Teenage traumatism and its prevention. Injury prevention tips. burns resulting from contact with a hot stove, dishes, food, water, steam, iron and other household electrical appliances, as well as burns resulting from contact with

Dear parents!

Protection of life and health of children - the most important task of both the state and every parent. In this connection, the issue of prevention of childhood injuries in everyday life is acute. Unfortunately, we, parents, cannot always be near our children, but our main task is to create a safe environment for the child in which he will not expose him to unjustified risks.

Only for 9 months of 2016 in the city of Gomel, children were charged with 4609 injuries of varying severity, which is 14.5% more than in the same period last year. 1889 - these are injuries received by children in everyday life, the number of which also increased compared to last year.

As a result of injuries sustained at home, two young children died in 2016, one of whom was 1 month old, and the other 1 year and 2 months old.

Among the most common injuries sustained by children at home, it should be noted:

- burns resulting from contact with a hot stove, dishes, food, water, steam, iron and other household electrical appliances, as well as burns resulting from contact with an open flame;

- falling from a bed, a stroller, a window, a chair, steps, and so on;

-asphyxia, as a result of small objects entering the respiratory tract (coins, buttons, beads, toy parts, etc.);

- poisoning with household chemicals (insecticides, washing liquids, bleaches and others);

- poisoning with drugs, including those left unattended;

- electric shock from faulty electrical appliances, exposed wires, from sticking needles, knives, knitting needles and other metal objects into sockets and wall wiring.

Sometimes the parents themselves are the culprits. Faulty household electrical appliances, sockets, irons not turned off, hair curlers, a cup of hot tea left on the edge of the table. All this can cause suffering for children.

Let's look at the main dangers for children in more detail.

Thermal burns.

Burns, including burns from steam, hot drinks, or just water, are among the most common injuries in children sustained at home.

Burns can be avoided if:

- keep children away from hot stove, food, iron and other heating appliances;

- set the stoves high enough or unscrew the handles of the burners so that children cannot reach them;

-keep children away from open flames, candle flames, bonfires, fireplaces;

- hide flammable liquids, matches, candles, lighters, sparklers and other pyrotechnic products from children.

As practice shows, most often children overturn on themselves, left by their parents unattended and in a place accessible to children, pots, kettles with hot water, cups of tea or coffee.

Poisoning with household chemicals and drugs.

Household chemicals, toxic substances, including those intended for the control of rodents or insects, medications, acids and alkaline solutions should never be stored in food bottles - children may drink them by mistake. Such substances should be kept in tightly closed labeled containers out of the reach of children.

The poison is dangerous not only when swallowed, but also when inhaled, in contact with the skin, eyes and even clothing.

Medicines intended for adults can be fatal for children. Medicines should be given to a child only as prescribed by a doctor and in no case should he be given medicines intended for adults or children of a different age. It is necessary to store medicines in places inaccessible to children.

Choking from small objects or food entering the respiratory tract.

Small children should not be given food with small bones or seeds. Children should always be supervised while eating. Feed young children crushed food.

When knocking out toys for young children, give preference to ones that do not have small parts. Do not leave small items (buttons, beads, coins, etc.) within reach of the child.

Coughing, noisy rapid breathing, or the inability to make sounds are signs of breathing problems and possibly choking, which can lead to serious consequences. You should make sure that everything is going well with the child. It is impossible to exclude the possibility of small objects getting into the child's airways, even if no one saw the child put something in his mouth.

Electric shock

Children can be seriously injured by sticking metal or other objects into electrical outlets (knitting needles, hairpins, scissors, nails, etc.). In order to ensure the safety of the child, sockets must be closed with special fuses.

Electric wires should be out of the reach of children, and exposed wires pose a particular danger to them.

Bath safety rules.

In order to prevent incidents in the bathroom, it is better to install a lock on its door, which, if necessary, can be opened from the outside. Here are some rules to follow when bathing a small child:

-the most important rule: small children - a small bath. It is not safe to bathe small children in a large bathtub. Baby baths, as well as mats or holders installed in them, which do not allow the child to slip under the water, will help to avoid tragedy;

- test the temperature of the water with your elbow before lowering the child into it;

- do not add hot water when the child is in the bath;

- never leave a child alone, even if he bathes in a baby bath.

Falls.

From the moment the child begins to walk, he is exposed to various dangers. The task of parents is to eliminate all sources of danger, as well as to create the free space necessary for the normal development of the child, movement without limiting curiosity (for his age) and interest in what surrounds him. Unreasonable security measures must be avoided, as this can negatively affect your children and make them insecure, unable to overcome even minor difficulties. But it is not necessary to give them excessive independence, since children left unattended are more susceptible to dangerous incidents.

The child spends most of his time in the hall, bedroom, children's room, so fragile or dangerous furnishings should be removed from the furniture so that there is no need to constantly monitor him and regularly forbid him something. The child has the right to some freedom and autonomy in order to develop harmoniously.

- the corners of furniture are the main cause of bruises, so it would be good to cover them with foam rubber on duct tape;

- the child seat must have a solid support and be equipped with a safety belt;

- leaving the apartment or returning home, do not roll the stroller up the stairs with the child, because even when fastened with safety belts, he can fall out of the stroller;

-windows can be a source of danger for a child, but since they cannot be kept locked all the time, it is necessary to monitor them;

- do not allow children to put a chair or stool and climb onto the windowsill;

- terrace, balcony, where children play, must have a good protective grille, very high and with narrow spans.

Dear parents!

Remember, trouble is easier to prevent! One of the most important tasks of parents is to create a safe environment for their child in which he can develop harmoniously.

Take care of your children!

Under the term "injury" understand the prevalence of injuries among a certain group of people, is in the same conditions of work, life or life. To prevent injuries, they study the causes and circumstances of the occurrence of injuries, their frequency and nature of injuries, psychological features people and factors that cause accidents. The importance of the issue of injuries is due to the fact that about 6% of the total population receives some kind of body injury during the year.

Distinguish the following types injuries:

  • production (industrial and agricultural);
  • injuries on the way to and from work, as well as in the performance of public assignments or public duties;
  • non-occupational injuries - road transport, street, sports, children's, domestic;
  • criminal (deliberate).

Injuries on the way to and from work

This type of injury, as well as accidents that occur when performing official assignments or public duties (on fires, earthquakes, protecting people, etc.), are separated into a separate group because for all days of disability due to such an injury, the victim is paid 100 % of basic income. All these cases are investigated by insurance agents on behalf of the trade union committee of the enterprise, they draw up an act. Medical workers keep a record of the data of patients and make sure that there is no transfer to this group of work-related injuries

Non-productive injuries

Non-productive injuries account for more than half of all injuries. The greatest attention deserves road traffic injuries, characterized by a large number of severe injuries and significant mortality, as well as children, which threatens to mutilate from childhood itself.

Road traffic and street injuries

Accidents occur when vehicles collide with pedestrians and cyclists, collide with oncoming vehicles or hit an obstacle, overturn cars, motorcycles, etc. The mechanogenesis of injuries is diverse and difficult to determine, but in most cases it is typical.

The severity of injuries depends on the design of the vehicle and the speed of movement, the area of ​​impact of the body, age, general condition of the victim, etc. When hitting a pedestrian or cyclist as a result of a direct collision, bruises and bone fractures occur, and when falling, trauma to the skull and brain occurs. When hit by a bumper, "bumper" - double - fractures of the bones of the lower leg or thigh often occur. If the car runs over a person, the severity of the injury is due to a fracture of the pelvic bones or ribs and damage to internal organs.

Pedestrian street injuries occur on unlit disordered streets, most often during ice. Depending on the mechanogenesis of the fall, slaughtering, sprains, dislocations and bone fractures occur. As a rule, the area of ​​​​the ankle joint is injured - sprains and fractures of the ankles. Somewhat less often, fractures of the radius occur in a typical place or both bones of the forearm, rarely - the coccyx, ischial bones, etc. Very often, the cause of road traffic injuries is the state of alcohol intoxication of the victims.

The term "accident on the road" is not entirely accurate, since this type of injury can be prevented.

Injury Prevention in Children and Adolescents Injuries are commonly understood as the totality of injuries that occur in a specific population group over a limited period of time. It always accompanies a person, being a consequence of the interaction of people with the environment. Causes of injuries in schoolchildren and ways to prevent them. In terms of frequency, certain types of injuries in our country are distributed as follows: household, . production, . road transport, . street, . agricultural, . sports, . other types. Bone damage. Bones are very strong and can withstand heavy loads, but when subjected to excessive stress, they can split, break or move relative to each other. Approximately half of all injuries occur in a very mobile shoulder joint. In addition, there are injuries: fingers, usually the first joint of the finger,. for example, as a result of a ball hit; . elbow joint - with an unsuccessful fall on the arm,. jaws - as a result of blows or even dental treatment; . knee joint, usually as a result of an accident where a twisting force is applied to the knee, such as when descending a mountain. Bruises and closed injuries. Most bruises and other bruising injuries occur after being hit with a blunt object. Bruises caused by hitting the edge of a table, falling, etc. are almost never harmful and can be successfully treated at home. However, there are times when they should be taken seriously and seen by a doctor, because:. extensive bruising may indicate a serious subcutaneous injury, fracture, or injury internal organ; . bruises that appear for no apparent reason may be the first signs of a serious illness; . if bruising occurs with the most minor bruises, these may be signs malnutrition or deficiency in the body of essential substances; . if the bruising continues to increase after 24 hours or no improvement is noticeable, it means that processes are taking place in the body that require medical intervention. Prevention of bruises and closed injuries. In most cases, you can prevent bruises and blunt injuries by paying more attention to your behavior, eating a diet low in fat and high in coarse fiber foods, and exercising regularly. Stretching and tearing (tearing) of the muscles. Often seen in athletes. Rotational movement, jumping, turning can lead to damage to muscles and ligaments. The result is pain, swelling, bruising, and a gradual decrease in mobility in the affected area. A stretched muscle usually continues to function, but it hurts. If there is a rupture of the tendon, then the person will not be able to perform certain movements. Ligaments can also be damaged as a result of a sharp fall or sudden movement, then swelling and soreness appear around the joints. Prevent damage to muscles and connective tissues. Cramping and sprains during sports activities can often be prevented by warming up and thereby warming up and stretching the muscles. 5 minutes of light warm-up is enough for their temperature to rise to 38 ° C, and blood circulation to improve. Smoking and other bad habits impair blood circulation and increase the likelihood of injury. After exercise, exposure to cold, cold drinks should be avoided. This measure also helps prevent seizures. Eye injury. Occur, as a rule, as a result of a burn or ingestion of a foreign body. They are accompanied by a feeling of pain, visual impairment may occur. Most often, you have to deal with eyelashes, dust particles, wood or metal shavings that have got into your eyes. The eye itself is often able to get rid of a foreign body, removing it along with tears. Burns. Burns are formed as a result of contact with heat sources - open flames, hot liquids, steam, hot objects, solar radiation, as well as chemicals (internal or external exposure). They can occur when exposed to electric current and radiation. Burns are the most common injury requiring medical attention. Food poisoning. Food poisoning is associated with the consumption of contaminated or improperly processed poultry, animals and fish, toxic products, such as some mushrooms and berries, canned with violations of the technology for cooking meat, fish, vegetables and fruits. Prevention of food poisoning. Most cases of food poisoning can be prevented by taking simple precautions: . cut food and prepare food with clean hands; . keep tables and boards on which food is prepared, as well as kitchen utensils clean; . do not use in food, products from swollen cans, as well as those that smell and appearance who are suspicious; . keep meat and poultry in the refrigerator, do not let them and any other perishable food stay at room temperature for more than 2 hours; . after cooking, pink streaks should not remain in the meat, and the fish should be freely separated from the bones: in a well-cooked bird, the juice is clear, and the meat does not contain pink spots and bones; . pay attention to the expiration date of canned foods. Frostbite. Staying in the cold wind at temperatures below -6 ° C is a serious danger to the body and can lead to frostbite. Most often, fingers, toes and parts of the face (ears, cheeks and nose) are frostbitten. Prevention of frostbite consists in wearing clothing that will reliably protect against the cold, and proper nutrition. In cold weather, dress in layers, in water-repellent and wind-proof clothing and waterproof shoes; wear at least 2 pairs of socks and not gloves, but mittens. Please note that woolen and down clothing are warmer than products made from other fabrics. Keep the cold out with nutritious, carbohydrate-rich, protein-rich foods (legumes, nuts and seeds, root vegetables, chicken, fish, and whole grains). It provides the body with a large number of calories. Animal bites. Injuries from animal bites are similar to wounds with lacerations or punctures, but to this there is a high probability of infection, since there are a huge number of bacteria and viruses in the oral cavity of animals. Among them may be extremely dangerous pathogens of rabies, tetanus. Prevention of animal bites. Learn to be careful with unfamiliar dogs and cats. Do not try to approach wild animals at all. Never approach dogs if they are eating, mating or fighting. Keep in mind that large dogs are more dangerous than small ones, and shepherd dogs are more likely to bite others. Don't let your cat or dog lick open wounds on people. Know that any wild animal that allows itself to be approached is usually sick. Take care of yourself and your loved ones! We're for it healthy lifestyle life... And you? Normative - legal documents that provide work on the prevention of injuries.  The Constitution of the Russian Federation.  Law of the Russian Federation “On the Fundamentals of Occupational Safety in the Russian Federation” Federal Law of the Russian Federation No. 181-FZ of July 17, 1999 (Article I:).  RF Law “On Education” (Chapter III, Article 32, Clause 22).  Law of the Russian Federation “On Physical Culture and Sports in the Russian Federation”, dated April 29, 1999, 80-FZ.  Sanitary rules and norms: SanPiN 2.4.2.1178-02 “Hygienic requirements for the conditions of education in educational institutions”.  Construction norms and rules: SNiP 11-65-73, SNiP PM-3-68 and SNiP P-L-P-70.  State educational standard RF.  Safety instructions developed locally for a variety of activities.  Order of the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation of July 23, 1996 N 378 "On labor protection in the education system of the Russian Federation" (as amended on April 22, 1997)

Prevention of injuries and sudden death syndrome in children under 3 months of age

In children under three months of age, the most common injuries and conditions leading to death are falls, food aspiration, skin burns, and sudden death syndrome.

Prevention of sudden death.

  • Put your baby to sleep on his back. In the prone position, chest excursion is limited due to the pressing of its front surface against the mattress. In addition, in a baby sleeping on his stomach, his head is turned to the side, which can worsen the blood supply to the brain and lead to depression of the respiratory center.
  • Use a firm mattress with a taut fitted sheet. Quilts with lace can block your baby's airway while sleeping.
  • The distance between the bars of the crib should be optimal so that the child does not fall out and does not get stuck between them.
  • During sleep, the child should not wear scarves, clothes or hats with ties, bibs. No pacifiers or toys with strings are allowed.

Prevention of asphyxia (suffocation).

What should be done if the child is spitting up?

  • Before each feeding, lay the baby on his stomach, so that excess air comes out of the stomach.
  • After each feeding, hold the baby in an upright position (“column”), pressing him to you with his tummy until the baby burps out excess air.
  • If the baby is in a hurry and swallows air during feeding, then it is necessary to interrupt the feeding and help the baby burp this gas. Then you can continue interrupted earlier feeding.
  • In cases where the mother holds the child in a “column”, but the air still does not leave, it is necessary to put the child in a horizontal position for a few seconds. Then the gas in the stomach will be redistributed, and when the child is transferred back to a vertical position, the air will easily come out.
  • Never put your baby on his back immediately after feeding! It is necessary to put the baby so that the chest and head were slightly tilted to the side (put a diaper under the barrel). At the same time, if the child burps, the milk will not enter the respiratory tract.


Fall Prevention

  • Always buckle up babies when using high chairs or carriers.
  • When placing your child in the carrier, place it only on the floor and not on a chair, table or any other piece of furniture.
  • Never leave a child alone on an elevated surface (bed, sofa, armchair, changing table).

Burn Prevention

The delicate skin of babies is more prone to burns than the skin of adults. It strikes faster, deeper and at lower temperatures.

  • There should always be a thermometer in the bathing bath (bathing temperature is 37-38 degrees). Bathe your baby in a baby bath.
  • Never
  • The temperature of the water for drinking and food of the child (mixture, etc.) must be under strict control and not be higher than 40 degrees.
  • Never drink hot tea with a baby in your arms!
  • First aid for burns - cooling the burnt surface with water at room temperature (18-20 degrees) for 15-20 minutes. In this case, you need to urgently call an ambulance!


Grow healthy!

Prevention of injuries and accidents in children of the age group of 4-6 months

In connection with the growth and development of the child, the increase in mobility and emotionality, the nature of injuries expands and changes its spectrum.

  • 4th month - fall quite typical for this age . Therefore, never leave a child alone on any elevated surface.
  • 5th month is a scourge in this age group burns. Therefore, never place or leave dishes with hot drinks or food within a child's reach.
  • 6th month - frequent falls out of bed. That's why The distance from the mattress to the top edge of the crib must be at least 53 cm.

Baby room safety

  • Use gently in baby's bed fitted mattress. When lifting the side rails, fix them with latches.
  • Under no circumstances do not sleep on the same bed with the child.
  • Don't use pillows for children under 12 months.
  • Don't use heating pads when caring for a child.
  • Do not put your baby to sleep near any heat sources- near heaters, under direct sunlight, etc.
  • Do not use water bed, pillow or others household items with a soft surface, which can cause asphyxia (suffocation) of the child.
  • Lay your baby on their back before falling asleep. or better on the side.

Safety of children's clothing

  • Use sleeping bags. Young children roll over and throw back the covers during sleep.
  • Caps and hats with ties should not be used..
  • Avoid wearing clothes or accessories with drawstrings. Remove laces from clothing. Do not wear necklaces, rings or bracelets on children.
  • Use flame retardant pajamas.
  • Never prop up the bottle while feeding. Do not leave your baby alone while feeding.
  • Never hang around your neck baby items(for example, a dummy) on a ribbon or rope, which, being pulled into a loop, can cause asphyxia.

Safe transport of a child in a vehicle

  • Only use approved child seats appropriate for the age and weight of the child.
  • Seat the children on seat right: it should be addressed against the movement car.
  • Never do not put a child or an infant on your own on knees while traveling in a car or truck.
  • In the car all passengers must be fastened.
  • Do not leave child in the car one.
  • Control the temperature in the car, especially in the summer.

Be always there!

Prevention of injuries and accidents in children of the age group of 7-9 months

Your child has grown up, has become more active in exploring the world, sitting, getting up and even walking on his own, holding on to a support! Your attention to the baby should triple!

At 7-9 months, new dangers lie in wait for him - for example, aspiration of foreign bodies into the respiratory tract.

Therefore, toys should be free of small parts, and the floor should be clean, without foreign objects (buttons, coins, beads, batteries, pins, etc. should be removed.)

This age group also has burns, cuts, bruises, poisoning. Do not leave your child alone in the kitchen. It should always be in your field of vision. Do not leave any, especially dangerous objects on the edge of surfaces. Remove tablecloths. Cook food on distant burners. Remove knives, scissors, forks and other sharp objects, as well as matches, ashtrays, lighters. Be sure to turn off the gas. Isolate all sharp corners of furniture, fix cabinet doors, windows, entrance and balcony doors. Remove chairs, armchairs, sofas from windows. Cover radiators with grates or furniture.

To avoid poisoning- do not leave medicinal, cleaning and any other chemical products available. Keep them securely locked and out of the reach of children.

Do not store medicines in ladies' bags.

Kitchen and bathroom security

  • Dangerous objects and phenomena, hot drinks and food, knives and electrical appliances should be out of reach of children.
  • while cooking, Place the handles of pots and pans out of reach of the child.
  • Use seat belts in a dedicated high chair.
  • Set the temperature of the water heater to no more than 45ºС. Make sure the bath water is warm, not hot
  • In the first 5 months of life, bathe your baby in a baby bath. For older children, use the large tub seat.
  • Pour a small amount of water into the bath.
  • Never do not leave the child alone in the bath. Before bathing, prepare all the necessary things and put them within reach. If you forget something, then do not leave the baby alone. Wrap it in a towel and take it with you to your room.
  • After swimming and all procedures are necessary remove the water from the bath immediately. Keep toilet lids, doors to toilets, bathrooms and laundry rooms closed at all times.

Toys

  • Keep small items out of reach of the child.
  • Remove packaging carefully before giving the toy to the child.
  • Wash your toys regularly.

  • Musical pendants for cribs must be installed out of reach of the child. They must be removed when the baby begins to sit on his own.
  • Buy certified, non-flammable, washable and non-toxic toys.
  • Toys must be age appropriate for your child. Make sure that little ones do not play with older siblings' toys. Their toys can be dangerous for children under 3 years of age.
  • Give to children for familiarization or play only safe items.
  • Explain the purpose of objects household items.
  • Never submerge electric toys in water.

poisoning

  • If a you suspect that your the child has swallowed some dangerous substance, do not try to induce vomiting or give the baby to "wash down" swallowed without first consulting a doctor. Contact the emergency medical service immediately!
  • More than half of all childhood poisonings are due to accidental drug use. Keep all medications (even vitamins) out of the reach of the child. Don't call medicines "candy" because this can provoke a child's interest in them.
  • On cabinet doors in which household chemicals and medicines are stored, install special locks or locks.
  • Keep small electronics and gadgets (alarm key fobs, watches, remote controls, flameless candles, laser pointers, flashlights, etc.) containing lithium batteries in places inaccessible to children.
  • open water sources(even a barrel or a bucket of water in the backyard) must be securely protected because they can cause drowning of the child. If there are such sources near children requires special attention and constant monitoring. Tragedies by the water tend to happen silently and for a short period of time (less than 1 minute).

Be always there!

Prevention of injuries and accidents in children of the age group of 10-12 months

As your baby grows older, he becomes more and more independent. And this means that he needs close attention so that he does not get into trouble because of his curiosity and activity.

In the age group of 10-12 months, incidents related to falls, poisoning and still burns come to the fore in the causes of injuries and accidents.

Household chemicals

If you removed the bottle from detergent on the top shelf or closed in a locker, this does not mean that the child will not find it and will not overturn it on itself. In this case, the chemical agent can get on the delicate skin of the baby, in the eyes or mouth, and completely catastrophic consequences are possible not only for the child, but for the whole family.Therefore, always keep household chemicals out of the reach of children.. Storage areas for hazardous substances of any origin and destination must be equipped with reliable systems to protect against unauthorized access (locks, bolts, etc.).

Age-appropriate toys and sports equipment

A particular danger is created in cases where there is an older child in the house who is left without proper attention from adults. Putting together puzzles, assembling construction sets and playing with toys containing small parts, he can unwittingly become the culprit of a tragedy (aspiration of foreign bodies and possible asphyxia, as well as foreign bodies entering the gastrointestinal tract, ear, nose, etc.). Completely isolated from dangerous objects younger child becomes very difficult.

Bicycles, dumbbells, skipping ropes and other sports equipment and equipment also pose a potential danger to children for the same reasons.

Ladies bags

Coming home from work, sometimes not appreciating possible danger, the bag is left unattended on a chair, chest of drawers or on the floor. But inside there are many objects dangerous for the child: nail scissors and other tools, all sorts of little things and even lipstick with nail polish and a liquid for removing it, often medicines, etc. All this, once in the hands of a child, can lead to very sad consequences .

Plants in pots

A child can be injured by a falling flower pot, poorly located on the windowsill. Soil from a pot containing fertilizers can be a source of poisoning or a foreign body in the nasopharynx, stomach, ear, eye. And house plants, which sometimes turn out to be poisonous, can be deadly for a baby if he decides to taste their leaves or bright flowers.

Pet food

A bag of dog food and bowls from which pets eat are usually always on the floor - in the public domain not only for animals, but also for the baby, who, it is possible, will try to taste their contents.Make sure your pets are safe for your baby.

Home security

  • If the child's means of transportation around the house are walkers, then install this fixture away from ladders, heating appliances, dangling wires or window cords.

  • Install special protective grilles on the windows. They must be equipped with emergency release devices in case of fire.
  • Make furniture secure(especially tall cabinets), appliances and any other items that can tip over and fall.
  • Make sure that children's toys do not contain small parts and parts., which the child can tear off and inhale, or try to swallow.
  • Diet for children under 5 years old should not contain products of a rounded shape of a dense consistency(capable of causing obstruction, or blockage, of the respiratory tract), such as chopped sausages, nut kernels, caramels, grapes, corn kernels.
  • Keep wires and cords out of your child's reach. Move the crib, playpen, toys and children's furniture at a sufficient distance from these items.
  • Periodically on all fours "walk" on the floor- so you notice dangerous objects faster that the child can put into the mouth.
  • Child car seats for children under 2 years of age should be installed against the movement of the car. Before starting the car, make sure that the belt is tensioned enough to effectively secure the seat. Try to “pinch” the belt, and if a wrinkle has formed, tighten it more tightly. The car seat itself should not move more than 2-3 cm.
  • Keep hot food, bulky objects, anything that might start moving around the cabin when braking, away from the child.

Take care of children!

Prevention of injuries and accidents in children of the age group 1-4 years

As for all children, there are risks for a child aged 1-4 years, predetermined by the level of psychomotor development of the baby, as well as the conditions and factors surrounding him.

Since the safety of children at this age largely depends on parents and caregivers, then, as before, the main risks continue to be associated with improper supervision and the insecurity of the conditions surrounding the child.

The increasing mobility and activity of children, their independence can cause them to find themselves in an unsafe place and position.

Toddlers love to pick up all sorts of items. The continued desire to taste everything creates a significant risk that these items will end up in the child's mouth.

Small body size, still underdeveloped speech, as well as inadequate perception of distances, predetermine the susceptibility of children in this age group to a particular risk of injuries associated with collisions with small pedestrians and their falls.

Drowning, road traffic injuries and burns are among the top 15 causes of death for children aged 1-4 years. However, falls and poisoning are also responsible for a significant number of deaths, childhood disabilities and serious illnesses.

Be caring parents!

Prevention of injuries and accidents in children aged 5-9 years

The psychomotor development of children aged 5 to 9 years has its own characteristics. Physical development progresses simultaneously with the child's growing awareness of the possibilities of his body. The young intellect develops rapidly. Children quickly acquire language and communication skills. They are characterized by increasing autonomy and independence. They focus less on themselves and more on others. They develop friendships. At this age, children gain a clearer awareness of what is good and what is bad, and also begin to understand what consequences this or that action can have.

  • If you bought a child a bicycle, roller skates or a scooter, be sure to Purchase personal protective equipment. A helmet is the only effective remedy for head injury. Do not spare time for briefing (explanations) on safety precautions and monitor compliance with it.

  • The clothes of the child during skiing should be bright, always with reflective elements..
  • The bike must be in good condition equipped with front and rear light sources. Before leaving, check the reliability of fixing the headlights, the operation of the brakes, the gear selector and the condition of the wheels.
  • When riding a bike, teach your child make eye contact and submit hand signals both drivers and pedestrians in order to be predictable to other road users.
  • children study environment and often do so uncontrollably. They are not always aware of the risk associated with their behavior, or are not able to quickly respond to the risk. Children are curious about the actions of adults, and they try to imitate them. Playing with matches or lighters- one example of a typical children's "game", which could be fatal.
  • The largest category of children injured in road traffic accidents are child pedestrians. Children aged 5-14 are most at risk of injury or death as pedestrians. Among the factors that increase the risk are the relatively small size of children and their relatively less visibility on the road. In addition, the growing presence of children on the roads, which they often use to play, does not match their ability to assess the strength of oncoming traffic and make safe decisions. Adolescents are at greater risk if they are prone to risky behavior on the road and/or are influenced by peers.

Safe transport of children in a car

Child car passengers are another group of road users suffering from road traffic injuries.

  • In a car, a child can sit in an adult seat only if his height exceeds 140 cm and his weight is not less than 32 kg. If the baby is already too big for a portable child seat, but not yet matured to an adult, you need to use a booster (car seat without a back).
  • Child car seats for children under 2 years of age should be installed against the movement of the car. Before starting the car, try to “pinch” the belt, and if a wrinkle has formed, tighten it more tightly. The car seat itself should not move more than 2-3 cm.
  • If the child uses an adult seat, he must be fastened with standard seat belts. The upper part of the belt should go over the chest and shoulder child, and not cross his neck, but the bottom must be on hips rather than cross his belly.
  • Keep hot food, massive items, everything that can start moving around the cabin when braking, away from the child.

open water sources

  • open water(even in an ordinary barrel or bucket) on a personal plot should be absent or be securely fenced because the child can fall into it and choke. Open water sources need constant adult supervision.
  • More than half of the parents are convinced that if the child has learned to swim, he does not need supervision when he is near the water. In fact, 47% of drowned children aged 10 to 17 had swimming skills.
  • Tragedies by the water tend to happen silently and for a short time (no more than 1 minute). Therefore, while watching the child, do not be distracted by reading books, talking on the phone and other things.

Take care of creating a safe space for the child!


Prevention of injuries and accidents in children of the age group 10-14 years

The increased independence that adolescents enjoy, coupled with a lack of confidence and a tendency to be influenced by peers, can lead to decisions that expose younger children to adolescence higher risk of injury. Moreover, many children of this age are given adult responsibility, despite the fact that, in accordance with the level of their psychophysical development, they are not yet able to avoid risk or not put others at risk. Do not leave children in "nannies" with younger children!

Life safety training is required. As these adolescents are characterized by increasing independence and need to make responsible decisions, they need to be aware of the potential risks and ways to protect themselves and others from injury.

The second important component of injury prevention for this age group is the provision of personal protective equipment such as helmets and car restraints, including active parental involvement in teaching how to use such equipment.

Finally, it is important to create conditions for such children to play safely, as well as safely move between home, school and other centers of activity within their communities. Injuries in children 10-14 years old:

  • road traffic injuries;
  • drowning;
  • burns;
  • falls;
  • poisoning.

Help your child develop self-confidence skills!


Prevention of injuries and accidents in the age group of 15-19 years

At the age of 15-19, the risks of injury are associated with an almost adult level of responsibility and the ability to make independent decisions. As always, environmental danger determines the risk of injury, but to a much greater extent, risky behavior and the potential for injury are determined by the independence of adolescents of this age, combined with their inherent tendency to fall under the influence of peers.

Since these teenagers are significantly more likely to use roads, road traffic injury becomes the most common type of injury. There has been an increase in the number of road traffic accidents involving inexperienced or young drivers.

Drowning- this is another mechanism of trauma, common among adolescents aged 15-19 years. Increased independence of adolescents, their propensity for risky behavior, in particular those associated with the use of alcohol or other drugs of a nature, and much greater access to water while working or playing.

Burns, falls and poisoning are also common patterns of injury at this age, with poisoning in late adolescence often associated with alcohol or drug abuse. Be attentive, know how to listen to children and love them. "Unloved" children tend to get into trouble more often!

Love your children!

The information was prepared by a paramedic-valeologist Teen Friendly Center "Teenager" Gavrilova N.V.

The guidelines set out the basic principles of work on the prevention of child injuries among juvenile students. Guidelines on juvenile injury prevention are considering possible situations behavior of minor adolescents associated with extreme entertainment situations. In the modern view, such entertainment can be associated with hooking. These guidelines address issues related to personal development and the formation of underage teenagers, their involvement in such dangerous activities as “hooking”. possible ways of their resolution and methods of preventive work in this direction.

In accordance with the Federal Law of June 7, 2017 No. 120-FZ “On Amendments to the Criminal Code Russian Federation and Article 151 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation in terms of establishing additional mechanisms to counteract activities aimed at inciting children to suicidal behavior”, a separate criminal article is provided for involving a minor in committing acts that pose a danger to his life.

Features of adolescence

Modern teenagers have personal and individual characteristics, which determine the manifestation of deviations in their behavior and grouping into associations of adolescents with similar characteristics.

Modern teenagers in communication, spending free time, self-affirmation can react to the environment due to little experience in different ways, not always from the right position in life.

Among adolescents there are groups that can be closed to the environment, are able to withdraw, commit hooligan acts, including those of an antisocial orientation. Such actions pose a threat to the life and health of adolescents.

One of the main characteristics of adolescence is the entry into social life, the emergence of new responsibilities, an active desire for self-realization, for success in a particular type of activity. In a teenager, there is a further development of mental cognitive processes and the formation of his personality, as a result of which his interests change.

The main contradictions of personality in adolescence:

Between the need to show independence and the real possibilities of its implementation;

A teenager considers himself an adult, remaining a child according to his real strengths (“I myself am an adult, and therefore I don’t trust adults and they don’t dictate to me”);

The teenager most of all needs a reference group, he wants to be included in one or another social group, be considered its full member, live according to its laws. But it is precisely the groups of adolescents that are the most closed and difficult to accept “newcomers”, which often creates a special space of loneliness around a teenager with communication difficulties;

Adolescence is characterized by the desire to defend their right to individuality and uniqueness, while at the same time being “not like anyone else” and “being like everyone else”.

The main reasons for the interest of modern teenagers in catching are their age development and social environment.

How is hooking by underage teenagers understood?

extreme behavior teenager behavior on railway may take the form of hooking (or trainsurfing).

Trapping, or trainsurfing (from the English. Train surfing) - riding on the roof of transport trains (trains, subways, buses), between or under the cars.

Hooking is a socially dangerous phenomenon, similar to petty hooliganism, one of the manifestations deviant behavior youth. In modern conditions, catching affects the process of socialization, the formation of the “I-image” of a fairly large number of young people.

Hooking is a youth hobby with its own traditions, unspoken rules of ethics, and the language of communication. Numerous groups of hookers communicate on the Internet, create communities, discussing train models, time and place of collecting hooks. They can upload videos and photos of accidents with cynical comments that only “non-professionals” die, etc.

According to minor adolescents, hooking can provide:

Getting pleasure from the speed and process of driving;

Expanding the view of the surrounding area;

The ability to travel with relative comfort when the car is overcrowded;

Opportunity to save on travel expenses;

Possibility to carry out boarding and disembarking on the move of the train when moving at low speed, which allows you to catch the departing train or leave it before it stops completely;

The ability to travel on a train that does not carry passengers (on a freight, mail or service train, on a single locomotive, on a passenger train making a service flight, etc.);

Increased overall mobility when moving around the train (that is, the ability to get into the car with outside when it is difficult to get into it through the doors, for example, due to severe overcrowding of the train, the presence closed doors in inter-car crossings, etc.) and the ability to get into or out of the car in non-standard ways (through a window, inter-car tires, etc.);

The development of general physical fitness, which can play a role in rescue in an emergency.

The desire of adolescents to express themselves in the process of life by anyone, including in an unusual way, as well as a craving for risk and getting adrenaline are normal for adolescence.

Young people themselves, according to surveys and opinions on the forum, consider hooking as an opportunity to prove to others that they can do more than simple people(to go through the "path of the hero"), to find new sensations in one of the extreme sports.

Problems and dangers of hooking

None of the teenagers involved in this dangerous form of entertainment, do not think about how dangerous such a ride on a rolling stock in any of these places can become. So, riding on the roof of an electric train, young people always remain in the “risk zone” for getting an electrical injury!

Numbers will be useful here. The voltage in the wires of the contact network is extremely high - up to 27,500 volts. For comparison, it can be said that a one-second contact with a wire energized at 110-230 volts is enough to stop the heart. Without expecting an electric shock, careless actions can be taken that will lead to instant death.

In addition, we must not forget that the train passes in tunnels, under trees. The speed of an electric train can be 60–80 km/h, so any obstacle that unexpectedly arises for the “hook” in the way of the train can lead to serious injury or death.

In addition, the Moscow region attracts "hooks" with the high speed characteristics of modern passenger trains ("Sapsany", "Lastochki"), as well as the difficult conditions for "hooking" on them.

High speed, streamlined shape of the roof, as well as the minimum number of protruding elements on it make the process of "hooking" even more extreme, and therefore more interesting for teenagers. It is worth stumbling or slipping - and it will be almost impossible to hold on. The reason for falling from the roof can be even a strong gust of wind or a sharp braking of the train.

The reason for the injury of the "hooks" when riding on the handrails, the elements of the coupling between the cars is a simple inability to calculate one's own strength. To hold on to the protruding parts of the train, you need a sufficiently large physical strength, especially since during the movement the train sometimes makes quite sharp accelerations and decelerations, it can shake at the rail joints. It happens that a child, physically not very prepared for loads of such intensity, just quickly gets tired and breaks down.

The protruding elements of the electric train driver's cab (windshield wipers, lighting elements, hitch) are also among the most dangerous, and it does not matter whether the “hooks” decided to ride in the first or last car. The pressure of the air flow acting on the front or rear of the train is extremely high. In addition, turbulences in the air flow occur behind the last car during the movement of the electric train. It becomes very difficult to resist under such conditions, especially for a small person who still does not know how to calculate his strength.

Hook Prevention

One of the conditions for increasing the effectiveness of preventive work is activities, the tasks of which include the formation of positive individual interests of the personality of a teenager and positive emotional development, taking into account his needs:

- in an adult, but not in every adult (building a special relationship with a teenager in a preventive space - a relationship of creative interaction);
- in heroes (a teenager will look for an idol to follow, and this idol most often becomes the one who, not sparing bright colors and strong emotions, talks about his "high-profile deeds");
- in a peer group as a natural environment for normal development;
– in cooperation with other people;
– in protecting the rights to bright and strong emotions, adventures, romance, hobbies and interests;
- in equal family relations.

There are three specific tasks for educators to prevent:

1. Pedagogical education of parents regarding the characteristics of adolescence.
2. A certain substitution of parents in those cases when they do not want and cannot take the position necessary for the development of a teenager.
3. Protection of a minor from the cruelty and indifference of the adult world.

Such activities involve a special arsenal of means and methods of preventive action.

Methods for preventing extreme behavior of minors

Both teachers and parents of adolescents should take part in the prevention of extreme behavior of minors. It is possible to prevent the development of extreme behavior among adolescents with the help of preventive measures of influence, forming the legal consciousness of minors.

Teachers need:

Conduct preventive conversations with minors about the consequences of hooking and the real dangers of extreme hobbies in general;
- educate parents age features adolescents, youth, the role of the family and family education, forms of teenage leisure);
- use visual materials in the process of information education of adolescents (creation of an archive of printed, video and photographic materials on the prevention of child injuries at transport facilities, metro, etc.);
- carry out joint preventive work with employees of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia in transport;
- organize talks, lectures, open lessons in schools and children's summer camps showing films on the rules for finding citizens on railway tracks;
- in educational activities use preventive programs that have clear theoretical justifications for the catching phenomenon itself, supported by empirical data;
- develop and implement preventive programs and projects that contribute to the formation of safe behavior;
- develop and implement preventive programs and projects that contribute to the involvement of minors in socially significant projects;
- to facilitate the acquisition by minors of the social experience of vocational guidance related to the activities of the railway;
- to promote the creation of volunteer detachments from members of informal associations;
- organize leisure activities for minors, which will focus on interactive activities, quests, game training, family games, etc.

The role of parents is especially important, who see their child every day and can immediately understand that some changes have occurred to him. If a child comes home late, his clothes emit a specific smell of technical grease, which covers some parts of trains - it's time to "sound the alarm."

Parents need:

Have conversations with your children about the real dangers and consequences of extreme hobbies in general and hooking in particular;
- to teach children the rules of safety on the railway;
- offer your children a "healthy alternative": include them in sports, social events, etc.;
- ensure the organization of leisure activities for their children, which will focus on interactive activities and game training.

The presence of a variety of circles and sections within the walls of an educational organization, sufficient physical and mental stress outside of school, and most importantly, the interest of parents in the development of their child, constant contact with him may well become a “universal recipe” that will help to avoid such dangerous hobby like a hook.

What Not to Do

In relation to a teenager, the use of only prohibitive measures of influence is useless, since the specificity of age will lead to internal protest and an increase in interest in extreme forms of behavior.

There is only one conclusion - always look for an alternative.

In order to intensify preventive work in this direction, it is necessary to:

– increase the level of interaction with public formations dealing with adolescent issues and territorial bodies of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation in order to improve operational awareness of juvenile delinquents, identifying themselves with informal “hooking” groups;

To intensify work on the organization of targeted preventive measures at the most criminogenic and traumatic service areas;

Carry out joint interdepartmental operational and preventive measures aimed at timely detection and suppression of the facts of catching.

Basic working methods:

Identification of places of leisure for young people located near the railway, informing police officers about them; suppression of the fact that minors are on railway tracks, since walking on railway tracks is the main cause of injuries, especially if teenagers are wearing headphones or a hood;

Timely suppression of catching when a citizen tries to climb onto a train at the entrance (or when jumping off the train) on the platform of the railway station;

When identifying adults engaged in catching or involving minors in these groups, it is necessary to carry out explanatory preventive work aimed at the emergence of a psychological factor of guilt in an adult for the possible death of a minor and the termination of this type of activity;

Carrying out explanatory work in educational and social institutions, shares in the streets;

When identifying adolescents who consider themselves hookers, during a conversation or testing, it is necessary to carry out preventive work aimed at developing a healthy life position and stopping this activity;

If a teenager involved in catching is identified during a joint raid with police officers and when this teenager is brought to administrative responsibility, it is necessary to conduct psychological and psychological measures with him and his family. social work, as well as to involve this teenager in socially useful life at the place of residence and study.

1. Liseenko V. I. The conductor is a passenger’s ally: methods of preventing falls of passengers in public transport // Perspective directions for the development of the motor transport complex: a collection of articles of the International Scientific and Industrial Conference. – Under the general editorship of V.V. Salmina, 2016.

2. Lyubtsova A. A. Hooks, roofers, diggers - the problem of the metropolis, solutions. - M., 2013.

3. Mukhina V. S. Personality: myths and reality. – M.: Prometheus, 2016.

5. Rules for the use of surface urban public transport (trams, trolleybuses, buses) in the city of Moscow, approved by Decree of the Government of Moscow dated 02.09.2008 No. 797-PP).

6. Federal Law No. 436-FZ of December 29, 2010 (as amended on June 29, 2015) “On the protection of children from information harmful to their health and development” [Electronic resource] - Access mode: URL: www.base.consultant. ru (date of access: 03/21/2017).

7. Fedunina N. Yu. Principles of psychological prevention of injuries in transport (on the example of the catching phenomenon). - M., 2016.

Internet resources

1. http://www.fcprc.ru - Center for the protection of the rights and interests of children, Moscow;