sexual intercourse with a partner with syphilis.

Atypical hard chancre

Rarely, men and women infected with syphilis have a hard chancre in an atypical form. These include:

amygdalitis;
indurative edema;
chancre-panacir.

Chancre-amygdalite is very different from the usual hard chancre on the tonsils. He has other external symptoms. In most cases, amygdalitis looks like a unilateral enlargement of the tonsil, which occurs very abruptly. It becomes dense to the touch and hyperemic. This symptom is sometimes confused with manifestations of angina.

Indurative edema occurs in the area of the labia in women or the foreskin in men. The affected area, unlike a typical hard chancre, after a while increases in size by two to three times, becomes dense to the touch and acquires a bluish tint. Edema is non-painful, it is not accompanied by acute inflammatory symptoms.

Chancre panaritium is the most atypical manifestation, its danger lies in the fact that the symptoms completely coincide with the usual panaritium, and it looks exactly the same. This can lead to misdiagnosis. The chancre panaritium is characterized by localization on the distal phalanx of the thumb or index finger. A bluish-red swelling appears on the affected area, which turns into an ulcer with a purulent coating on the bottom and uneven deep edges. For chancre-panaritium, symptoms such as throbbing or shooting pains are characteristic. Most often, it occurs in gynecologists and operating surgeons who are in direct contact with the body of a person infected with syphilis, thus, chancre panaritium in most cases is the result of occupational infection.

Syphilis in the form of chancre-panaritium is very rarely detected on time, and therefore the diagnosis becomes known already in the second stage of the disease. Timely detection of atypical chancre is very important, since the primary stage of syphilis is treated most effectively.

Treatment

A hard chancre in a person infected with syphilis is treated in an inpatient or outpatient setting. Throughout the course of therapy, a cessation of any sexual contact is required. It is necessary to treat all sexual partners of a person with syphilis, no matter how many there were. The fact is that the probability of their infection with pale treponema is extremely high.

Treatment of hard chancre is carried out with antibacterial drugs of the penicillin group, since the causative agent of syphilis has not lost sensitivity to them. Most often, these are injectable forms of ampicillin and benzylpenicillin.

You need to know that a hard chancre in itself is not dangerous. It allows you to identify syphilis at its earliest stage. Therefore, timely treatment makes it possible to prevent the further development of the disease and the occurrence of complications. If you find a formation on the skin that resembles the description of a hard chancre, you should immediately consult a doctor for examination.

After suspicious unprotected sexual intercourse, prophylactic treatment may be prescribed, which will prevent the penetration of the causative agent of syphilis into the body. To do this, without delay, contact a dermatovenereologist.

Primary syphilis is manifested by swollen lymph nodes and hard chancre. What is a hard chancre? it syphilis symptoms, which are round sores with a diameter of about one centimeter on the patient's body.

In color, they are red with blue, sometimes they are painful, but basically the patient does not perceive pain at the site of erosion. The first signs of syphilis in men: formation of a chancre on the head of the penis, and in womensyphilis symptomsappear on the walls of the uterus and on the external genitalia. Also, these sores are on the pubis, near the anus, on the tongue and lips.

Syphilis develops quickly, and the lymph nodes become inflamed and enlarged first, and then the formation of a hard chancre.

It can resolve on its own, even without medical treatment after one to two months. It passes almost without a trace, although if the sores are large, dark spots may remain.

Chancre with syphilis is a focus of syphiloma formed at the site of treponema in the body.

Chancre got its name from the French word, which means ulcer, erosion. In some infectious diseases there is a chancre, but in the disease of syphilis, this erosion is the first sign of syphilis in the first stage. Educationhard chancre,on the body after a little more than 4 weeks, from the moment of infection with this disease. During this period, the spirochete infection manages to get into many organs and into the lymph, while starting to multiply, which causes an inflammatory process and can temperature appears.

Chancre types

They are classified by type, size, number of sores on the body, their location.

By appearance, the chancre is divided:

erosive is erosion that affects the layers of the mucous system;
ulcerative chancre - these are ulcers that penetrate into the deeper layers of tissues.

According to the quantitative classification, chancre is divided into:

a single one is a chancre, which consists of one sore;
multiple is erosion, which consists of many ulcers, and create a single wound.

syphiloma of hard chancre in size are:

small (dwarf) - diameter less than 10 mm;
medium - diameter from 20 mm;
large (giant) - diameter 50 mm and above.

Place of occurrence of hard chancre on the body:

extragenital - it affects the tongue, anus, chest, throat, legs, gums;
genital are erosions, emerging on the genitals of a sick person;
bipolar are chancres, which at the same time appear on the genitals and other parts of the body.

By the end of the primary period of syphilis, the chancre becomes a form of the disease that:

has localization in specific places, in the oral cavity and on the genitals;
has a non-multiple form;
does not affect internal organs;
It is quite easy to treat and does not leave behind consequences.

Features of the development of hard chancre

People who have contracted syphilis infections and at the same time have reduced immunity, ulcerative lesions appears necessarily. Also, the formation of ulcers on the body occurs with chronic infections, toxicity of the body and for age-related reasons. Due to self-medication syphilis purulent erosions are formed, which, after attenuation, leave age spots and scars.

It begins to develop with redness, which does not cause itching and pain. After 48 - 72 hours, a bump begins to form from this redness and a papule forms. At this point, the epithelium from the chancre may peel off, and the infected person begins to feel pain for the first time.

In the following hours and days, the syphiloma becomes larger, spreading around the circumference. A hard crust begins to form on the papule, under which an ulcer forms. Over time, the crust is rejected and a sign of syphilis appears - a hard chancre.

The shape of the chancre is slightly raised, with clear round edges. Sometimes these edges are oval. The surface of the chancre is smooth, sometimes has a grayish coating, but mostly the color of the chancre is red.

The shape of the chancre is different:

nodule shape - this ulcer has clear boundaries. This ulcer grows into the deep layers of the tissue and retains its clear boundaries. This chancre is localized on the foreskin of the penis;
the form of a plate or a coin - the chancre is localized on the upper layers of the tissue and is located on the labia, the shaft of the penis, on the scrotum;
leaf-shaped form - erosion has clear boundary lines and is located mainly on the head of the phallus.

Atypical chancre

In addition to solid chancre, there is also an atypical chancre and many of its types:

indurated edema is a large seal that forms on the foreskin of the penis, the genitals in women and in the area of the lips on the face of a person;
Panaritium is a chancre that develops on the nails and does not heal for several months. Perhaps even rejection of the nail;
lymph nodes - increase in this period. Depending on which part of the body a chancre has formed, the lymph nodes closest to the chancre become inflamed;
a bubo is a lymph node that has a movable shape and does not have painful signs and is closest to the chancre: on the patient's neck, if the chancre is in the tonsils, and in the inguinal part of the body, if chancre on penis , in the genital area;
polyadenitis is an inflammation and compaction of all lymph nodes, from that moment it can be considered that symptoms of secondary syphilis began to appear.

Complications of syphilis in the first period are very serious for women, as well as serious consequences for the male part of the population.

Hard chancre in the female body

In the female body occurs:

on large and small labia;
on the clitoris;
on the walls of the cervix;
in the area between the anus and the vagina.

On the walls of the vagina hard chancre with syphilisoccurs very rarely, since the acidity of the vagina has a detrimental effect on treponema.

Very often, the chancre of syphilis is formed on the cervix. This chancre is invisible and is diagnosed mainly in the second stage of the development of the disease.

Over 10 percent of women with syphilis in the first stage have a hard chancre on the walls of the cervix. Syphilis chancre is detected only at the time of examination of the uterus with the help of medical equipment. This examination is carried out by a gynecologist or venereologist.

In the oral cavity, a chancre is formed on the tongue, lips, soft palate and tonsils. There are frequent cases of ulcers on the gums, cheeks, fingers and chest.

Diagnosis of syphiloma

Diagnosis of syphilis consists of several types of examinations and tests:

serological diagnosis is the detection of treponema bacteria from a hard chancre scraping. According to the results of this examination, the doctor makes a diagnosis;
treponema immobilization reaction;
immunofluorescence reaction;
Wasserman reaction;
microreaction on glass;
linked immunosorbent assay;
microprecipitation reaction;
passive hemagglutination reaction.

Association of hard chancre with primary syphilis

Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease that occurs in the classical form. Syphilis hard chancre, the main symptom of this disease. A hard chancre is a symptom of only primary syphilis.

Syphilis in the first stage of its development is manifested in an increase in lymph nodes and hard chancre. Toward the end of this period, the following symptoms become:

a state of general malaise;
persistent headache;
elevated temperature;
pain in muscle tissues;
aches and pain in the bones;
low hemoglobin;
a significant increase in leukocytes.

syphilis chancre has the ability to pass on its own and leave no traces, so people who self-medicate may assume a cure for syphilis.

This is a delusion, because the disappearance of a hard chancre precedes secondary syphilis, which is much more dangerous than syphilis in the first stage of development and the treatment of this type is much more complicated and lengthy.

Complications of syphilitic chancre

Complications of a syphilitic chancre can penetrate other infections into the chancre, which leads to painful symptoms and the accumulation of pus in this place.

There are several reasons for infection:

chancre injury;
poor hygiene;
diabetes mellitus disease;
HIV infection;
development of tuberculosis in the body.

In the female body develops:

syphilitic gangrene;
infectious vaginitis;
inflammatory bartholinitis;
cervical endocervicitis.

Complications in the male body lead to:

balanitis;
balanoposthitis of the head of the penis;
phimosis of the foreskin;
paraphimosis of the foreskin;
gangrenization of the head of the penis;
phagedenism of the penis.

Treatment of syphiloma

At the primary stage, the task is to cure the infection and prevent syphilis from moving into the second stage. hard chancre treatmentneeds to be done as early as possible.

The main drugs that are used in the treatment are antibiotics of different groups and directions:

penicillins;
macroliths;
tetracyclines;
fluoroquinolones.

Together with antibiotics in the treatment process involved:

antifungal drugs;
immunomodulators;
multivitamins;
probiotics.

The treatment regimen for syphiloma is prescribed by the attending physician, based on the diagnosis and test results.

With a course method of treatment, tetracyclines and drugs based on bismuth and iodine are added to penicillins. This complex of drugs is able to increase the action of the antibiotic in the body.

With the diagnosis of syphilis, both sexual partners are treated.

At the time of therapy, the patient is prescribed food, the diet of which is dominated by protein foods and a restriction in the consumption of fats and carbohydrates.

During this period, smoking and drinking alcohol are contraindicated, and it is also necessary to reduce physical stress on the body.

The main condition for quality treatment is the observance of the rules of personal hygiene and during the treatment period - not to have sex.

Treat chancre with antibiotics:

Extencillin - intramuscular injections, it is enough to carry out the procedure twice;
Bicillin - injections, twice, after 5 calendar days;
Erythromycin - take 0.5 mg 4 times a day;
Doxycycline - 0.5 mg taken 4 times a day.

For local treatment of hard chancre, lotions are needed on the chancre from benzylpenicillin and dimexide preparations.

It is necessary to lubricate the syphilitic chancre with heparin ointment, erythromycin ointment, ointment based on mercury and bismuth. Synthomycin ointment and levorin ointment contribute to the separation of pus from the ulcer.

Chancres that are in the mouth must be rinsed with solutions:

furacillin;
boric acid;
gramicidin.

Hard chancre is very important feature in the recognition of syphilis in the body. The earlier an infection in the body is detected, the faster the treatment of the disease will begin, and the duration of the course of drug treatment may be minimal. In this case, treatment with folk remedies and self-treatment are contraindicated.

Only a competent doctor will be able to establish a diagnosis and prescribe the necessary treatment. Compliance with all doctor's orders healthy lifestyle life, hygiene, will give a positive result in the cure of syphilis in the first stage of the development of the disease.

clinical picture. Primary syphilis is characterized by the development of a hard chancre (ulcus durum, primary syphiloma) and regional lymphangitis and lymphadenitis at the site of the introduction of pale treponema. Sometimes, between the chancre and enlarged regional lymph nodes, one can see and palpate a strand of regional lymphangitis.

Thus, the clinical manifestations of the primary period of syphilis are represented by three elements:hard chancre, regional lymphadenitis and regional lymphangitis.

At the end of the primary period, general flu-like disorders are sometimes observed: headache, osteoarticular and muscle pain, general weakness, insomnia, fever.

Chancre

Hard chancre often persists until the onset of the secondary period and heals soon, rarely exists for up to several weeks and after the appearance of a generalized rash, even less often heals before the onset of secondary manifestations. It depends mainly on its size. Associated regional lymphadenitis usually occurs 7 to 10 days after the onset of the chancre. Hard chancre is a very characteristic erosion or ulcer, but it does not immediately take on these features. After the expiration of the incubation period, a red spot first appears at the site of treponema introduction, which then turns into a dense nodule with sharply defined borders. Within 7–10 days, the nodule significantly increases in size, and the infiltration of its base takes on the character of a specific compaction. Due to malnutrition of the epidermis caused by vascular damage characteristic of syphilis, necrotization occurs in the center of the infiltrate and erosion or an ulcer is formed.

The main clinical signs of a typical hard chancre: erosion (ulcer) with no acute inflammation; loneliness or singularity; correct (rounded or oval) outlines; clear boundaries; size - with a small coin; elevation of the element above the surrounding healthy skin (mucous membrane); smooth, shiny ("varnished") bottom; sloping (saucer-shaped) edges; bluish-red color of the bottom; scanty serous discharge; dense elastic (“cartilaginous”) infiltrate at the base (knotty, lamellar, leaf-shaped); painlessness; resistance to local disinfectant and anti-inflammatory therapy.

Along with the described classical form of hard chancre, there are various deviations in one or more of its listed signs, which creates quite numerous varieties of primary syphiloma. Multiple chancres are rare (about 1/5 of patients). Their number rarely exceeds 10. The multiplicity of chancres is explained by the presence of numerous small violations of the integrity of the skin or mucous membrane in the patient at the time of infection. Concomitant skin diseases, such as eczema or scabies, can play a decisive role, especially when localized on the genitals. It is characteristic that no matter how numerous hard chancres are, they are all in the same stage of development if they were the result of the simultaneous penetration of infection through several entrance gates. These are the so-called twin chancres. If infection occurred at different times (for example, as a result of repeated sexual contacts with an interval of several days), then chancres will appear in different dates and vary in maturity. These are the so-called successive chancres. Giant hard chancres are usually located in places with abundant subcutaneous fatty tissue: in the pubis, abdomen. Their size can reach a child's palm. The dwarf hard chancre is extremely small in size - up to a poppy seed, however, under a magnifying glass, all the characteristic signs of primary syphiloma are found. Diphtheritic hard chancres covered with a grayish necrotic film are very common. Cortical hard chancre is observed in places where the discharge dries easily: on the face (nose, chin), on the skin of the lips, sometimes on the abdomen, the shaft of the penis. It may have a great resemblance to pyodermic elements: impetigo, ecthyma. Slit-like chancres, resembling a crack in shape, sheets of a book, are usually localized in small folds of the skin: in the corners of the mouth, in the interdigital folds, in the anus. Folman's erosive chancre does not have a clear seal at the base, it is usually localized on the glans penis. Hard chancres located at the external opening of the urethra, in the folds of the anus and on the tonsils, may be accompanied by considerable soreness. The localization of a hard chancre depends on the route of infection of a given patient with syphilis. With sexual infection, a hard chancre occurs, as a rule, on the genitals or on adjacent areas (pubis, abdomen, inner thighs, perineum, anus). Chancres on the cervix occur in 12% of sick women. In this regard, it is of great importance to examine women with suspected syphilis using a vaginal speculum. In some cases, with sexual infection, a hard chancre is located extragenitally (for example, on the lips, tongue, mammary glands, fingers). Extragenital chancres can be located on any part of the skin and mucous membranes. The second place after the genital organs in terms of the frequency of localization of primary syphiloma is occupied by the oral mucosa (lips, gums, tongue, soft palate, tonsils). Other localizations of hard chancre are rare.

Atypical hard chancres includeindurative edema, chancre-amygdalite and chancre-panaritium .

Indurated edema usually occurs on the labia or on the foreskin. The affected area increases by 2-4 times, becomes dense, the skin acquires a stagnant cyanotic color or retains its normal color. The painlessness of the lesion and the absence of acute inflammatory phenomena are characteristic, which distinguishes indurative edema from processes such as bartholinitis or inflammatory phimosis (such diagnoses are most often made by patients).

Chancre amygdalite should be distinguished from erosive (ulcerative) hard chancre on the tonsils. Chancre-amygdalitis is characterized only by a sharp, usually unilateral enlargement of the tonsils. The tonsil is dense, there are no acute inflammatory phenomena. Chancre amygdalitis is very similar to indurative edema. This atypical chancre is often mistaken for a banal sore throat. L1ancre-panaritium is the most atypical of all chancres. It really is very similar to a banal panaritium: on the distal phalanx, more often than the index or thumb of the hand, against the background of bluish-red edematous skin, there is a deep ulcer with uneven, overhanging, as if gnawed edges and purulent-necrotic plaque. Chancre panaritium is accompanied by sharp, “shooting” pains. Most often it occurs in surgeons, gynecologists, pathologists and is the result of occupational infection, rarely diagnosed in a timely manner. Usually the diagnosis of syphilis is made after the appearance of rashes of the secondary period.

Chancre panaritium should not be confused with the typical chancres on the finger. Histologically, a typical chancre is an infiltrative-erosive or infiltrative-ulcerative formation with characteristic changes in the vessels of the dermis. It has a number of pathohistological features: the absence of the epidermis (and part of the dermis) in the central zone of the preparation due to the formation of foci and zones of necrosis; in the dermis - a dense infiltrate of lymphocytes and plasma cells, along the periphery the infiltrate has a perivascular location; changes in the blood and lymphatic vessels of the dermis in the form of proliferation and infiltration of all membranes (panvasculitis) with obliteration and thrombosis of some vessels; many pale treponemas in all areas (especially in the walls of the vessels and in their circumference).

When spirochetes have penetrated, for which an insignificant, completely imperceptible violation of the integrity of the skin is enough. After the first incubation period, most often at the end of the second week, a small nodule appears. It very often, but not always, ulcerates. Gradually turns into an extremely dense, cartilaginous hardness infiltrate, which forms the base and edge of the developing ulcer. This phenomenon is called hard chancre in men and women. Photos, the initial stage as the primary signs will be considered in the article.

Symptoms of hard chancre, initial stage

Specific signs of a hard chancre with syphilis are the following moments of changes in the skin. The rash, which is also an infiltrate, is mostly flat, sharply demarcated. To the touch, it gives the impression that there is a hard plaque in the skin. But depending on the location of its localization, the nature of the rash can be very different.

Usually there is only one primary eruption. But relatively often there are several hard chancres. Moreover, they are all in the same stage of development, since they all appear simultaneously depending on the same infection. Further transfers in the same patient from one chancre are not observed, since after infection, immunity to a new infection soon sets in. Moving to another place of the skin, as opposed to a soft chancre, is not observed with this primary sign of syphilis.

Dimensions of hard chancre photo

The size of the hard chancre varies over a very wide range. Its surface can be covered with a thin, moist luster, as if eroded epithelium, which is especially characteristic. When palpated, a cartilaginous density infiltrate is felt. With a more pronounced erosion surface, the skin appears dark red, as if granular. When ulcerated, the ulcer is always smaller than a hard roller, and has a dense base. With ulceration, it may be the case, depending on the method of formation:

With ulcerated sclerosis.
With sclerosed ulceration.

In the latter case, the situation may be different. First, a very small nodule formed at the site of infection can turn into a vesicle and an ulcer before the actual syphilitic infiltrate is detected.

On the other hand, an existing vesicle, especially a vesicle, can serve as a site for entry of spirochetes, which is relatively common. In this case, an ulcer quickly forms.

How hard chancre begins photo

It plays the most important role in the origin of infiltrating, sclerosing ulcers. It may have existed prior to the infection with syphilis or was acquired at the same time as it. With this simultaneous infection: a soft and hard chancre, which is not uncommon, a soft chancre develops first. It has a much shorter incubation period of only a few days. Hardening, as a result of simultaneous infection with syphilis, is detected after 2-3 weeks. The base and circumference of the soft ulcer are compacted: a "mixed chancre" (chancre mixte) is obtained.

Not only that, a chancre ulcer may heal before a lump develops. "Mixed chancre" deserves special attention. Namely, it must be remembered that with the presence of a soft chancre ulcer, the possibility of simultaneous infection with syphilis cannot be ruled out before the expiration of several weeks.

Stages of hard chancre in men and women

Ulcerative sclerosis, that is, a successively decaying syphilitic infiltrate, can lead to the formation of:

then flat,
sometimes deep or crater-like,
either smooth or having a pitted bottom,
then a gangrenous or serpiginous ulcer.

It is only important to remember that a hard chancre ulcer is never so sharply delimited and such a regular round shape as a soft chancre ulcer. And that it always has a hard bottom and a hard roller. It is also characteristic that on the edge surrounding the ulcer, a very narrow strip always appears red, eroded, devoid of epithelium.

What does a hard chancre look like, a photo in women and men with syphilis

Depending on the location, the chancre may present some differences. So, when localized in the coronal sulcus, sclerosis often appears as a dense roller, sometimes running parallel to the entire length of the sulcus. Often this results in phimosis or paraphimosis. Sclerosis, hidden by phimosis, is felt by palpation mostly in the form of limited hardening.

Of the mucous membranes, the site of sclerosis is mainly:

All mucosal scleroses quickly disintegrate into deep, crater-like ulcers with a dense bottom and ridge. Each place of the skin and visible mucous membranes can be the site of localization of primary sclerosis.

Hard chancre on the penis and on the head photo

If sclerosis sits on the edge of the foreskin, then ulceration is formed in the form of a crack on a dense ring perpendicular to the opening of the preputial sac.

A particularly peculiar picture is obtained when, as a consistent condition, a significant, diffuse inflammatory swelling appears on the genital organ.

Then the penis takes on a completely shapeless appearance and appears to be testy-edematous to the touch (indurated edema).

A similar condition occurs on the vulva.

Hard chancre on the labia photo:

Hard chancre photo on the arm

If sclerosis sits on the finger, then the primary lesion often has the appearance of paronychia or panaritium; recognition can be extremely difficult.

Syphilis hard chancre on the lip photo

Often, primary sclerosis occurs on the lip and on the nipple, where it forms a dense, limited, eroded and ulcerated tumor.

The most important sign of every syphilitic primary manifestation is, without a doubt, the presence of spirochetes.

Inna Lavrenko

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A disease in which stones form in the gallbladder (in medicine - calculi) is called cholelithiasis or cholelithiasis.

Stones that form in this organ as a result of metabolic disorders leading to the precipitation of bile components such as cholesterol and bilirubin are called calculi.

The name of the pathology in which stones form directly in the gallbladder is called cholecystolithiasis, and if they form in the bile ducts, then this is choledocholithiasis.

Many people ask “stones in the gallbladder - what is the name of the disease correctly: gallstone or gallstone?” We answer - it is correct to call this disease gallstone disease.

If we talk about the frequency of diagnosing this pathology of the biliary system, then it ranks third in this indicator after diseases of the cardiovascular system and diabetes. This disease is most common in developed economies, where people lead a sedentary lifestyle, eat on the go and are constantly under the influence of stress.

The main purpose of the gallbladder is to accumulate bile continuously produced by the liver, bringing it to the desired consistency and portionwise release of this hepatic secret into the digestive system when food enters it. In the process of bile secretion and bile outflow, in addition to the liver and gallbladder, the bile duct system (hepatic, bile and common), as well as organs such as the pancreas and duodenum, are also involved. Collaboration These internal organs provide an efficient digestive process, in which bile enters the intestines only during digestion, and the rest of the time it is stored in the gallbladder.

Calculi in the gallbladder begin to form when bile stagnates in its cavity and its chemical composition changes. In addition, the formation of calculi can be caused by inflammation and impaired motility and tone of this internal organ. With stagnation of the hepatic secretion, some of its components precipitate and crystallize. If the process continues for a long time, then either one large stone can form from these crystals, or multiple calculi can form.

How fast do gallstones form? They grow quite slowly. The process of such stone formation can last for many years (usually - from five to ten years, but sometimes longer). The speed of this process depends on the diet and diet of a person and his physical activity.

Gallbladder stones - what is it? Gallstones that form in this organ and its ducts are of three types:

cholesterol (from 80 to 90 percent of all stones);
pigment (bilirubin);
mixed (with calcium impurities).

Cholesterol stones are formed when bile is oversaturated with "bad" cholesterol, which precipitates on the walls of the bladder and forms cholesterol crystals. If the motility of this organ is impaired, then these crystals are not excreted through the intestinal system and begin to increase in size.

Bilirubin (pigment) calculi are formed in the process of increasing the breakdown of red blood cells against the background of hemolytic anemia, in which the level of bilirubin rises.

Mixed stones can form from a combination of cholesterol, bilirubin, and calcium. As a rule, they are formed against the background of inflammation of the gallbladder and its ducts.

What causes stone formation in the gallbladder?

The main negative factors that cause gallstone disease, experts include:

cholecystitis;
cholangitis;
an infectious lesion of this organ, in which pathogens convert water-soluble bilirubin into an insoluble form;
diseases of the endocrine system of the body:
diabetes;
hypothyroidism (deficiency of thyroid hormones);
violation of estrogen metabolism, characteristic of gynecological pathologies, as well as with prolonged use of oral contraceptives and in the case of pregnancy, in which the contractility of the bladder weakens;
disorders of cholesterol metabolism:
atherosclerosis;
obesity;
gout;
an increase in the level of bilirubin in bile (hyperbilirubinemia against the background of hemolytic anemia);
hereditary causes (genetic predisposition);
overeating or fasting;
violation of the regularity of the diet;
abuse of fatty and cholesterol-containing foods and alcohol, in which the bile reaction passes into an acid phase and a favorable environment for stone formation is created.

Gallstone disease can be generally asymptomatic for quite a long time. Often, the presence of calculi in this organ is detected either at a late stage in the development of the disease, or by chance, during an ultrasound of the abdominal cavity for a completely different reason. As a rule, the external signs of this pathology appear when a large stone in the gallbladder begins to migrate and enters the bile duct, or if infection begins against the background of this pathology.

The symptomatology of this disease directly depends on the location of the calculi, on their size, the presence and severity of inflammation, as well as on the presence of concomitant pathologies of the digestive organs.

If the stone begins to move along the bile duct, an attack of the so-called biliary colic occurs, characterized by a sudden sharp pain in the region of the right hypochondrium, which can be given to the right shoulder or shoulder blade. Such an attack can be provoked malnutrition(especially fatty foods), stress and increased physical activity.

Often, the pain syndrome is accompanied by symptoms such as nausea, which turns into periodic vomiting, a bitter taste in the mouth, itching of the skin, discoloration of the stool (feces brighten, and urine darkens). The duration of pain can be from five minutes to three or four hours (sometimes longer). The pain syndrome either disappears on its own, or is stopped by antispasmodics or analgesics.

It is worth saying that the clinical picture of biliary colic can sometimes resemble manifestations of other pathologies, such as right-sided pneumonia, an acute attack of appendicitis, a hepatic abscess, renal colic, or an attack of acute pancreatitis.

In some cases, the so-called cholecystocardial syndrome manifests itself, in which pain radiates to the region of the heart.

If a big Stone completely blocks the duct, then the bile, finding no way out, accumulates in the bladder. A full gallbladder increases in size, bile components enter the bloodstream, and obstructive jaundice occurs. As a rule, this is accompanied by severe pain and general intoxication of the body, so in such cases an urgent operation is needed.

Due to certain difficulties in making a diagnosis, at the slightest manifestation of disturbing symptoms, you should immediately seek medical advice. medical care, since differential diagnosis is possible only with the use of instrumental and laboratory diagnostic techniques.

How to make this diagnosis

As mentioned a little higher, both instrumental and laboratory studies are used to make an accurate diagnosis in cholelithiasis.

The main instrumental methods in this case are:

№	Useful information
1	Abdominal ultrasound. most popular and effective method detection of stones in this organ. In addition to the presence of calculi, this study makes it possible to determine their size, number and location, as well as to identify thickening of the walls of the gallbladder and anomalies in its development (expansion of its ducts, inflection and other deformations). The main advantages of ultrasound are non-invasiveness (the patient is not injured), accessibility, absolute safety and the possibility of performing the procedure many times.
2	abdominal x-ray. Helps to identify X-ray-positive carbonate stones
3	retrograde endoscopic cholangiopancreatography. It is prescribed if the doctor suspects the presence of calculi in the biliary tract
4	in especially difficult cases, it is possible to use magnetic resonance cholangiography and CT (computed tomography). These studies make it possible to determine the current state of the bile ducts as accurately as possible, since their results are not only two, but also three-dimensional.

Laboratory research methods:

determination of the level of total bilirubin, its fractions, transaminase. Allows you to assess the current functional state of the liver;
lipidogram (determination of the level of triglycerides and cholesterol). If this level exceeds the norm, then treatment should be aimed at lowering them in order to prevent or slow down stone formation;
examination by a surgeon. It is necessary for choosing the most effective therapy tactics and assessing the possibility of surgical intervention.

Methods of treatment of this pathology

For the treatment of this pathology, both conservative and surgical methods of therapy are used.

Conservative treatment

It implies the use of drug therapy and is prescribed in the case when X-ray negative (not visible on x-rays) floating stones in the gallbladder are cholesterol, and their size does not exceed 15 millimeters. At the same time, the contractility of the gallbladder and the patency of its ducts should be maintained at the proper level.

Contraindications for drug treatment of gallstones are:

acute cholecystitis;
cholangitis;
if the size of the stones exceeds 2 centimeters;
the presence of concomitant pathologies, namely:
liver diseases;
diabetes;
duodenal ulcers;
stomach ulcers;
chronic pancreatitis;
inflammation of the small and large intestine;
with obesity;
during pregnancy;
with a “disabled” organ (the gallbladder does not function);
if the stones are of a bilirubin or mixed nature;
with cancer of the gallbladder;
if there is a large number of calculi in the bladder, occupying more than half of its cavity.

To dissolve stones in this organ, drugs based on ursodeoxycholic or chenodisoxycholic acids ("Ursofalk", "Chenofalk") are used.

Therapy is long-term (one course is designed for a period of six months to a year). Even if successful, the probability of re-stone formation is 50 percent, since the cause of the formation of calculi is not eliminated by such means. Dosages, regimen and duration of therapy can only be prescribed by a doctor (either a therapist or a gastroenterologist). Self-medication is strictly unacceptable.

For crushing single large stones, the technique of shock-wave cholelithotripsy is used, which implies the breakdown of calculi using shock waves. Then smaller stones are dissolved with the help of the above drugs. Relapse is possible in 30 percent of cases.

Since cholelithiasis may not manifest itself for a long time, it is rarely diagnosed in the early stages. This limits the possibility of using conservative therapy methods due to the late detection of already fully formed stones. In such cases, surgery is often the only way out.

Surgical techniques for the treatment of gallstone disease

Elective surgery is best done either before the first manifestation of biliary colic, or immediately after it. Otherwise, the risk of serious complications increases many times. As a rule, surgical treatment involves the removal of the gallbladder.

This operation is called a cholecystectomy. It is performed either in the traditional (cavitary) way, or with the help of laparoscopy (minimally invasive intervention through small punctures in the peritoneum). During conservative treatment and after cholecystectomy, the patient must necessarily follow a diet called "Treatment Table No. 5".

It implies fractional (frequent - from five to seven times a day) meals in small portions of food at regular intervals. From the diet are excluded: fatty, spicy and fried foods and foods, alcohol, carbonated drinks, smoked meats, pickled and canned foods, lard, mushrooms, legumes, sweets, muffins, cakes, pastries and other foods that are harmful to digestion.

It is recommended to use low-fat (veal, chicken, rabbit, turkey) meat, low-fat types of sea and river fish, dairy products, vegetable oil, cottage cheese, cereals (buckwheat, rice, semolina, pearl barley, oatmeal), as well as fiber-rich vegetables, sweet berries and fruits, and other “right” foods. Changing the diet or diet is possible only with the permission of the attending physician.

Half-hour walks, swimming in the pool, sanatorium treatment at special resorts (Essentuki, Zheleznovodsk), as well as some physiotherapy procedures and physiotherapy exercises are useful. All appointments are in the exclusive competence of a qualified medical specialist.

If an infection develops against the background of this pathology, then acute cholecystitis, empyema (sick accumulation of pus), cholangitis (inflammation of the biliary tract) may occur.

All these complications can provoke bile peritonitis. The main symptoms are sharp, intense pain in the right hypochondrium, fever, fever, chills, confusion, severe weakness throughout the body.

Also, one of the common complications of this pathology is choledocholithiasis (the formation or displacement of stones in the bile ducts) against the background of obstructive jaundice. In this case, after biliary colic, the following symptoms occur:

itching on the skin;
yellowish color of koi and eye sclera;
urine - darkens;
feces - brightens.

If the cystic duct is blocked for a long time and there is no infectious lesion, the so-called dropsy of this organ may develop, in which the bile is absorbed by the bladder, but its mucous membrane continues to produce mucus. The gallbladder increases in size. The main symptoms: biliary colic, after which subsides, a feeling of heaviness remains in the right side of the abdomen.

If gallstone disease occurs over a long period of time, it significantly increases the risk of cancer of this organ, as well as acute or chronic pancreatitis (pancreatic pathology).

If the intrahepatic ducts are clogged for a long time, then in such cases secondary biliary cirrhosis may occur.

Large gallstones are almost not subject to migration, but they can provoke the formation of the so-called fistula, which passes from the gall reservoir into the duodenum. As a result, the stone falls out of the gallbladder and begins its migration in the intestines, which very often causes intestinal obstruction.

In conclusion, I would like to say that if you lead an active lifestyle, eat right and regularly, on your own initiative, undergo an annual ultrasound of the abdominal cavity, the risk of this pathology is greatly reduced. Look after yourself and be healthy!