How is guardianship different from adoption? Guardianship and adoption - what's the difference? Pros and cons of a guardian

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Adoption, guardianship and guardianship are all ways to accommodate minors deprived of parental care or incompetent persons. However, not everyone knows the difference between guardianship and adoption or the difference between guardianship and trusteeship. Let's take a closer look at what these concepts mean.

What are guardianship and trusteeship?

Guardianship and trusteeship are forms of protection of property and personal non-property interests of citizens who are completely or partially unable to perform these functions independently.

However, these concepts are not identical. Thus, when defining what guardianship and trusteeship are, they note that the former is established over children under 14 years of age, as well as over adults who are declared incompetent by the court. As a rule, the latter occurs due to mental illness or dementia.

Guardianship is established over children from 14 to 18 years of age, as well as over adults whose legal capacity is limited by the court. Speaking about who a trustee and guardian are, it is worth noting that they are not legally equal to parents, although in general they perform the same functions.

What is a foster family

A foster family is a form of protecting the interests of children deprived of parental care by accepting them into a family for upbringing. It is created by concluding an agreement between the family wishing to take the child and.

Children are kept in a foster family until they reach adulthood, and they cannot claim the inheritance of their adoptive parents or alimony from them.

If a child has reached the age of ten, he can be transferred to a foster family only with his consent.

Find out in more detail what requirements apply to adoptive parents, and what legal consequences the creation entails.

Adoption concept

Many childless couples are thinking about raising a child from orphanage, but not everyone understands what adoption is. It represents the adoption of a child into the family as a blood child, after which the child becomes a full-fledged member of this family. In this case, the interests of the minor must be taken into account.

Thus, the person who adopts a child must be able to ensure his full development. In addition, siblings cannot be adopted by different parents, unless this is not contrary to their interests.

Find out who can become an adoptive parent and under what circumstances, as well as what legal consequences entails .

Legislation

In addition, on regional level their own regulations may also apply. As a rule, by-laws and documents of local authorities also determine measures social support families who have adopted children or established guardianship or trusteeship over them.

Differences between adoption and guardianship

Few citizens understand the difference between adoption and guardianship and trusteeship. At the same time, the distinction between these concepts is extremely necessary, especially for people who have encountered such phenomena in life.

Despite some similarities, such forms of protecting the interests of minors, as well as incapacitated adults, have fundamental differences.

So, if a family adopts a child, he is accepted into the family and has the same rights and responsibilities as natural children. Guardianship implies acceptance of a person as a person being raised. At the same time, the relevant authorities must control the maintenance, upbringing and conditions for the child’s education. In addition, guardianship can be established not only over a child, but also over an adult who has been declared incompetent by a court decision.

For those who can't decide which is better, adoption or guardianship, there are pros and cons to each of these forms. Let's try to figure them out.

Pros of adoption:

• the child becomes a full-fledged member of the family;
• the baby receives the right of inheritance for his adoptive parents, and can also claim alimony;
• You are allowed to give your child your last name, change your name if necessary, and even change your date of birth;
• exists .

Cons of adoption:

• the registration procedure takes a significant amount of time;
• the state provides practically no assistance due to the adoption of a child;
• Strict requirements are established for adoptive parents: their financial situation, living conditions and much more are taken into account;
• Not every person can be adopted according to the law.

Pros of guardianship:

• the registration process is much faster, as it does not require going to court;
• , as well as some other preferences (assistance in placement in an educational institution, recreation and treatment of the child, etc.);
• if the ward does not have his own housing, then it is given to him upon reaching the age of majority;
• more loyal requirements for guardians.

Cons of guardianship:

• the child has the status of being brought up, which can psychologically have a negative impact on him;
• the baby does not have the same rights as the caregiver’s own children;
• it is possible for guardianship and trusteeship authorities to intervene in the process of raising a minor;
• there is no secrecy about the transfer of the child;
• difficulties with changing the child’s last name, inability to change the date of birth.

Thus, when choosing which is better, guardianship or adoption, you need to weigh all the positive aspects of each form, as well as pay attention to possible negative aspects.

Take a sociological survey!

Differences between guardianship and trusteeship

If in the case of guardianship and adoption the legislator provides the opportunity to choose what suits citizens best, then when establishing guardianship or trusteeship, such an opportunity does not exist. In this regard, it is important to know the difference between guardianship and guardianship of a child.

Guardianship is established exclusively over children under fourteen years of age or over adults declared incompetent. Guardianship is established over children from 14 to 18 years of age or over citizens with limited legal capacity.

The wards can independently make small transactions, find employment and freely manage their earnings. And only for more serious transactions will the consent of the trustee be required. Those under guardianship are deprived of this opportunity. At the same time, the guardian must still obtain consent to conclude an important transaction from the guardianship and trusteeship authorities.

Based on the above, it becomes clear that a guardian differs from a trustee in their rights and responsibilities. Thus, the guardian has the right and at the same time the obligation:

1. Conclude transactions on behalf of the ward. The only exceptions are those that can be concluded by the ward personally, for example,.
2. Represent the interests of the ward in court.
3. Bear property liability for damage caused by the ward.

In turn, the trustee:

1. Gives consent for a person to carry out transactions, except those that he can carry out independently.
2. Represents the interests of the ward in court.
3. Bears subsidiary property liability for the actions of the ward.

Adoption, foster family, guardianship and guardianship: main differences

In order to better understand the difference between adoption and other forms of placing a child in a family, study the table below.

	Adoption	Guardianship and trusteeship	Adoptive family
Child status	Rights and responsibilities of a full-fledged family member		Status of a child left without parental care
Reasons for the emergence of relationships	The court's decision	Decision of the guardianship and trusteeship authorities	Agreement between parents and guardianship authority
Requirements for parents	Coming of age Capacity Permanent residence Income level above the subsistence level	Adults Capacity Permanent residence	Adults Capacity Permanent residence
Duration of the relationship	Indefinite	Indefinite or temporary	Temporary
Ability of biological parents to maintain a relationship with the child	Absent	Present	Present
State support	- one-time benefit when transferring a child to a family - payments due to all blood family members	- monthly payments per child	- monthly payments for the child - wage - apartment for the child upon reaching adulthood
Control by guardianship and trusteeship authorities	Annual examinations during the first three years of the child’s residence with the adoptive parent		4 inspections during the first year and 2 inspections per year for the next five years

conclusions

The legislation provides for several forms of placing a child in a family. In addition to adoption, when a minor becomes a member of the family and has the same rights and responsibilities as the adoptive parent’s own children, in some cases guardianship or trusteeship may be established (depending on the age of the child). As an alternative to an orphanage, the legislation provides for the possibility of raising a minor in a foster family. Each of the above forms has its own characteristics and can be used in various life situations.

Adoption, guardianship, foster family: what's the difference: Video

Master of Law. Also in 2012, he received the specialty “Financial Analytics”. After receiving a second higher education, he founded an independent appraisal company. I am engaged in the assessment of real estate, land and other property.

Many couples who cannot have their own children are thinking about adopting a child. There are several options for legal relations when placing a child into a family. In this matter, it is important to choose the right decision and not make mistakes, because we are talking about the full development of a little person. Irresponsibility can lead to the child being returned to Orphanage, and this is a huge psychological trauma.

In order not to traumatize the child, but to make him happy, you need to carefully study the intricacies of legal relations provided for by the state when accepting children into new families. Most often, guardianship or adoption is issued. We will help you understand what the difference between these concepts is.

Differences between guardianship and adoption

Such various forms of placing children in families help solve the issues of child orphanhood. Guardians and adoptive parents provide care for children, but their rights and responsibilities differ significantly.

Guardianship is a method of placing a child under 14 years of age who has lost parental care into a family. With this option of registration, the rights of the person who took the child into custody are not equal to the powers of his natural parents.

The list of responsibilities assigned to a guardian practically coincides with parental ones. Guardianship involves making efforts to raise and provide for children. This type of device is usually used for children whose mother and father have lost parental rights or died. As a rule, relatives of minors become guardians.

When adopted, the baby becomes a full member of the family, as if he was born into it. Adoptive parents also have the rights and obligations of biological parents.

Child's age

The differences between guardianship and adoption go beyond rights and obligations. The age of the child is also one of the criteria that determines the possibility of applying one or another form of device to him.

Only a minor citizen can act as an adoptee. At the same time, the law establishes the mandatory obtaining of consent for this procedure from a child whose age exceeds 10 years. In addition, the age gap between children and adoptive parents should not be less than 16 years.

Procedure for registration and termination

Guardianship can be obtained through the guardianship authorities. The adoptive parent must obtain a court decision before taking the child from the orphanage. Let us consider the procedure for registering these legal relations in more detail.

The process of registering guardianship begins with submitting an application to the guardianship and trusteeship department of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation, whose employees inspect the residential premises where the child will be kept. The goal of PLO specialists is also to study the personal characteristics of the future guardian and establish his motives.

Based on the inspection, they draw up an examination protocol, describe the level of conditions and evaluate them. Within 10 days, a commission is created, the decision of which determines whether the child will be transferred to this guardian. If a positive decision is made, then an agreement is concluded with the applicant.

After this, the applicant for guardianship has the right to request information about children who need guardianship. A citizen can take a referral to meet a child at his place of stay. If this is not possible, then the appeal can be sent to any other subject of the Russian Federation.

The guardianship agreement terminates when the child reaches the age of 14 years. From this time until the age of 18, the guardian becomes a trustee.

The procedure for the adoptive parent has significant differences. A citizen applying to adopt a child must submit an application to the territorial guardianship authorities. Document verification is carried out within one week.

Then the PLO officer pays a visit to the applicant and gets acquainted with his living conditions. Based on the results of the inspection, a report is drawn up that contains information about the housing and a specialist’s opinion about these persons.

A positive decision gives the interested party the right to register and study children in need of a foster family. If the applicant for adoption has made his choice, he prepares a package necessary documents and submits an application to the court.

The case review process may take several months. Having received the court decision, the adoptive parent takes the child and applies to the registry office to register the fact of adoption.

Cancellation of adoption can only be done through the court. IN family code The following reasons are indicated on the basis of which it is possible to apply for deprivation of the adoptive parents' parental rights:

• cruelty towards a child;
• drug or alcohol addiction of adoptive parents;
• inappropriate performance of parental responsibilities.

Rights and obligations of the parties

The rights and responsibilities of guardians and adoptive parents are the main criterion for distinguishing these concepts. The responsibilities of foster parents include maintaining the baby, providing care for him, protecting his interests, and ensuring the all-round development of the child. The status of an adoptive parent gives him the rights to:

The powers of a guardian are strictly regulated by law. After registration of guardianship, the citizen receives the right:

• live with the ward in the same territory;
• receive a monthly cash benefit;
• educate the person under guardianship;
• promote the realization of children's rights.

The guardian is required to submit an annual report to the guardianship and trusteeship authorities. In the event of a change of residence, government authorities must also obtain information from the guardian.

Opportunity to communicate with biological parents

This form of arrangement, such as guardianship, presupposes the possibility of children communicating with their biological parents or other relatives. The child's last name does not change, so he understands who his mother and father are. At the request of the parents, the guardian arranges meetings with them, but the baby lives only with the citizen who takes care of him.

Adoption excludes the child from communicating with his birth parents, since they completely lose the right to participate in his life. The adoptive parent can give the child his last name and not tell him that he is not his biological descendant.

Terms of guardianship and adoption

Adoption involves the permanent placement of a child into a family. Regardless of age, adopted children do not lose their status as family members; they have all the rights and obligations of natural children. Cancellation of adoption occurs only in the event of deprivation of parental rights of the adoptive mother and father.

The guardian performs his duties for a certain period of time. When the child reaches 14 years of age, guardianship ends. Termination of an agreement with a guardian may also occur for other reasons:

• restoration of the rights of biological parents;
• eliminating the incapacity of the mother or father of the baby;
• improper fulfillment of obligations assigned to a guardian;
• the desire of other people to adopt a child.

Receiving payments

Payments in case of adoption are identical to those provided for the birth of one's own children. The guardian is assigned monthly allowance for the maintenance of wards. He can also receive child support from their natural parents.

A child under guardianship has the right to receive housing from the state upon reaching adulthood. Adopted children do not have such a benefit, but they have the right to claim the inheritance of their adoptive parents.

Pros and cons of guardianship and adoption

It is possible to make a choice in favor of one form or another of placing children only after a detailed study of the positive and negative aspects of guardianship and adoption. The main advantages of guardianship are softer requirements for applying for and receiving systematic benefits.

The state also provides the child with everything necessary for education, treatment and recreation. The disadvantages of this form of legal relationship are that children do not feel like members of the guardian’s family, since there is no possibility of changing their surname, and negligent parents can periodically remind themselves.

Positive sides adoptions are expressed in the possibility of changing the date of birth, last name, first name and patronymic, due to which the child fully feels his relationship with his adoptive parents. In addition, he has the right to inherit their property by law.

There are also disadvantages to adoption. The main disadvantages of its registration are the duration and the need for judicial approval. Financial assistance is not provided in this case.

Which device form is better?

Both forms of device have their disadvantages and advantages. To determine which one is better, you need to start from the interests of the child. From a psychological point of view, adoption is always preferable for children.

In the case of guardianship, children do not feel a complete spiritual connection with the guardian, since they are aware of their origin. However, upon reaching the age of 18, citizens under guardianship and trusteeship receive their own housing, which contributes to their further adaptation in society.

To grow up as full-fledged individuals, children must have parents. But many of them are deprived of this, and even exemplary children's institutions cannot replace parents for their students.

You can take a baby into your family by registering the following legal relations over him: adoption, guardianship.

Today, many citizens confuse concepts such as guardianship and adoption, considering them synonymous. At the same time, if a person has set out to raise an orphaned child, he should know the possible options for formalizing such a relationship.

Differences between adoption and guardianship. How are they different from guardianship?

What is the difference between guardianship and adoption? These are two terms that are very similar to each other, but they have important differences.

Guardianship is one of the ways to place children left without the care of their relatives in families, and such children are only those who are under 14 years old.

By accepting other people's children, a person does not acquire the powers that parents would have in relation to them; they have a narrow list of rights strictly defined by legislative acts. Although his responsibilities are almost identical to those that parents have in relation to their children.

Adoption is a type of placement of children into someone else’s family, in which they live in it as a child, a relative by blood. In this situation adoptive parents and their adopted children have a full set of rights and responsibilities of their relatives. You can only adopt children who have not yet reached the age of majority. The adoptive parents themselves also have age restrictions; they must be at least 16 years older than their adopted children.

Adoption and guardianship help to find a solution to such a problem as orphanhood of children who, due to various circumstances, have lost parental care. Raising them with guardianship or adoption involves caring for wards or adopted children, although the difference between these concepts is significant.

Thus, adoption can be formalized until the child reaches 18 years of age, and if children are already 10 years old, then their personal consent is required for adoption. Guardianship is issued for children who are not yet 14 years old. The same type of legal relationship can be formalized in relation to an incapacitated person, whose age does not play a key role.

The difference between guardianship and adoption is that the adoptive parent acquires the rights of a natural parent; under guardianship, they are limited.

An adoptive parent, unlike a guardian, can give his adopted son or daughter his own last name. The rights of guardians regarding their wards are limited, and this mainly concerns the property interests of children. In addition, having established guardianship, the guardian is obliged to regularly submit reports to the state, doing this once a year. The adoptive parent is relieved of such responsibilities.

When registering an adoption, parents assume all financial expenses for the development and maintenance of the adopted children. When registering guardianship, guardians receive financial compensation for this. In case of guardianship, this legal relationship ends when the ward reaches 14 years of age. But this could happen earlier if the court decides so. The legal relationship between an adoptive parent and an adopted person can only be terminated by depriving the adoptive parents of parental rights.

Guardianship is a form of relationship between citizens and children in which the trustee is responsible for the ward aged 14 to 18 years. Trustees must assist their wards in ensuring that they can freely exercise their rights.

Another task of the trustee is to protect children from influence and abuse by third parties. That is, the main difference in this form of defining children as guardianship from adoption and guardianship is in age categories.

Rights and responsibilities of adoptive parents and guardians

Having formalized guardianship, the duties of the guardian and his rights are strictly limited by the laws of the Russian Federation. The same restrictions apply to those moments when guardianship is issued for children under 18 years of age.

The responsibilities of guardians are clearly stated in the law. The guardian must:

When drawing up an act that establishes guardianship or guardianship of children, the authorized bodies can prescribe those actions that the guardian is prohibited from performing. Such an order is carried out in the interests of the person over whom guardianship is issued. Guardians are representatives of wards, therefore they have the right:

• represent interests in any institutions or courts, for which they do not need to issue a power of attorney;
• taking into account the wishes or preferences of the child, the advice of government bodies, determine ways to raise wards;
• choose the form of study yourself, as well as the institution for receiving education, taking into account the opinion of the ward;
• resolve issues about the life of the ward;
• demand the return of the ward from the persons illegally detaining him.

The rights and responsibilities of adopting citizens are similar to those that parents have in relation to their children.

Thus, adoptive parents have the following responsibilities:

Rights of adoptive parents:

• adoptive parents have the right to education, and this has a priority right over other persons;
• if other people keep children illegally, then the adoptive parents have the right to demand their return;
• On behalf of the children, adoptive parents act in various legal acts, for example, they can accept an inheritance;
• can independently choose an institution for education, taking into account the child’s opinion.

Pros and cons of adoption and guardianship

To understand which form of legal relationship with children is better to choose, it is necessary to evaluate the pros and cons of each of them. The advantages of adoption, compared to other forms, are expressed in the following:

This form of legal relationship also has some disadvantages:

• adoption is not so easy; this will require a court decision, as well as the provision of many certificates and documents;
• adoptive parents cannot count on state assistance in case of adoption; all financial expenses for maintenance fall on their shoulders;
• The most stringent requirements are put forward to candidates for adoption; before such a decision they are checked and their living conditions are assessed.

There are also advantages when registering guardianship; they also apply to those cases when guardianship is established over children. The advantages of these legal relations are expressed in the following:

The disadvantages of guardianship are the following:

• the child, living as a ward, feels that he does not belong to this family, which is why he can contact his biological parents;
• you cannot change its data;
• the transfer of guardianship is not a secret.

Thus, each of these forms of legal relations between parents and children has its own advantages and disadvantages. They differ from each other in many significant ways.

Which one is better to choose: adoption, guardianship or trusteeship is up to the parents who decide to take care of someone else’s child. When choosing, not the advantages and disadvantages are taken into account, but also the age of the child.

In Russia, every year thousands of children are left without adult care, including with living parents. For harmonious development The child’s personality and integration into society needs his own family, where he can find his mom and dad. Orphanages do not provide good upbringing: only close contact with a loved one can give the new generation a chance for a decent life, simple human happiness. You can either establish guardianship over someone else's child or adopt him. Which form is better and what to choose in a particular situation?

Definition

Guardianship– a method of providing care for young children (under 14 years of age) left without parental care, a form of representation of the interests of a citizen who is incapacitated due to a court decision that has entered into force. The guardian actually accepts the child into his family and has a high level of responsibility for him, but has a number of restrictions related to the disposal of the ward’s property.

Adoption– a form of placement of children left without parental care into a family as a natural child. The adoptive parent acquires the full range of parental rights and responsibilities. The procedure is regulated by a number of legal aspects that are mandatory. The child to be adopted must be under 18 years of age, and the adoptive parent must be at least 16 years older than him.

Comparison

So, adoption and guardianship solve the problem of neglect of children who have lost their biological parents for one reason or another. A person who takes on the work of raising a child is burdened with a wide range of rights and restrictions. However, there is a difference between the concepts, and it is very significant. You can adopt a child of any age – up to 18 years old; if he is over 10 years old, his consent will be required. Guardianship can be established both over young children (under 14 years old) and over an incapacitated person - regardless of his age.

The adoptive parent acquires the full range of parental rights, that is, he accepts the child into his family and can give him his own surname. The guardian's rights are significantly limited, mainly regarding the disposal of children's property. In addition, he must report annually to government authorities, while the adoptive parent is exempt from such obligation.

For guardianship of minor children, a remuneration is provided, which amounts to several thousand rubles per month. The adoptive parent has no right to count on such compensation, since he assumes all obligations for raising the child. Guardianship is automatically terminated when the child reaches 14 years of age, or based on a court decision. Adoption can be canceled only in case of deprivation of parental rights.

Conclusions website

1. Duration. Guardianship is a temporary phenomenon, limited both by the requirements of the law and the provisions of the agreement (if any), while adoption is permanent.
2. Legal consequences. The adoptive parent actually becomes the child’s parent, the guardian remains in the same relationship as before the action was committed.
3. Reward. Guardianship can be carried out on a paid basis, adoption - only on a free basis.
4. Reporting. The guardian must annually submit a report to the relevant authorities; the adoptive parent can only be checked by special services.
5. Preservation of the child's first and last name. When guardianship is established, the children's previous personal data is retained; upon adoption, it can be changed.
6. Acquisition of parental rights occurs only upon adoption.
7. Termination procedure. Guardianship is terminated in cases provided for by law, regardless of the will of the parties; adoption is terminated only by court decision in the event of deprivation of parental rights.

In Russia, every year thousands of children are left without adults. They can also lose their parents if they behave inappropriately towards children.

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In order for a child to grow and develop harmoniously, he needs parents. Of course, for many, the orphanage has become a real salvation, but not every child has a place here.

This is why many people who cannot have children or want to help their relatives arrange adoption or guardianship.

What it is?

Guardianship is the placement of young children in their care. In this case, children who have not reached 14 years of age are considered small.

This function is available if the child does not have parental care or his parents have been declared incompetent.

The guardian accepts the child into the family and now bears full responsibility for him. However, there are also some restrictions that are associated with the disposal of the child’s property.

Adoption is the placement of children who are left without parents. All this is done in the rights of a natural child. The adoptive parent gets the opportunity to fulfill responsibilities towards the child as a full-fledged parent. However, in order to achieve such responsibilities, it is worth taking into account many aspects.

The child being adopted must be no more than 18 years of age.

Legislative regulation

If we talk about legislative regulation, it is worth noting the following factors:

• The Family Code is used as one of the main laws on adoption.
• The procedure for transferring children under 18 years of age is regulated Federal law.

On the basis of these documents, a guardian for children and incapacitated citizens is appointed.

Forms of adoption

Adoption is a form of placement of children under the age of majority into a foster family. It does not involve receiving benefits.

Relationships based on blood kinship are established between children and adoptive parents.

Registration procedure

The procedure for registering adoption in 2020 implies:

• collection of necessary documents;
• submission of papers to a special organization;
• waiting confirmation;
• obtaining permission to adopt.

Documentation

If a person is interested in registering an adoption, he should prepare a number of the following documents:

• statement of desire to accept a child into the family;
• autobiography of the adoptive parent or adoptive parents;
• certificate of income from the last place of work;
• extract from the house register;
• certificate of availability of housing;
• a certificate of no criminal record, as well as the absence of a case for a particular crime;
• a certificate from the hospital confirming the good health of the adoptive parent or adoptive parents;
• a copy of the marriage certificate;
• a statement of the consent of the other spouse to take an orphan into the family.

Forms of guardianship

The forms of guardianship depend on who is receiving guardianship. It can be carried out:

• over people who;
• over children - and those who have lost their parents.

Patronage

Foster care is a device that has been declared incompetent by the court. However, it is issued only if the person requires a lot of attention and constant care.

Foster care is a gratuitous form of guardianship that does not involve the payment of additional benefits.

At the same time, caring for an elderly person will be included in his work experience.

How to apply?

Arranging for such guardianship is not difficult. You only need to have documents that confirm that the incompetent person does not have relatives who can take care of him and provide him with everything necessary until his death.

Often this form of guardianship is one of the most common and easiest.

Documentation

In case of registration of such guardianship, it is worth preparing the following documents:

• passport;
• work book;
• salary statement;
• application for guardianship;
• papers confirming the absence of other relatives.

How is guardianship different from adoption?

The guardian and adoptive parent have a number of responsibilities and rights that are provided for by law Russian Federation for each form of child adoption.

After the guardianship decision comes into force, the parties begin to build a relationship between each other.

Adoptive parents must cope with responsibilities that do not conflict with their interests.

Guardians are required to:

• take care of food and living conditions;
• provide the necessary education and set your own rules;
• dispose of property.

Restrictions

It should be noted that adoption is a very serious issue.

Therefore, you should carefully read the existing restrictions. The following are not acceptable for registration of guardianship:

• Persons recognized as incompetent persons in the family cannot take guardianship of another person.
• Persons who have restrictions in parental rights or persons deprived of them.
• Persons deprived of guardianship rights as a result of their relationship with a child.
• Citizens who previously received adoption, but were later deprived of these rights.
• Persons without permanent residence.
• Citizens with a criminal past.
• Foreigners in same-sex marriage.

FAQ

When or adoption, many people have a number of questions.

Ensuring secrecy

Those who are worried about the secrecy of adoption need not worry too much. The secrecy of adoption is ensured according to the legislation of the Russian Federation.

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