Social work and its significance in the socialization of children in difficult life situations. Social support for children in difficult life situations

In domestic and international practice, there is an expression - a difficult life situation, meaning the experiences of a person who finds himself in a situation that seriously affects his well-being, life safety and from which he is not always able to exit with honor (he cannot find a worthy exit for him). In this case, he needs the help of the state, society. Children who find themselves in difficult times need help in particular. life situation. It is more difficult for them to find an acceptable way out of the situation on their own. Given this fact, the state is trying to predict and determine the most appropriate ways to help a child in a difficult life situation. The main goal of the state (society) is to create the most optimal conditions for the life of the child and his upbringing.
In federal law Russian Federation“On the Basic Guarantees of the Rights of the Child in the Russian Federation” dated July 24, 1998 No. 124-FZ, Art. 1 formulates typical difficult life situations for a child, in which the state assumes the obligation to provide him with the necessary assistance. These include the loss of parental care. This phenomenon can occur in a number of cases:
a) death of parents;
b) refusal of parents to take their children from institutions of social protection of the population, educational, medical and other institutions;
c) independent termination by parents of the fulfillment of parental responsibilities in relation to their child (self-elimination from raising a child);
d) non-fulfillment by parents for one reason or another of their obligations in relation to their children (for example, for health reasons - the danger of infecting a child, etc.);
e) prolonged absence of parents (for example, a long business trip);
f) restriction of parents in parental rights Oh. The decision is made by the court, taking into account the interests of the child. It can take place under the condition that leaving a child with parents (one of them) is dangerous for the child due to circumstances beyond the control of the parents (one of them) (mental disorder or other chronic illness, a combination of difficult circumstances, and others);
g) deprivation of parents of parental rights. It acts as a legislative measure for parents who do not fulfill their obligations in relation to their minor children, as well as those who abuse parental rights.
Parents' responsibilities include:
maintenance of children;
creation of normal conditions for their life activity;
be their legal representatives and act in defense of their rights and interests in all institutions without special powers;
educating them.
The deprivation of parents of parental rights is aimed at protecting the rights of children brought up in the family, to protect them from cruel treatment and other abuses by parents. It can only be carried out by a court order. Parents deprived of parental rights lose all rights based on the fact of kinship with the child, but are not released from the obligation to maintain it. If such a parent by his behavior makes it impossible for the child to live together with him, then he can be evicted without providing another living space. In case of deprivation of parental rights of both parents, the child is transferred to the care of guardianship and guardianship authorities;
h) the impossibility of parents for one reason or another to fulfill their parental responsibilities:
serving a sentence;
recognition of them as incapacitated when they cannot, for health reasons, perform duties in relation to their children (physical abilities or mental deviations);
the crisis state of the family, which does not allow it to fulfill parental responsibilities in relation to the child (unemployment and forced to look for work, difficult material conditions);
i) children who find themselves in conditions in which they require special professional assistance and (or) protection:
disability. We are talking about children who, for health reasons, are equated to children with disabilities. They need special (correctional), correctional-compensatory development, training and education;
deficiencies in mental and (or) physical development. Such children also need special (correctional), corrective-compensatory development, training and education;
victims of armed and interethnic conflicts, environmental and man-made disasters, natural disasters. In this case, a complex of medical, psychological, pedagogical and social measures is needed to help the child;
children who are part of families of refugees and internally displaced persons who find themselves in extreme conditions;
children are victims of violence. Such a phenomenon can be observed in the family when there is abuse of parental rights. It consists in the use by parents of their rights to the detriment of the interests of children (for example, creating obstacles to learning, inducing begging, stealing, prostitution, drinking alcohol or drugs, etc.);
children serving a sentence of imprisonment in an educational colony;
children in a special educational institution;
children whose life activity is objectively impaired as a result of circumstances that cannot be overcome on their own, including by the family.
In the above cases, the child ends up in the guardianship and guardianship bodies - local self-government bodies, which are responsible for protecting the rights and interests of children left without parental care.
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Guardianship authorities are called upon to:
identify children left without parental care;
take such children into account;
select forms of placement for children left without parental care. At the same time, they try to arrange them first of all in the family. To this end, they contribute to the creation of foster, guardian and other types of families;
carry out patronage of foster families, provide them with the necessary assistance (obtaining vouchers for summer camps, rest homes, sanatoriums; placing children in schools, creative teams); contribute to the creation of normal living conditions and the upbringing of a child in foster families (assistance from psychologists, teachers, social pedagogues; assistance in improving living conditions);
exercise control over the conditions of the child's maintenance, the fulfillment of the parental duties assigned to the foster family for his upbringing and education.
In case of failure to fulfill their obligations in relation to foster children, the guardianship and guardianship authorities are obliged to take measures to protect their rights.

In modern Russia, due to the increase in the number of families in a social and economic crisis, the concept of children in a difficult life situation is increasingly used in pedagogy and psychology. At the moment, the problem of socio-pedagogical support for children in difficult life situations is extremely relevant. It is caused, first of all, by the socio-economic crisis of recent decades, which significantly affected the situation of the younger generation and led to negative phenomena in such important areas for the development of adolescents as family, education, leisure, and health. The content of the concept of "children in a difficult life situation" has a lot of components. At the moment, children from socially unprotected and dysfunctional families children left without parental care, children with disabilities and developmental disorders who find themselves in extreme conditions, victims of violence and others whose life has been disrupted as a result of circumstances that they cannot overcome on their own or with the help of their families. As a result, it is necessary to define the concept of children in a difficult life situation and their socio-pedagogical characteristics.

A child is a constantly growing and developing organism, at each age stage having certain morphological, physiological and psychological characteristics.

Each child at different periods of his life, as well as depending on the social conditions in which he may find himself, for reasons beyond his control, may find himself in a difficult life situation, and, accordingly, will need help and protection to varying degrees.

I. G. Kuzina considers the general concept of a difficult life situation as “a situation that objectively violates a person’s social ties with his environment and the conditions of normal life and is subjectively perceived by him as difficult, as a result of which he may need support and assistance from social services to solve his problem »

N. G. Osukhova considers this concept as a situation in which “as a result of external influences or internal changes, a violation of the child’s adaptation to life occurs, as a result of which he is not able to satisfy his basic vital needs through models and methods of behavior developed in previous periods life".

After analyzing these approaches to the definition of a difficult life situation, and highlighting its common features, we can formulate the following definition: a difficult life situation is a situation that means the experiences of a person who finds himself in a position that seriously affects his well-being, life safety and from which he does not always able to get out on his own. In this case, he needs help. Children who find themselves in a difficult life situation especially need help. It is more difficult for them to find an acceptable way out of the situation on their own. Considering this fact, in social and pedagogical support, it is necessary to predict and determine the most appropriate ways to help a child who finds himself in a difficult life situation. The main goal of such support is to create the most optimal conditions for the life of the child and his upbringing.

Modern children have two main areas of activity, they are also the main institutions of influence on his upbringing - the sphere of the family and the education system. The vast majority of the child's problems arise precisely because of the influence of these two institutions.

For a child, the family is an environment in which the conditions for his physical, mental, emotional and intellectual development are formed. The inability of the family as a social institution to ensure the upbringing and maintenance of children is one of the main factors in the emergence of a category of children in difficult life situations [52, p.352].

We single out the most significant factors affecting family well-being, as a result of which children may experience a difficult life situation.

The first factor is the poor material living conditions of the family. Families with children in Russia have been the most deprived for a long time. The reasons are the high dependency burden on the able-bodied, the lack of work of one of the parents due to childcare, as well as the lower earnings of young professionals. Significant indicators of the material conditions of a family's life are the level of household income and housing provision. It is important to note that poor indicators of material security are concentrated in the same households. Families living in poor housing conditions and not having enough money have low chances to get out of poverty, so they should be given special attention by specialists in services for the prevention of family trouble and orphanhood.

The second factor affecting well-being is the loss of connection with the labor market. Families with children show a high degree of economic activity, and employment is more likely to be among the poor. An increased risk of poverty and, as a result, family distress, is experienced by complete families with children in which a man is economically inactive. Families that have been affected by long-term unemployment, single-parent families with children in which the parent is unemployed, are also among the poor. In incomplete families, women from an economic point of view perform the function that is characteristic of men in complete families. Families with children who are unemployed, although they fall into poverty, have a high chance of getting out of it as a result of a successful job search, in contrast to families in which the man is economically inactive.

The third factor is intra-family conflicts, an unfavorable psychological atmosphere in the family. It is a mistake to assume that all families in which disagreements occur are at risk, and the children living in them are classified as being in a difficult life situation. Only children in a critical situation, in an environment of severe conflicts, which have many reasons, can be considered children who find themselves in a difficult life situation. These children certainly need help, and their families should certainly be included in the target group of programs for the prevention of social orphanhood.

Another not unimportant factor affecting family well-being is abuse in the family. A big problem in the work to identify and prevent families where child abuse is practiced is that the families themselves, both parents and children, hide this fact: parents - because they are afraid of punishment and condemnation, children - because they are ashamed of their position and feel fear.

The next factor is alcoholism and drug addiction in the family. Alcoholism and drug addiction are those problems that, if not the causes of family trouble, often accompany it. A child, getting into the environment of parents dependent on alcohol or drugs, as a rule, has physical, psychological and social developmental problems. In addition, most children inherit this addiction and constitute a high-risk group for the formation of mental, neurological and somatic disorders. A child is often saved from addicted parents on the street, but there he also expects a dysfunctional environment and the influence of street peers. Such families concentrate all other problems in themselves, as they lose their connection with the labor market and do not have a stable income.

There is also such a factor as a dysfunctional family environment for children, the risks of divorce, and failure to fulfill childcare responsibilities. In Russian society, there is a strong opinion on the question of who should be responsible for raising children. Despite the fact that the majority of respondents believe that the care of a child should fall on the shoulders of the family, or at least should be shared between the family and society, there are parents who shift the responsibility for a preschool child from the family to society. Parents who believe that the care of children should be delegated to society do not want to take responsibility for raising children, which means that they do not fully fulfill their parental responsibilities.

There is reason to believe that critically poor housing conditions and an acute income deficit are the most painful problems for families, followed by a high level of conflict in the family, and only then all other types of trouble. In most cases, a critical situation is associated with a combination of manifestations of trouble.

The Federal Law of the Russian Federation "On the Basic Guarantees of the Rights of the Child in the Russian Federation" formulates typical difficult life situations for a child related to the family:

Death of parents.

Refusal of parents to take their children from institutions of social protection of the population, educational, medical and other institutions.

Independent termination by parents of parental duties in relation to their child.

Failure by parents for one reason or another of their duties towards their children.

Prolonged absence of parents.

Restriction of parents in parental rights. The decision is made by the court taking into account the best interests of the child. It can take place under the condition that leaving the child with the parents or with one of them is dangerous for the child due to circumstances beyond the control of the parents or one of them.

Deprivation of parental rights. It acts as a legislative measure for parents who do not fulfill their obligations in relation to their minor children, as well as abusing parental rights.

The impossibility of parents for one reason or another to fulfill their parental duties: serving a sentence; recognition of their incompetent when they cannot, for health reasons, perform duties in relation to their children; the crisis state of the family, which does not allow it to fulfill parental responsibilities in relation to the child. In the above cases, the child ends up in the guardianship and guardianship bodies - these are local government bodies that are entrusted with the responsibility to protect the rights and interests of children left without parental care. Guardianship and guardianship bodies are called upon to: identify children left without parental care; take such children into account; select forms of placement for children left without parental care. At the same time, they try to arrange them, first of all, in a family. To this end, they contribute to the creation of foster, guardian and other types of families; carry out patronage of foster families, provide them with the necessary assistance; contribute to the creation of normal living conditions and the upbringing of a child in foster families, that is, to provide assistance from psychologists, teachers, social pedagogues, to promote the improvement of living conditions, to exercise control over the conditions of the child, the fulfillment of parental duties assigned to the foster family for his upbringing and education. In case of failure to fulfill their obligations in relation to foster children, the guardianship and guardianship authorities are obliged to take measures to protect their rights.

Based on the foregoing, we understand that a fairly large number of factors that provoke a difficult life situation in a child come from his family. If at least one of the factors described above is present in the family, then the risk of difficult situation the child is very high. Another important area of the child's activity is the educational sphere. Since it is one of the main activities of children, the possibility of a difficult life situation for a child is increased here.

One of the problems of a child in a difficult situation is a low level of socialization, that is, limited mobility, poor contacts with peers and adults, limited communication with nature and access to cultural values, etc. In modern schools, the main role is assigned to the educational rather than socializing function, the school does not provide children with the necessary set of qualities they need for full integration into society. The limited activity of the school determines the negative attitude of the majority of students towards this institution of education, which does not give him the opportunity to express himself as a person. The reason for the emergence of a difficult situation in the lives of children can be an unsatisfactory level of knowledge, and as a result, a large gap in academic performance between the best and worst students. This is very closely related to the self-esteem of the personality of the child. As a result, children have problems of different directions associated with deadaptation in social relations at school. These problems together can lead to a difficult situation for the child.

V. A. Nikitin in his study describes socialization as “the process and result of the inclusion of an individual in social relations” . It is important to keep in mind that socialization is a process that lasts throughout a person's life. Therefore, one of the main goals of socialization is the adaptation of a person to social reality, which serves as the most possible condition for the normal functioning of society. At the moment, difficult life situations that lead to a low level of socialization of the child include: begging, homelessness and neglect, various types of deviant behavior, as well as illness and disability. The problems that arise in the process of socialization of such children are, first of all, social problems: insufficient forms of social support, inaccessibility of health care, education, culture, and consumer services. Among them, problems of the macro-, meso- and micro-level can be singled out. This set of problems is being solved by the efforts of the entire society and the state aimed at creating equal opportunities for all children.

The Federal Law “On the Basic Guarantees of the Rights of the Child in the Russian Federation” defines the term “children in a difficult life situation”, “these are children, orphans or children left without parental care; disabled children; children with disabilities, that is, those with disabilities in physical and (or) mental development; children - victims of armed and interethnic conflicts, environmental and man-made disasters, natural disasters; children from families of refugees and internally displaced persons; children are victims of violence; children serving sentences of imprisonment in educational colonies; children in special educational institutions; children living in poor families; children with behavioral problems; children whose life activity is objectively impaired as a result of the circumstances and who cannot overcome these circumstances on their own or with the help of the family.

At the moment, in modern Russia, the problem of child orphanhood, and especially social child orphanhood, is very acute. If earlier these were children whose parents died at the front, today the vast majority of children brought up in orphanages, orphanages, boarding schools have one or both parents, that is, they are social orphans, or orphans with living parents. In the Federal Law "On Additional Guarantees for Social Support for Orphans and Children Left without Parental Care", orphans are "persons under the age of 18 whose both or only parent have died." Children left without parental care are “persons under the age of 18 who were left without the care of a single parent or both parents due to the deprivation of their parental rights, restriction of their parental rights, recognition of their parents as missing, incompetent, declaring them dead, establishment by the court of the fact of the loss of parental care by a person, serving a sentence by parents in institutions executing a sentence of deprivation of liberty, being in places of detention, suspected and accused of committing crimes, evading parents from raising their children or from protecting their rights and interests, refusing to parents to take their children from educational organizations, medical organizations, organizations providing social services, as well as if the only parent or both parents are unknown, in other cases of recognizing children left without parental care in the manner prescribed by law.

It is worth paying attention to such a category of children who find themselves in a difficult life situation, such as children with disabilities or children with disabilities. The health of the Russian population is in critical condition. The results of thorough research testify to the crisis state of health in representatives of all age groups, especially in children. In Russia, as well as throughout the world, there is a tendency for the growth of children with disabilities. Based on the provisions of Law No. 181-FZ and the Family Code of the Russian Federation, “a disabled child is understood to be a person under the age of 18 who has a health disorder with a persistent disorder of body functions due to diseases, the consequences of injuries or defects, leading to limitation of life and causing the need for social protection. Children with developmental disabilities are deprived of the channels of obtaining information available to their healthy peers: constrained in movement and use of sensory channels of perception, children cannot master the whole variety of human experience that remains out of reach. They are also deprived of the possibility of subject-practical activity, limited in play activity, which negatively affects the formation of higher mental functions. Violation, lack of development can occur suddenly after an accident, illness, or it can develop and intensify over a long time, for example, due to exposure to adverse environmental factors, due to a long-term chronic disease. A disadvantage, a violation can be eliminated, in whole or in part, by medical and psychological-pedagogical, social means or decrease in its manifestation. At the moment, Russian education, which forms a certain degree of tolerance for children with disabilities, has a humanistic orientation. Networks of medical and rehabilitation institutions, boarding schools, centers for social assistance to families and disabled children, and sports-adaptive schools for disabled people are being created. And yet, this problem remains relevant. A significant part of children with developmental disabilities, despite the efforts made by society to educate and educate them, as adults, are not prepared for integration into socio-economic life. At the same time, the results of research and practice indicate that any person with a developmental defect can, under appropriate conditions, become a full-fledged personality, develop spiritually, provide for themselves financially and be useful to society.

The next category of children who find themselves in a difficult life situation are children - victims of armed and interethnic conflicts, environmental and man-made disasters, natural disasters (children in an extreme situation) - these are children in need of care and assistance. They should be given the opportunity to study, including religious and moral education, according to the wishes of their parents or, in the absence of parents, those persons who are responsible for their care. All necessary measures must be taken to facilitate the reunification of temporarily separated families. Children under the age of fifteen are not subject to recruitment into armed forces or groups and are not allowed to take part in hostilities; the special protection afforded to children under the age of fifteen continues to apply to them if they take a direct part in hostilities and are taken prisoner. Where necessary, and where possible, with the consent of their parents or those with primary responsibility for their care, arrangements shall be made for the temporary evacuation of children from the area of hostilities to a safer area inland, while being escorted by persons responsible for their safety. and well-being.

Change in the general geopolitical picture of the world, aggravation of environmental, demographic and social problems, all this leads to the emergence of such a category of children who find themselves in a difficult life situation, as children from families of refugees and internally displaced persons. Article 1 of the Federal Law "On Refugees" provides the following definition: "a refugee is a person who is not a citizen of the Russian Federation and who, due to well-founded fear of becoming a victim of persecution on the grounds of race, religion, citizenship, nationality, belonging to a certain social group or political opinion is outside the country of his nationality and is unable to enjoy the protection of that country or is unwilling to enjoy such protection owing to such fear; or, having no particular nationality and being outside the country of his former habitual residence as a result of such events, is unable or unwilling to return to it owing to such fear. From Article 1 of the Law of the Russian Federation “On forced migrants”, “a forced migrant is a citizen of the Russian Federation who left his place of residence as a result of violence or persecution committed against him or his family members, or because of a real risk of being persecuted on the basis of race or nationality, religion, language. Citizens of the Russian Federation who left their place of residence as a result of persecution on the basis of belonging to a certain social group or political convictions are also recognized as internally displaced persons. The significance of the problems of families of refugees and internally displaced persons in modern Russian society is actualized in various aspects of an individual's life in the system of personal-environment relations. It is known that during forced migration, the social adaptation of a person is seriously violated: from one natural and social environment, he moves to another, painfully breaking many natural-anthropological ties and artificially creating such ties in a new place. As a result, refugee children often experience psychological trauma when they witness the murder or death of their parents and relatives. As psychologists testify, traumatic events leave a deep imprint in the child's psyche, which remains in his memory for a long time. All children who have experienced psychological shock suffer from its consequences. In addition to many physical and mental disorders, they also have a violation of the process of cognition and behavior in society. The severity of violations and their manifestations is associated, as a rule, with the degree of severity of violence, the presence or absence of bodily injuries in the child himself, as well as the loss or preservation of family support.

Children are the most suggestible and led, unlike adults, and often become victims in various situations. They may be victims of domestic or school violence, be victims of violence on the street.

M.D. Asanova identifies four main types of child abuse: physical abuse is a type of attitude towards a child when he is deliberately placed in a physically vulnerable position, when he is intentionally inflicted with bodily harm or does not prevent the possibility of inflicting it; sexual abuse is the involvement of functionally immature children and adolescents in sexual activities that they perform without fully understanding them, for which they are unable to consent, or that violate the social taboos of family roles; psychological abuse is an act committed against a child that hinders or harms the development of his potential abilities. Psychological abuse includes such chronic aspects of behavior as humiliation, insult, bullying and ridicule of a child; neglect is the chronic inability of a parent or caregiver to provide for the basic needs of a minor child for food, clothing, housing, medical care, education, protection and supervision. With physical neglect, a child may be left without the necessary nutrition corresponding to his age, may be dressed inappropriately for the weather. With emotional abandonment, parents are indifferent to the needs of the child, ignore him, there is no tactile contact. Neglect can manifest itself in the neglect of the child's health, the lack of necessary treatment for him. Neglect of the child's education can be expressed in the fact that the child is often late for school, skips lessons, stays to look after younger children, and so on. The overall goal in working with children who have experienced violence is to reduce and eliminate traumatic experiences, to overcome feelings of inferiority, guilt and shame. In working with a child, it is important to maintain his ability to differentiate interactions with other people, to promote his personal development.

Recently, the increase in juvenile delinquency has been constantly emphasized, there has been an increase in the cruelty and sophistication of the deeds of adolescents, a significant rejuvenation of crime. One of the measures used as a punishment for a child for committing a crime is the deprivation of his liberty. Children sentenced by the court to punishment in the form of deprivation of liberty are sent to educational colonies for correction and re-education. However, according to statistics, many of those who have served their sentences re-commit the crime. All minors serving sentences of imprisonment in educational colonies also represent the category of children who find themselves in a difficult life situation. Adaptation is one of the important aspects that arise when a child is deprived of his liberty. In the conditions of an educational colony, the concept of adaptation should be considered in a broad aspect. Since the essence of the problem will depend on the conditions of serving a sentence: strict, ordinary, light or preferential, since when moving from one condition to another, even within the same colony, the social environment, daily routine, work and educational activities, assessment of prospects change. , the aspirations of the pupil. Almost every convicted teenager has some degree of emotional tension, dissatisfaction with the life situation, a reduced emotional background, as well as some kind of disorder. Getting into an educational colony, a teenager learns what the daily routine is, the rules of conduct. That is why sleep disorders, lethargy, passivity, fatigue are possible. A large place in the general anxiety of a teenager is occupied by all sorts of fears, a feeling of an incomprehensible threat, and the self-doubt associated with this. The main goal of social and pedagogical support is to help the child adapt in an educational colony, and its end result is a successful entry into the team, the emergence of a sense of confidence in relations with members of the team, satisfaction with one's position in this system of relationships.

Thus, from all of the above, we understand that the problem of children who find themselves in a difficult life situation is currently quite acute. Therefore, there is a need for a special attitude towards such children, that is, the need for social and pedagogical support. Depending on the reasons for the emergence of a difficult life situation in a child, and his socio-pedagogical characteristics, it becomes necessary to choose an individual work technology. To date, there are many studies aimed at approaching the compilation and application of technologies for the socio-pedagogical support of children who find themselves in a difficult life situation as efficiently as possible.

Children who find themselves in a difficult situation are unhappy all together and each in his own way. In today's unstable, full of change world, it is not easy for their psyche to cope with stress. Toddlers are very dependent on adults. And this becomes an additional destabilizing factor. Therefore, assistance to children in difficult life situations is considered from the perspective of the family and society. It must be comprehensive.

Who needs help and when?

Any child can find himself in unfavorable, crisis conditions. Changes that he cannot cope with on his own are brought about by social, social and intra-family events (drug addiction, addiction to alcohol, violence, a marginal lifestyle, low income, medical problems, etc.).

Children in a difficult life situation may find themselves in a fatal confluence of circumstances, due to global changes in the world that affect the family system, due to the reproduction of patterns of interaction between relatives and friends. By itself, the problem is not solved. We have to involve specialized social programs, projects, specialists. Yekaterinburg is one of the few places where work with the target audience is carried out systematically, on different levels and fronts.

Directions of work of specialists

Assistance to children who find themselves in difficult conditions (whether it be a family or social crisis) should be multi-stage, competently organized, and effective. In Yekaterinburg, specialized specialists work in medical and socio-psychological areas. The second one is of the greatest interest.

A professional organization for helping difficult children provides for:

diagnostics of family, personality;
revealing the rehabilitation potential of a cell of society;
development of an individual program social adaptation or readaptation;
direct work with children and parents;
support and consulting support at all stages;
interaction with family or caregivers.

Actual problems are being solved in the co-creation of psychologists, teachers, social workers, parents.

Specialized websites for helping difficult children in Yekaterinburg offer various rehabilitation and development programs. They are aimed at a different age target audience. Qualified teachers, psychologists, and social workers work with children, schoolchildren, and teenagers in specialized organizations.

Effective support for a child, regardless of the causes of a difficult life situation, the severity of a particular case, includes:

Dealing with every existing problem.
Creation of motivation for success and conditions for its achievement. This allows you to solve issues of moral, physical improvement.
Involvement of toddlers, schoolchildren, adolescents in the processes of education, training, informal communication.
Analysis of the results obtained, development of further recommendations, correction of the program, taking into account individual achievements, the needs of the wards.

Today there is where to expect support. Professionals are ready to help!

Children in difficult life situations. The Federal Law "On the Basic Guarantees of the Rights of the Child in the Russian Federation" contains a list of children in difficult life situations.

children left without parental care;
disabled children;
children with disabilities, i.e. having physical and/or mental development;
children - victims of armed and interethnic conflicts, environmental and man-made disasters, natural disasters;
children from families of refugees and internally displaced persons;
children in extreme conditions;
children are victims of violence;
children serving sentences of imprisonment in educational colonies;
children who are in educational institutions for students with deviant (socially dangerous) behavior, who need special conditions for education, training and require a special pedagogical approach (in special educational and educational institutions of open and closed type);
children living in low-income families;
children with behavioral problems;
children whose life activity is objectively impaired as a result of the circumstances and who cannot overcome these circumstances on their own or with the help of the family.

Each of the listed groups of children in difficult life situations requires special care and protection from state authorities and local self-government. The specifics of the care and arrangement of these children, their social adaptation and rehabilitation, as a rule, require special legal regulation.

Children left without parental care. Among the children in a difficult life situation, the largest part are children left without parental care. Federal Law No. 159-FZ of December 21, 1996 “On Additional Guarantees for Social Support for Orphans and Children Left Without Parental Care” refers to such children persons under the age of 18 who are left without the care of a single parent or both parents due to with certain circumstances:

Deprivation of parents of parental rights, restriction of their parental rights;

recognition of parents as missing, incapacitated (partially incapacitated), declaring them dead;

- Establishment by the court of the fact of loss of parental care by a person;
- by parents serving sentences in institutions executing sentences of deprivation of liberty, by being in places of detention of suspects and those accused of committing crimes;
- avoidance of parents from raising their children or protecting their rights and interests;
- refusal of parents to take their children from educational organizations, medical organizations, organizations providing social services;
- in case the single parent or both parents are unknown;
- in other cases of recognition of children left without parental care in the manner prescribed by law.

Statistical data

In 2014, 61,621 children deprived of parental care were identified in Russia, which is 10% less than in 2013.

The law also extends additional guarantees of social support to orphans and persons from among orphans and children left without parental care.

Orphans- these are also children who are actually left without parental care due to the death of both or the only parent. To persons from among orphans and children left without parental care, the law ranks persons aged 18 to 23 who need additional guarantees of social support, whose both or only parent died when they were under the age of 18 , as well as those left without the care of a single or both parents.

The device of children left without parental care. Children left without parental care must first of all be provided with the necessary accommodations. In accordance with family law protection of children, their rights and interests is entrusted to the guardianship and guardianship authorities (Article 121 of the RF IC). Therefore, it is the guardianship and guardianship authorities that elect children's device shapes, left without parental care. These forms include the transfer of a child:

- in a family for education (adoption (adoption));
- in a family under guardianship or guardianship;

to a foster family or, in cases provided for by the laws of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, to an iatronate family.

In the absence of the possibility of placement in a family, the child is temporarily transferred to organizations for orphans and children left without parental care, of all types (educational, medical organizations, organizations providing social services). Children in these institutions are fully supported by the state. Norms of material support for orphans and children left without parental care, studying and educated in federal state educational institutions, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 07.11.2005 No. 659.

The procedure for the placement of children left without parental care is governed by family law. The area of social security law includes issues of social support for such children.

Adopted (adopted) children are equated in personal non-property and property rights and obligations with their own children. Adoptive parents are engaged in their maintenance and upbringing.

Children placed under guardianship (guardianship) live and are brought up in the family of the guardian (custodian), who takes care of them. This form of placement of children deprived of parental care, as a foster family, is provided for by Art. 152-153.2 RF IC. The maintenance and upbringing of children in a foster family is based on an agreement concluded between persons wishing to become foster parents and the guardianship and guardianship authority. The rules for creating a foster family, as well as a number of other documents regulating the issues of guardianship and guardianship, were approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated May 18, 2009 No. 423 “On Certain Issues of Guardianship and Guardianship in Respect of Underage Citizens”.

A one-time allowance for the transfer of a child to be raised in a family. The placement of children left without parental care is accompanied by such a measure of social support as a lump-sum allowance when a child is transferred to a family for upbringing.

The right to this allowance when transferring a child for upbringing to a family (adoption, establishment of guardianship (guardianship), transfer for upbringing of children left without parental care to a foster family) has one of the adoptive parents, guardians (trustees), foster parents. The transfer of a child to be brought up in a family is possible in the case when the child is left without the actual care of the parents, without parental care.

If two or more children are placed in foster care, the allowance is paid for each child.

A one-time allowance when a child is transferred to a family for upbringing is paid in the same amount as a one-time allowance for the birth of a child - from February 1, 2016, it amounts to 15,512.65 rubles.

In case of adoption of a disabled child, a child over the age of seven, as well as children who are brothers and (or) sisters, the allowance is paid in the amount of 100,000 rubles. for each such child (from February 1, 2016 - 118,529.25 rubles, including indexation).

Other payments when transferring a child to be raised in a family. In accordance with the law, the duties of guardianship and guardianship are performed, as a general rule, free of charge. However, the body of guardianship and guardianship, based on the interests of the ward, has the right to conclude an agreement with the guardian or trustee on the implementation of guardianship or guardianship on reimbursable terms. The remuneration to the guardian or custodian may be paid out of income from the property of the ward, funds from third parties, as well as from the budget of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation.

Foster parents in relation to the adopted child or children exercise the rights and perform the duties of a guardian or trustee on the basis of a concluded agreement. The amount of remuneration due foster parents, the amount of funds for the maintenance of each child, as well as the measures of social support provided to the foster family, depending on the number of children adopted for the upbringing, are determined by the agreement on the foster family in accordance with the laws of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

The measures of social support provided for by the legislation of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation for children placed for adoption (adoption), for raising in a family (under guardianship, guardianship, in a foster family) may include a monthly allowance for the maintenance of a child transferred for upbringing in a family (under guardianship, guardianship, in a foster family); a one-time allowance for a child upon transfer to a family for upbringing (guardianship, guardianship, foster family), upon adoption (adoption); monthly remuneration to guardians, foster parents.

Children who are under guardianship (guardianship) or transferred to a foster family retain the right to the alimony, pensions, allowances and other social benefits due to them.

Peculiarities orphanage family type. In recent years, special attention has been paid to the organization of family-type orphanages. A family-type orphanage is formed on the basis of a family, if both spouses have expressed a desire to take care of at least five and no more than 10 children aged from birth to 18 years. To create such an orphanage, it is necessary to take into account the opinions of all family members living together. Children are transferred to such Orphanage taking into account the opinion of the child, and from the age of 10 - only with his consent.

A family-type orphanage is created by decision of an executive authority of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation or a local government. Relations between the founder and the family-type orphanage are built on the basis of an agreement concluded between them. A family-type orphanage is financed by the founder based on the norms for providing pupils of educational organizations for orphans and children left without parental care.

The educators of a family-type orphanage are subject to the terms of remuneration, provision annual leave, as well as benefits and guarantees established for employees of educational organizations for orphans and children left without parental care. Educators of a family-type orphanage enjoy the priority right to receive vouchers for children, including free ones, to sanatoriums, health camps, as well as rest houses and sanatoriums for recreation and treatment together with children.

Spheres of social support for children left without parental care. The federal law "On additional guarantees for social support for orphans and children left without parental care" indicates the main areas in which social support for such children is provided: education, medical care, property and housing rights, employment and employment.

Education. For orphans and children left without parental care, persons from among orphans and children left without parental care, the law establishes free education at the preparatory departments of educational institutions of higher education and free secondary vocational education under the training program for skilled workers.

In the case of receiving secondary vocational education or higher education in full-time education at the expense of the budget, they are credited to full state support until the end of their studies (including if they reach the age of 23 years).

Along with full state support, they are paid a scholarship (in accordance with the Federal Law "On Education in the Russian Federation"), an annual allowance for the purchase of educational literature and writing materials in the amount of a three-month scholarship, as well as 100% wages, accrued during the period of industrial training and industrial practice.

Graduates who come during holidays, weekends and holidays in the organizations in which they studied, by decision of their management bodies, they can be credited for free meals and accommodation for the period of their stay in them.

Graduates are also once provided at the expense of the funds of the organizations in which they studied and (or) were kept, brought up, with clothes, shoes, soft furnishings and equipment in accordance with approved standards, as well as a one-time cash allowance in the amount of at least 500 rubles. At the request of the graduate, he can be given monetary compensation in the amount necessary for the acquisition of these items, or such compensation can be transferred to the graduate's bank account.

When such students are granted academic leave for medical reasons, they are retained for the entire period of full state support, they are paid a scholarship. The organization in which they study contributes to the organization of their treatment.

During the period of study (at the expense of the federal budget), they are provided with free travel in urban, suburban, rural areas on intra-district transport (except for taxis), as well as free travel once a year to the place of residence and back to the place of study. For students at the expense of the budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation or local budgets, preferential travel is established by legal acts of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

Medical service. Orphans and children left without parental care, as well as persons from among orphans and children left without parental care, are guaranteed free health care(including high-tech), medical examination, rehabilitation, regular medical examinations, providing vouchers to health camps, to sanatorium organizations if there are medical indications, as well as paying for travel to and from the place of treatment.

Property and housing rights. To orphans and children left without parental care, persons from among orphans and children left without parental care who do not have the right or opportunity to live in a residential building, by the executive authority of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation on whose territory the place of residence of these persons is located , in the manner prescribed by the legislation of this constituent entity of the Russian Federation, comfortable residential premises of a specialized housing stock are provided on a one-time basis under contracts for hiring specialized residential premises. Living quarters are provided when they reach the age of 18, as well as in the event that they acquire full legal capacity before reaching the age of majority.

Employment and employment. Job seekers for the first time and registered with the state employment service in the status of unemployed orphans, children left without parental care, persons from among orphans and children left without parental care are paid unemployment benefits for six months in the amount of the average wages prevailing in the republic, territory, region, cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg, autonomous region, autonomous district. The bodies of the employment service during the specified period carry out vocational guidance, send for vocational training or additional vocational education, organize the employment of persons in this category. Employees - orphans and children left without parental care, persons from among orphans and children left without parental care, released from organizations in connection with their liquidation, reduction in the number or staff, employers (their successors) are obliged to provide at the expense of own funds necessary vocational training with their subsequent employment in this or another organization.

Laws and other regulatory legal acts of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation carry out detailed regulation of the measures of social support provided for by federal law for orphans and children left without parental care, and additional measures of such support may also be established.

Social support for the neglected, the homeless, who are in a socially dangerous situation. Social support for this category of children in difficult life situations is carried out in the course of the implementation of activities to prevent neglect and juvenile delinquency. These relations are regulated by the Federal Law of June 24, 1999 No. 120-FZ “On the Fundamentals of the System for the Prevention of Neglect and Juvenile Delinquency”. As the main objectives of the activities for the prevention of neglect and juvenile delinquency, this law proclaims, in particular, the social and pedagogical rehabilitation of minors in a socially dangerous situation, as well as ensuring the protection of the rights and legitimate interests of minors. The solution of the tasks set is entrusted to the bodies and institutions of the system for the prevention of neglect and juvenile delinquency, which include, among other things, management bodies for social protection of the population, management bodies in the field of education (federal, constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local self-government), guardianship and guardianship bodies, bodies for youth, health authorities, employment service authorities.

See: Articles 153, 153.1 of the RF IC.

See: Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of March 19, 2001 No. 195 “On the family-type orphanage”.

That is, if they are not tenants of residential premises under social rental agreements or family members of the tenant of residential premises under a social rental agreement or owners of residential premises, as well as if their residence in previously occupied residential premises is recognized as impossible.

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Children in difficult life situations

At the same time, it is obvious that the upbringing of such a child requires exorbitant efforts from a woman left alone. Characteristic features of families with children with disabilities:

low-income: caring for a sick child requires, in addition to large material costs, a lot of personal time, so many have to give up high-paying jobs in favor of work with a more flexible schedule and convenient location;
isolation from society: difficulty attending entertainment venues and events due to insufficient readiness of society to accept children with disabilities and poor technical support for the needs of people with disabilities;
difficulties in obtaining education and profession.

For the implementation of educational and professional activities, special children need special conditions.

Children in difficult life situations

In the future, such children experience difficulties in communication, it is difficult for them to general development, decreased academic performance and interest in life. Children who find themselves in extreme conditions need qualified help from psychologists in overcoming post-traumatic stress disorder.
4. Children subjected to violence, including in the family A child who is abused lives with a deep trauma from an early age. The child, as a rule, carefully hides the cause of the injury from others, the pain from the injury can torment him for the rest of his life.
Types of violence:

physical abuse, when a child is beaten, while marks of beatings may remain on the body, or they are not fed,
sexual abuse,
psychological abuse, when a child is humiliated, isolated, lied to and threatened in every possible way.

The concept of "difficult life situation".

The most terrible thing for a small person can be violence against him in the family, when it seems to him that no one will ever protect him, there is no one to complain to. After all, the tormentors are his closest people, parents who, for personal reasons, have become alcoholics, drug addicts, religious fanatics, or are mentally ill people.

An important role in such situations is played by an anonymous helpline where children can call without fear of exposure. Everyone can and should report situations of domestic violence that we witness: relatives, neighbors, school psychologists and teachers.

5. Children serving sentences of imprisonment in educational colonies; children in special educational institutions As a rule, these children tend to deviate in behavior, or deviant behavior, i.e.

Children in difficult situations are:

Important

Children without parental care The number of orphans increases in direct proportion to the decline in socio-economic well-being in the country. Babies are left without parental care for a number of reasons.

Most often, this is the deprivation of parental rights. Reasons for termination of parental rights:

failure to fulfill parental responsibilities or abuse them,
presence of domestic violence,
the presence of chronic drug addiction or alcoholism in the family,
commission by a parent of a crime against the life and health of his child or spouse.

Thus, children can be left without parental care and end up in an orphanage if staying in a family becomes dangerous for their lives. The primary task of the society is the early identification of families that fall into the risk group, assistance to such families and their support, the desire to preserve the birth family for the child.

Features of working with children in difficult life situations

It is necessary to single out certain styles of family relationships leading to the formation of antisocial behavior of minors: - a disharmonious style of educational and intra-family relations, combining, on the one hand, indulgence in the wishes of the child, overprotection, and on the other hand, provoking the child into conflict situations; or characterized by the statement in the family of double morality: for the family - one rule of conduct, for society - completely different; - unstable, conflicting style of educational influences in an incomplete family, in a situation of divorce, long-term separation of children and parents; — an asocial style of relations in a disorganized family with the systematic use of alcohol, drugs, immoral lifestyle, criminal behavior of parents, manifestations of unmotivated “family cruelty” and violence.

Concepts and essence of a difficult life situation

Traditionally, the main criterion for classifying a child as “difficult” is, in the overwhelming majority of cases, poor academic performance and indiscipline. This is a consequence of the difficult situation for the child in which he finds himself in the school team from the very beginning of his studies.

Attention

The main thing here is the inner feelings of the child himself, his personal attitude towards the teacher, his classmates around him, and himself. The child becomes “difficult” when there is a coincidence, the imposition of negative external influences, failures at school and pedagogical mistakes of teachers, the negative influence of family life and intra-family relations.

In other words, the child falls out of the sphere of education at once in many links and is in the zone of active negative influences.

Dubna department of social protection of the population

A difficult childhood is not always the worst. A bad childhood is homeless, unkind, in which the child is lost, like an unnecessary thing. A "difficult" child is someone who has a hard time. That is how you need to understand what is happening to him. "Difficult" it is not only for adults, but primarily for themselves. "Difficult" child - suffering, rushing about in search of warmth and affection. Destitute and almost doomed. He feels it. All "difficult" children, as a rule, did not have a friendly, caring environment either in the family or at school.

At first, difficulties with adaptation, lack of abilities, and then unwillingness to learn led these children to disorganization, violations of discipline. It is difficult for the child. This is his unsatisfied need to be like everyone else, to be loved, desired, treated kindly.

The fact that these children are rejected at home and in the classroom further alienates them from other children.

Children in difficult life situations

Consequences of violence:

children develop anxiety and various fears,
children may experience guilt, shame,
children do not know how to navigate their feelings and emotions,
in adult life, children often face a number of difficulties in creating their own family.

Early detection of this difficult situation plays a key role in helping child victims of violence. It is necessary to be more attentive to the children around us in order to notice that the child may be depressed, upset.
First of all, this applies to the parents of the child. It is extremely important for parents to be in close contact with their children. It is very useful to discuss with the child what he does outside the home, with whom he communicates, while it is important to maintain a trusting relationship so that he does not hesitate to tell at home if someone does not behave with him in the way that is customary in his family.

Children in difficult situations

Causes of difficult life situations in children One of the main reasons for the emergence of the category "children in difficult life situations" is family trouble, namely:

drug addiction or alcoholism in the family;
low material security, poverty;
conflicts between parents and relatives;
child abuse, domestic violence.

Causes of family trouble

Reproduction of patterns of interaction and behavior adopted in the parental family.
A fatal confluence of life circumstances, as a result of which the entire structure and conditions of the existence of the family change. For example, sudden death, disability of one of the family members.
Changes in the surrounding world, entailing changes in every family system.
For example, the economic crisis, wars, etc.

Children in difficult situations 1.