Class hour on the theme of the day of national unity. Class hour on the topic: "Day of National Unity". I'm early guys in Europe

Class hour on the topic of:

"Day of national unity"

Lesson Objectives :

To create in students an idea of ​​the significance of the Day of National Unity for the history of our state.

To bring students to the conclusion that the day of national unity is intended to link the times, to see the history of the Motherland as a whole.

Make the most of the lesson material to instill respect for the historical past of their homeland and for all who strived for the good of Russia.

Encourage students to become kinder and more considerate towards each other

Equipment :

computer, projector, presentation "National Unity Day", musical arrangement.

The course of the classroom.

Teacher :

Since 2005, our country has officially acquired new holiday "Day of national unity" , which is now markedannually on November 4th.

? Do you know, in memory of what events this holiday was established?

Answer:

The holiday of the unity of Russia was established in memory of the events of November 4, 1612, when, in a single spiritual and military impulse, the militia led by Kuzma Minin and Dmitry Pozharsky liberated Moscow from the interventionists, which marked the beginning of the country's exit from the crisis of the Time of Troubles.

INThere are moments in the life of most peoples when it comes to their very existence. About existence not even as a state, but as an independent nation. For the Russian people, such a turning point was the beginning of the 17th century, which entered our history under the name of the Time of Troubles.

On December 16, 2004, the State Duma of the Russian Federation adopted amendments to the federal law "On the Days of Military Glory". On the basis of this law, November 4 is considered National Unity Day.

The explanatory note of the draft federal law "On the Days of Military Glory" noted:

“On November 4, 1612, militia soldiers led by Kuzma Minin and Dmitry Pozharsky stormed Kitai-Gorod, freeing Moscow from Polish invaders and demonstrating a model of heroism and unity of the whole people, regardless of origin, religion and position in society” .

Reading a poem : "Unity forever."

Gone in the history of the year
Kings have changed and nations
But the time is troubled, adversity
Rus' will never forget!

A line is written in victory,
And praises the verse of former heroes,
Defeated the people of outcast enemies,
Found freedom forever!

And Rus' rose from its knees
In hands with an icon before the battle,
Blessed by prayer
To the sound of coming changes.

Villages, villages, cities
With respect to the Russian people
Celebrate freedom today
And Unity Day forever!

Homeland and unity… Russia has been tested many times, has experienced times of chaos and hostility more than once. When the country weakened, neighbors attacked it, rushing to snatch a bigger piece and fatter. Internal and external storms shook the country to its very foundations. But the country rose again and again from the ashes. After each tragedy, she only became stronger at the envy of her enemies.

Russia was going through a difficult time. The royal family ceased, there was no king, impostors appeared who tried to seize the throne by force. Taking advantage of internal unrest, foreigners invaded Russia - the Swedes and Poles. Robber gangs plundered and destroyed the people. It seemed that help was nowhere to be found.

Time of Troubles

Historically, this holiday is associated with the end of the Time of Troubles in Russia in the late 16th and early 17th centuries.

1598 Fyodor Ioannovich died (son of Ivan IV the Terrible). He was childless, and his younger brother Dmitry was supposed to succeed him, but he was no longer alive. There was a rumor among the people that Dmitry had been killed and that the murderer had been sent by Boris Godunov, who hoped to become king after the childless Fyodor. In fact, this is what happened: after the death of Fyodor Ioannovich, elected people from different cities gathered in Moscow and elected Godunov to the kingdom. The boyars were not happy with this. Knowing that the boyars did not wish him well, Boris became suspicious and began to persecute many boyars of a noble family.

At the same time, there was a severe famine and pestilence in Russia. Many people died from them. Unrest began among the people, they began to recall the death of Tsarevich Dmitry and spread the rumor that Dmitry was alive. Indeed, soon a man appeared in Poland who declared himself Tsarevich Dmitry. False Dmitry I - a fugitive monk Grigory Otrepiev, received the support of the Polish pans, the Catholic clergy, gathered an army, moved to Russia, promising the Polish king several Russian regions. In 1604 the impostor entered Russia.

Cities surrendered to him one by one. In some places, the tsarist governors managed to smash it, but then, unfortunately, Boris Godunov died suddenly. The people considered the death of Godunov God's punishment for stealing the throne, and other cities hurried to accept False Dmitry as king. The people greeted him joyfully. Together with the tsar, Poles and Russians arrived from Poland, behaved violently, inflicted various violence on the inhabitants. This was taken advantage of by the boyars, who no longer needed False Dmitry. The boyars decided to get rid of the false tsar. They spread rumors that not a real Orthodox tsar was sitting on the throne, but an impostor and a heretic. An uprising took place in Moscow, False Dmitry was killed.

After the death of False Dmitry, the boyars chose Vasily Shuisky as tsar, but peace was not restored in the country.

In the summer of 1610, a group of boyars and noblemen forced V.I. Shuisky to abdicate and take the veil as a monk. Power passed into the hands of the Seven Boyars.

In 1611, the former Russian Tsar Vasily Shuisky was brought captive to Poland to King Sigismund. Vasily Ivanovich Shuisky died in a foreign land on September 12, 1612.

At this time, another Tsar Dmitry appeared, who escaped a second time. This impostor False Dmitry II, having gathered an army, moved to Moscow. On the way, he set up camp in the village of Tushino, which is why he received the nickname "Tushinsky Thief". At this time, a new enemy appeared - the Polish king. Sigismund III invaded Russia. The Poles defeated the army of Tsar Vasily Shuisky, he was brought down from the throne. After the overthrow of Shuisky, Rus' was left completely without a king. Not wanting to re-elect a tsar from the boyars and seeking to reconcile with the Poles, the Seven Boyars offered to call the son of the Polish king Sigismund III, Prince Vladislav, to the Russian throne.

Not wanting to re-elect a tsar from the boyars and seeking to reconcile with the Poles, the Seven Boyars offered to call the son of the Polish king Sigismund III, Prince Vladislav, to the Russian throne.

The disasters of the Russian land reached the extreme. It seemed that Russia was dead. Polish detachments spread throughout the country. The Swedes captured Veliky Novgorod. The invaders tore the country apart. The death of Russia seemed inevitable...

Polish detachments spread throughout the country.

The Swedes captured Veliky Novgorod.

The invaders tore the country apart.

The death of Russia seemed inevitable...

The great saint began to send letters to all parts of Russia, in which he called on all people to stand up for the defense of the Motherland, drive out the Poles and choose an Orthodox tsar.

Upon learning of this, the Poles imprisoned Patriarch Hermogenes in prison (the tower of the Chudov Monastery) and starved him to death. But his letters have already been distributed throughout Russia.

And at that moment, the popular feeling spoke in the Russian people, and they decided to stand for their native country against foreigners. Russian militia moved from different places to Moscow. They were headed by the Ryazan nobleman Prokopiy Lyapunov. But the Russian militia, which went to the liberation of Moscow, disintegrated. Meanwhile, the Swedes came to Russian soil with the aim of capturing. They took Novgorod. And a new impostor appeared in Pskov.

The first militia broke up, and, it would seem, there is no one to protect their native country. In Nizhny Novgorod, the townspeople, led by Kuzma Minin, a simple merchant, organized a fundraiser to create a new militia to save the motherland.

Kuzma Minin was considered in Nizhny Novgorod a "beloved person" for his honesty and "wise sense." According to Minin's advice, people donated "the third money", i.e. third of the property.

In the autumn of 1611, at the call of the Nizhny Novgorod merchant elder K. Minin, the formation of a people's militia began.

For almost a year Russian people gathered forces,carried money, jewelry, clothes, weapons. The poor tore crosses off their chests.

And finally, in July 1612, the militia of Minin and Pozharsky marched on Moscow.

Prince D. M. Pozharsky became the military leader of the militia.

Prince Pozharsky, having become the head of the militia, took all power over the Russian land, but remained modest and easy to handle. He never aspired to exclusive influence on people and events. After the victory, the new king elevated him to the boyars.

In the spring of 1612, the militias went on a campaign, along the way, the ratis of other cities joined the militias. Everyone moved towards Moscow.

The battle for the capital was stubborn and bloody. With an oath "Let's die for Holy Rus'!" the militia fought bravely. All hearts, all souls, all thoughts, all desires of the Russian people were united in this cry.

However, the outcome of the battle remained unclear. But then Minin selected 300 excellent warriors, and boldly rushed with them to the enemy from behind - into the very thick of the Poles. Such an unexpected attack confused the Polish army, its ranks were upset, and the Russians took advantage of this disorder

Pozharsky besieged Moscow for two months.

On October 26 (November 4), the interventionists (Poles) opened the gates of the Kremlin and surrendered, Pozharsky triumphantly entered the city.

Here are the real heroes. They managed to unite the people around the idea of ​​serving the Fatherland.

They talked about brotherly love and sacrifice. Amid the malice, greed and despair that gripped the people, they reminded that there is no more feat than to give one's life for one's brother...

- sabers

It seemed that Russia no longer existed, culture, and way of life, and morality, and law would go into oblivion.

Love for Russia turned out to be stronger than hatred for the feudal lords. The call to unite came from the bottom of society. Forgetting insults, people of different social strata stood in one line: the merchants, the peasantry, the nobility, the clergy, the Cossacks. It was the militia that decided the fate of the Russian state.

It was a demonstration of the will to independence, love for the Motherland, the ability to organize oneself when

there is no central authority when people who are alien to Russia are on the throne.

In 1613, the Zemsky Sobor elected a new tsar, Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov. With the election of the king, the troubles ended, since now there was a power that everyone recognized and on which one could rely.

? Tell me, guys, do you know how the Russians thanked the militia heroes?

In the reign of Alexander I (in the XIX century). A monument was erected to Minin and Pozharsky in Moscow in 1818 - the work of the sculptor Martos Ivan Petrovich (1754 - 1835).

Monument to Minin and Pozharsky - the very first in Moscow! However, initially it was planned to install it in Nizhny Novgorod - in the city where the militia was gathered, "on the very place where Minin presented all his property to the people and thereby ignited the competition of his fellow citizens," and the installation was timed to coincide with the 200th anniversary of memorable events.

Fundraising began in 1803, and the work was entrusted to Ivan Martos, who won the competition in 1808 best project monument. The outbreak of the Patriotic War of 1812 affected many areas of life and significantly slowed down the progress of work). Interest in the creation of the monument was already great, but after World War II, in the wake of the rise of patriotism, it grew even more! So, in 1815, Martos completed a large model and exhibited the work for public viewing.

The sculptor depicted the moment when Kuzma Minin, pointing to Moscow, hands Prince Pozharsky an old sword and urges him to stand at the head of the Russian army. Leaning on a shield, the wounded governor rises from his bed, which symbolizes the awakening of national consciousness at a difficult time for the Fatherland. It was decided to erect a monument in Moscow, on Red Square.

The monument was cast in St. Petersburg. He went to Moscow by water and was specially brought to Nizhny Novgorod as a sign of respect and gratitude to the people of Nizhny Novgorod for their heroism in the Time of Troubles and for participating in the creation of the monument.

And in 1818, the solemn opening of the monument, installed in the middle of Red Square, opposite the entrance to the Upper Trading Rows, took place. The celebration was accompanied by a parade. On the pedestal of the monument is the inscription:"Grateful Russia to Prince Pozharsky and citizen Minin. 1818". In 1930, it was decided to move the sculpture so that it would not interfere with the parades. From now onmonument to Minin and Pozharsky is located near St. Basil's Cathedral.

November 4 is the day of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God. One of the most revered icons in Russia. It depicts the face of the Mother of God, slightly inclined to the left shoulder over the head of the Infant Savior. With the right hand the Savior blesses. In blessing the army of Minin and Pozharsky was accompanied by a miraculous icon.

The whole army prayed long and fervently before this icon. Finally, the prayers were answered: on November 4, 1612, the Poles announced that they were surrendering, and the Nizhny Novgorod militia solemnly, to the sound of bells, with the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God and banners, entered the Moscow Kremlin.

In gratitude for the help and intercession, Prince Pozharsky built at his own expense in the 20s of the 17th century a wooden cathedral in the name of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God.

The celebration in honor of the Kazan Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos was established in 1649. And to this day, this icon is especially revered by the Russian Orthodox people.

The Kazan Icon of the Mother of God enjoys unparalleled veneration in Russia. Usually it is with this icon that the young are blessed to the crown, it is she who is hung by the cribs, so that the meek face of the Mother of God looks with love at young Christians.

SUMMING UP THE CONVERSATION.

Teacher:

- What does this holiday call us to?

The new holiday is designed to remind us that we are Russians belonging to different social groups, nationalities and religions - a single people with a common historical destiny and a common future.

-What is the essence of National Unity Day?

The Day of National Unity, imbued with the ideas of national harmony, the consolidation of a society of tolerance, the strengthening of Russian statehood, will become a holiday of mutual understanding, mercy, and care for people. This is the day of the connection of the past, present and future, the unification of all the people of our vast country in love for each other, for their land, for Russia.

Why do we need unity?

To build Russia together. When we have trust in each other, when our friendship is strong, we will be able to bring our Motherland out of the crisis.

The holiday DAY OF NATIONAL UNITY is a tribute of deep respect to those significant pages of national history, when patriotism and citizenship helped our people to unite and protect the country from invaders. Overcome times of anarchy and strengthen the Russian state

November 4 is the dayunity of all Russian peoples ;

November 4 is the daysalvation of Russia from the greatest danger that

ever threatened her;
November 4 - Thisrevived holiday with its history;
November 4 is the dayreal cases and not dubious marches.

“It is not only possible, but also necessary, to be proud of the glory of one’s ancestors, not to respect it is shameful cowardice, is the first sign of savagery and immorality.” A.S. Pushkin

Without understanding, awareness, education of a sense of sovereignty, patriotism in each of usour Fatherland cannot become a truly great power.

The future of the country is yours, today's schoolboy

2. Quiz.

QUIZ QUESTIONS

1. What was the name of the state that interfered in the affairs of Russia during the Time of Troubles?

Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth

2. Who led the first militia in 1611? Prokopy Petrovich Lyapunov

3. What historical event took place on November 4 (October 22, old style), 1612?

The militia led by Minin and Pozharsky took Kitay-gorod.

4. What was the name of the national hero of that time? Ivan Osipovich Susanin.

5. Name the city where the militia of Minin and Pozharsky stopped for several months to replenish the newly arrived forces before marching on Moscow.

Yaroslavl

6. Which of the contenders for the Moscow throne was called the "Tushino thief"? False Dmitry II

7. In gratitude for the help and intercession, Prince Pozharsky built at his own expense in the 20s of the 17th century a wooden cathedral in the name of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God. What Temple are you talking about?Kazan Cathedral on Red Square in Moscow.

8. What event is associated with the end of the Time of Troubles in Rus'? With the accession of Mikhail Romanov.

9. In what year was the Celebration in honor of the Kazan Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos on November 4 first established? in 1649

10. What is the name Public Holiday which we celebrate on November 4th? National Unity Day

Reading a poem

DAY OF NATIONAL UNITY

Don't argue with history
Live with history
She unites
For feat and work
One state
When the people are one
When with great power
He moves forward.
He defeats the enemy
United in battle
And Rus' liberates
And he sacrifices himself.
For the glory of those heroes
We live with the same fate
Today is Unity Day
We celebrate with you

Final word from the teacher.

Our history is rich in glorious dates, among which the victory of the people's militia led by citizen Kuzma Minin and Prince Dmitry Pozharsky became not only a feat of arms in the name of freedom, but also its future power and greatness. The November 4 holiday is imbued with the idea of ​​concord and striving for unity, which is capable of uniting Russians even today.

Class hour: Friendship lesson "National Unity Day"

Target:

1) introduce the history of the holiday.

2) to instill in children a sense of patriotism, love for their homeland, respect for the history of their country, a sense of pride in their ancestors.

Tasks:

education of patriotism and love for the motherland;

demonstrating to children the importance of cohesion in the life of a person and an entire nation.

Equipment: presentation "National Unity Day", video "Russia is my star", computer, TV.

Event progress

Epigraph:"You need great things,

(On the desk)we need a great Russia."

(P.A. Stolypin)

I . Introductory conversation.

1. Proverb on the board: "There is no more beautiful in the world

(reading in unison)Our motherland."

What is this? Explain the meaning.

Decide what the topic of our lesson is.

What is the name of our great Motherland?

What about us, the people who live here?

Teacher:

Our country is great.

Evening in Moscow

and in the Far East

a new day is already beginning.

Mountains and valleys, forests and steppes,

rivers and seas, cities and villages -

this is our country, our motherland.

Teacher: Many poets and writers dedicated a large number of their works to our Motherland. They described the beauty, power, strength, wealth of our state. They talked about great love for their country.

And now the guys will read us poems about the Motherland.

2. Children about the Motherland:

1) Plato Voronko "There is no better native land"

Zhura - Zhura - Crane!(Sonya)

He flew over a hundred lands.

Flew, circled

Wings, legs worked hard.

We asked the crane(Eve)

- Where is the best land? -

He answered flying:

- There is no better native land!

2) Peter Sinyavsky "Russia"

Here the warm field is filled with rye,(Polina S.)
Here the dawns splash in the palms of the meadows.
Here golden-winged angels of God

Beams of light descended from the clouds.

And the earth was watered with holy water, (Polina K)
And the blue expanse was overshadowed with a cross.
And we have no Motherland, except for Russia -
Here is mother, here is the temple, here is the father's house.

From the poems read by the children, we saw how huge and powerful our Motherland is.

What are the 3 main symbols of our state? (anthem, coat of arms and flag).

Now the guys will tell us about these symbols

(Kirill)

State Anthem of the Russian Federation is one of the main official state symbols Russia, along with the flag and coat of arms . The music and the basis of the text were borrowed from the anthemSoviet Union, the melody to which he wroteAlexander Alexandrov to poetry Sergei Mikhalkov.

David

At first the anthem was without words, but in 2000a competition was announced to create a text in which poems were accepted from all citizens of Russia . More than 6 thousand letters with texts were received from citizens, but the commission chose Mikhalkov's poems.

Now we will listen to the anthem of Russia (video)

Seva

National emblem Russian Federation It is a quadrangular, with rounded lower corners, pointed at the tip, a red heraldic shield with a golden double-headed eagle, raising its outstretched wings.

Natasha

The eagle is crowned with two small crowns and - above them - one large crown, connected by a ribbon. In the right paw of an eagle - scepter, in the left - orb . On the chest of the eagle, in a red shield, is a silver rider in a blue cloak on a silver horse, striking a black dragon with a silver spear.

Refat

State flag of the Russian Federation It is a rectangular panel of three equal horizontal stripes: the top one is white, the middle one is blue and the bottom one is red.

Masha

White color represents purity of thoughts, nobility, as well as frankness.

Blue color symbolizes greatness, fidelity, chastity.

Red stands for bravery, courage, boldness and generosity.

There were many bright and glorious pages in the history of our country, but no less dark and mournful ones. We have something and whom to be proud of, whom to thank, but there is something and whom to regret. But there are events in the history of any state that do not change for centuries and never change.

And what is so special happened on this day, we now find out.

- Russia in those distant times was called Holy Rus'. This was in 1611. The Russian land was then going through hard times. In Moscow, as at home, the Polish invaders ruled. Enemies robbed, killed. The Russian people could not put up with this. (Slide 1)

In one rich city, Nizhny Novgorod, the headman of the townspeople, Kuzma Minin, spoke on the square with an appeal to spare nothing to save the Motherland. He proposed to create a detachment (people's militia): all Russian people to unite and drive the enemies out of Moscow. Prince (voivode) Dmitry Mikhailovich Pozharsky was asked to lead the militia. The militias set out on a campaign. In 1612, in July-August, the army approached Moscow. The siege of the Polish garrison began. (Slide 2)

For two whole months, the Russian army fought for Moscow, and now the militia of Minin and Pozharsky entered the Kremlin. It happened on November 4 - "Moscow cleansing" took place. The Russian army solemnly entered the devastated, but already free Moscow. (Slide 3)

Teacher: (slide 4) Under the banner of Pozharsky and Minin, a huge army gathered for that time - more than 10 thousand serving local people, up to 3 thousand Cossacks, more than a thousand archers and many peasants.

Teacher: (slide 5) With the miraculous icon of the Kazan Mother of God, revealed in 1579, the Nizhny Novgorod Zemstvo militia managed on November 4, 1612 to storm Kitay-Gorod and drive the Poles out of Moscow.

This victory served as a powerful impetus for the revival of the Russian state. And the icon became a subject of special veneration.

Teacher: (slide 6) The confidence that it was thanks to the icon of the Kazan Mother of God that the victory was won was so deep that Prince Pozharsky, with his own money, specially built the Kazan Cathedral on the edge of Red Square.

Teacher: (slide 7) National Unity Day is not a new holiday at all, but a return to old tradition. A monument was erected on Red Square with the inscription “To Citizen Minin and Prince Pozharsky. Grateful Russia.

The Russian people came up with manyproverbs about Motherland

“Do not spare your strength or life for your Motherland.”

"Motherland is a mother, know how to stand up for her."

"Where there is courage, there is victory."

What universal values ​​help the Russian people in difficult periods of life?

Student 1 Lisa

Don't argue with history

Live with history

She unites.

To the feat and to work!

Student 2 Nikita

One state

When the people are one

When with great power

He moves forward.

Student 3 David

He defeats the enemy

United in battle

And Rus' liberates

And he sacrifices himself.

Pupil 4 Polina S.

For the glory of those heroes.

We live with the same fate

Today is Unity Day

We celebrate with you!

Teacher: Our friendship, our faith.

Will be with us forever

Our strength, our will.

Will never die!

And while in the white world

The sun shines on us all,

We wish all Russians

Be united forever!

Our class is coming to an end. Let's watch a video for the wonderful song "Star-Russia".

M y favorite cartoon hero is “Cinderella”.

Once upon a time there was a sweet little girl whose name was Cinderella. She had a very kind and gentle heart. Her mother died, so she lived with a wicked stepmother and her terrible ugly daughters. Poor girl was very unhappy because they made her work hard all days long.

My favorite fairy tale has a happy ending. The Prince married Cinderella and they lived happily ever after... And I think that this wonderful story will live in my heart forever because it reminds me that our dreams always come true.

21.03.2017 12:48

This lesson plan will help students learn about this day. Because every person should know why and why we celebrate this holiday "National Unity Day".

View document content
"Classroom Day of National Unity"

Class hour

4 november

National Unity Day

Purpose: to develop a sense of citizenship and patriotism, love for the Motherland, interest in the history of the Russian state; instill a sense of pride and respect for the defenders of the state; to form responsibility for the fate of the Motherland.

GOOD HOUR

1 slide

Today we will talk about the national holiday of Russia - the Day of National Unity

2 slide

Let's start the class hour with the anthem of the Russian Federation.

performance of 1 verse and chorus of the anthem.

Russian anthem words

Russia is our sacred power,
Russia is our beloved country.
Mighty will, great glory -
Yours forever!

From the southern seas to the polar region

Our forests and fields are spread out.
You are the only one in the world! One you are -
Protected by God motherland!

Hail, our free Fatherland,
Fraternal peoples age-old union,

Ancestors given the wisdom of the people!
Hail country! We are proud of you!

Wide scope for dreams and for life
The coming years open up to us.
Our loyalty to the Motherland gives us strength.
So it was, so it is, and so it will always be!

Hail, our free Fatherland,
Fraternal peoples age-old union,
Ancestors given the wisdom of the people!
Hail country! We are proud of you!

3 slide

Purpose: to test students' knowledge of reproducing previously received information on this topic of the class hour.

(students answer questions, teacher summarizes their answers)

What is this holiday calling us to? The holiday is intended to remind that we are Russians - a single people with a common historical destiny and a common future.

What is the essence of National Unity Day?National Unity Day, imbued with the ideas of national harmony, social cohesion, strengthening of Russian statehood, mutual understanding, mercy, care for people. National Unity Day is a testament to the unity of people, service to society.

Why do we need unity? To build Russia together. When we have trust in each other, when our friendship is strong, we will be able to protect our Motherland from any danger.

4 slide

Reading by heart poems dedicated to the DAY OF NATIONAL UNITY.

Natalya Maidanik
UNITY FOREVER
Gone in the history of the year
Kings have changed and nations
But the time is troubled, adversity
Rus' will never forget!

A line is written in victory,
And praises the verse of former heroes,
Defeated the people of outcast enemies,
Found freedom forever!

And Rus' rose from its knees
In hands with an icon before the battle,
Blessed by prayer
To the sound of coming changes.

Villages, villages, cities
With respect to the Russian people
Celebrate freedom today
And Unity Day forever!

DAY OF NATIONAL UNITY
Don't argue with history
Live with history
She unites
For feat and work

One state
When the people are one
When with great power
He moves forward.

He defeats the enemy
United in battle
And Rus' liberates
And he sacrifices himself.
For the glory of those heroes
We live with the same fate
Today is Unity Day
We celebrate with you!

This the holiday of unity of Russia was established in memory of the events of November 4, 1612, when the militia soldiers led by Kuzma Minin and Dmitry Pozharsky stormed Kitay-gorod, freeing Moscow from Polish invaders and demonstrating a model of heroism and solidarity of the whole people, regardless of origin, religion and position in society.

5 slide Historically, this holiday is associated with the end of the Time of Troubles in Russia in the late 16th and early 17th centuries.

6 slide After the death of Tsar Ivan the Terrible, the Moscow throne staggered. The king had three sons. The eldest died, the middle one, frail and weak, did not reign for long. What happened to the youngest, Dmitry, is unknown. Whether due to illness, died, or because of an accident. And among the people there was a rumor: of course, they killed the royal child! And the killer is the one who became king instead of Dmitry:

7 slide Godunov Boris Fyodorovich Boris Godunov did a lot of good things for the country, he planned even more. But the people never forgave him the death of Tsarevich Dmitry. And then there's crop failure, famine. Who is guilty? Of course, the king-murderer: it is God who is punishing him!

8 slide And a terrible time began in the Russian state, which was called the Time of Troubles.

Tsars are impostors Unexpectedly, a fugitive monk Grigory Otrepiev appeared in Lithuania and called himself Tsarevich Dmitry, who miraculously escaped! The Polish king recognized him and gave an army - to win back the "father's" throne. Boris Godunov did not have time to restore order in the country: he died. The heart failed. Or did his conscience torture him?.. Without waiting for the approach of the Polish army, the boyars dealt with the children of Boris Godunov: they killed their son Fyodor, and imprisoned their daughter Xenia in a monastery.

9 slide The Pretender reigned in Moscow. This Pretender - he remained in history as False Dmitry I - turned out to be a good sovereign. It prevented the Poles and boyars from ruining Rus'. Therefore, they killed him, replacing him with another - an insignificant one, who also called himself Tsarevich Dmitry.

10 slide He became False Dmitry II. This impostor False Dmitry II, having gathered an army, moved to Moscow. On the way, he and his army set up camp in the village of Tushino, which is why he received the nickname "Tushino Thief".

11 slide And then he decided to put the Polish prince Vladislav on the Moscow throne. They sent ambassadors to the Polish king Sigismund. And he said: “I myself will sit on the throne in Moscow. Rus' will become part of the Polish kingdom!

12 slide"The state that interfered in the affairs of Russia during the Time of Troubles, was called- The Commonwealth, it included Poland and Lithuania. Then the patience of the people came to an end.

13 slideNational unity Ryazan Prokopy Lyapunov gathered a militia and moved to Moscow. The Poles and the boyars-traitors were frightened, they drew up a letter with the order to disband the militia.

14 slide And they went to Patriarch Hermogenes: "You are the most important in the Russian church. The people will listen to you. Sign the letter!" The patriarch refused and called on the Russian people to oppose the invaders.

15 slide Lyapunov's militia was small and could not take Moscow. It has been defeated. Its leader - Prokopy Lyapunov - died. But the call of Patriarch Hermogenes spread throughout all Russian cities.

16 slide Heard it in Nizhny Novgorod. The local merchant Kozma Minin was the first to give all his wealth to the militia and appealed to the inhabitants of the city. The inhabitants of Nizhny Novgorod gathered a large army.

17 slide It was headed by Prince Dmitry Pozharsky. The militia moved to Moscow and on the way grew by leaps and bounds. People flocked from everywhere.

18 slideThe militia of Minin and Pozharsky also stopped in the city of Yaroslavl for replenishment before going to Moscow. And in Moscow, the Poles again demanded from the patriarch: "Order the militia, let them disperse!" - "May the mercy of God and our blessing be upon them!" replied Hermogenes. "The traitors will be damned both in this century and in the future."

And so it happened! The whole Russian land stood up against the invaders and traitors. The battles for Moscow began. Prince Pozharsky turned out to be a talented commander. And Kozma Minin, not sparing his life, fought under the walls of the capital, like a simple warrior.

19 slide Pozharsky besieged Moscow for two months. Soon the Poles surrendered, Pozharsky triumphantly entered the city. November 4 (October 22 old style) 1612 the enemy army surrendered to the mercy of the victors, the militia led by Minin and Pozharsky took Kitai-Gorod.

20 slide When peacetime came, the new tsar generously rewarded Minin and Pozharsky. But the best reward was the memory of the people. It is not for nothing that a monument to them stands on Red Square - in the very heart of Russia. And such a monument was erected in Nizhny Novgorod.

21 slideNational hero. Ivan Osipovich Susanin became a truly national hero of that harsh time. At the beginning of 1613, when Moscow had already been liberated from the Polish invaders, detachments of invaders still roamed the Russian land in the hope of turning the tide of the war.

22 slide One of these detachments wanted to capture the newly elected Russian Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov, who lived near Kostroma.

23 slide The son of Patriarch Filaret - Fyodor Nikitich Romanov.

24 slide It was then that a peasant from the village of Domnino, located near Kostroma, Ivan Osipovich Susanin, accomplished his famous feat. Enemies tried to make him their guide, but he led the invaders into the deep forest, killed them, but died at the same time himself. Proof of the reality of the feat of Ivan Osipovich Susanin is the royal letter of granting Bogdan Sabinin (Susanin's son-in-law) half of the village for the feat of the late father-in-law.

25 slide Works of musical, visual and verbal art are dedicated to Ivan Susanin and his feat: the opera by M. I. Glinka "Ivan Susanin" ("Life for the Tsar"), the opera by K. A. Kavos ("Ivan Susanin"), the thought of K. F. Ryleev "Ivan Susanin", drama by N. A. Polevoy "Kocstroma forests", painting by M. I. Scotty "The Feat of Ivan Susanin".

26 slide

Staging of K. Ryleev's poem "Ivan Susanin"

Characters:

Reader, I. Susanin, Poles (3-4 people).

Pole: Where are you taking us?

Reader: Susanin's enemies cried out with heart.

Pole:

We get stuck and drown in drifts of snow;
We know not to get to your lodging for the night
You've gone astray, brother, right on purpose astray,
But you won't be able to save Michael that way.

Pole: Where did you take us?"

Reader: the old lyakh cried out

Susanin "Where you need

Reader: Susanin said

Susanin:

Kill, torture - my grave is here.
But know and rush: I saved Mikhail.
They thought you found a traitor in me,
They are not and will not be on the Russian Land!

Poles:"3 lodey!"

Reader: shouted the enemies, boiling over.

Poles:"Die under swords."

Susanin:

"Your anger is not terrible
Who is Russian by heart, he is cheerful and bold,
And joyfully dies for a just cause.
Neither execution nor death, and I'm not afraid:
Without flinching, I will die for the Tsar and for Rus'.

Poles:"Die!"

Reader: The Poles cried out to the hero,
And the sabers over the old man, whistling, flashed.

Pole:"Die, traitor! Your end has come!"

Reader: And the solid Susanin fell down in his wounds.
The snow is clean, the purest blood stained:
She saved Mikhail for Russia

27 slide"The election of Mikhail Romanov to the kingdom"

28 slide A monument to I. O. Susanin was erected in Kostroma.

29 slide

Day of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God

November 4 - the day of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God - has been celebrated since 2005 as the "Day of National Unity". This is not a new holiday at all, but a return to an old tradition. The celebration of the Most Holy Theotokos, in honor of Her icon, called "Kazan", was established on this day in gratitude for the deliverance of Moscow and all of Russia from the invasion of the Poles in 1612. The miraculous image of the Most Holy Theotokos was sent from Kazan to the militia, which was headed by Prince Pozharsky. Knowing that the disaster was allowed for sins, all the people and the militia imposed a three-day fast on themselves and with prayer turned to the Lord and His Most Pure Mother for heavenly help. And the prayer was heard.

30 slide

In gratitude for the help and intercession, Prince Pozharsky built at his own expense in the 20s of the 17th century a wooden cathedral in the name of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God.

The celebration in honor of the Kazan Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos was established in 1649. And to this day, this icon is especially revered by the Russian Orthodox people. Later, due to the revolution of 1917 and the events that followed it, the tradition of celebrating the liberation of Moscow from the Polish-Lithuanian invaders was interrupted, and today it has been restored again! .

31 slide

SUMMING UP THE CONVERSATION.

1. What is November 4th? The holiday DAY OF NATIONAL UNITY is a tribute of deep respect to those significant pages of national history, when patriotism and citizenship helped our people to unite and protect the country from invaders. To overcome the times of anarchy and strengthen the Russian state.

November 4 is the day salvation of Russia from the greatest danger that ever threatened her;
November 4- This revived holiday with its history;
November 4 is the day real cases and not dubious marches.

32 slide

Reading by heart a poem by Natalia Maidanik.
DRAFT
On Unity Day we will be near,
Let's be together forever
All nationalities of Russia
In distant villages, cities!

Live, work, build together,
Sow bread, raise children,
Create, love and argue,
Keep the peace of the people

Honor the ancestors, remember their deeds,
Avoid wars and conflicts
To fill life with happiness
To sleep under a peaceful sky!

.

33 slide(jump to the quiz when you click the Quiz button)

34 - 44 slides

QUIZ QUESTIONS (jump to the quiz when you press the Quiz button

1. What was the name of the state that interfered in the affairs of Russia during the Time of Troubles?
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth

2. Who led the first militia in 1611?
Prokopy Petrovich Lyapunov

3. What historical event took place on November 4 (October 22, old style), 1612?
The militia led by Minin and Pozharsky took Kitay-gorod.

4. What was the name of the national hero of that time?
Ivan Osipovich Susanin.

5. Name the city where the militia of Minin and Pozharsky stopped for several months to replenish the newly arrived forces before marching on Moscow.
Yaroslavl

6. Which of the contenders for the Moscow throne was called the "Tushino thief"?
False Dmitry II

7. In gratitude for the help and intercession, Prince Pozharsky built at his own expense in the 20s of the 17th century a wooden cathedral in the name of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God. What Temple are you talking about?
Kazan Cathedral on Red Square in Moscow.

8. What event is associated with the end of the Time of Troubles in Rus'?
With the accession of Mikhail Romanov.

9. In what year was the Celebration in honor of the Kazan Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos on November 4 first established?
in 1649

10. What is the name of the public holiday we celebrate on November 4th?
National Unity Day.

45slide

Thank you for your attention

National Unity Day

Under what name did the beginning of the 17th century go down in history?

Time of Troubles

False Dmitry the First

Civil uprising

Mikhail Romanov

Kazan Cathedral

View presentation content
"Class hour 4. 11"

You are wide, Rus', on the face of the earth

Unfolded in royal beauty!

Do you not have heroic powers,

Antiquity saint, high-profile feats?

And there is something for that, mighty Rus',

love you, call you mother,

Stand for your honor against the enemy,

For you in need lay down your head!

National Unity Day celebrated in Russia

November 4 is the date of the end of the Time of Troubles and liberation from the Polish invaders in 1612.

Boris Godunov

• After the death of Tsar Fedor, a new tsar, Boris Godunov, was elected at the Zemsky Sobor.
• He was a strong, ambitious statesman, led a successful foreign policy, under him the state ruined under Ivan the Terrible was strengthened.

False Dmitry 1

• Boris Godunov had many enemies. Taking advantage of the country's weakness, Poland supported False Dmitry 1 and launched a campaign against Russia.
• Tsar Boris Godunov suddenly died, and the Polish False Dmitry I was crowned king in Moscow.

Vasily Shuisky

The reign of False Dmitry I lasted 11 months. As a result of a conspiracy led by Prince Vasily Shuisky, the boyars killed the Pole and False Dmitry I was also killed.

The boyar tsar Vasily Shuisky ascended the throne.

• In the summer of 1610, a group of boyars and nobles forced

V. I. Shuisky to abdicate and take the veil as a monk. Power passed into the hands of the Seven Boyars.

• In 1611, the former Russian Tsar Vasily Shuisky was brought captive to Poland to King Sigismund. Vasily Ivanovich Shuisky died in a foreign land on September 12, 1612.

• Not wanting to re-elect a tsar from the boyars and seeking to reconcile with the Poles, the Seven Boyars offered to call the son of the Polish king Sigismund III, Prince Vladislav a, to the Russian throne.

False Dmitry II

• False Dmitry II - impostor . In 1607, False Dmitry II appeared in Starodub-Seversky and pretended to be a king Dmitry Ioannovich (son of Ivan the Terrible), allegedly happily saved during the Moscow uprising of 1606.

• He received support from the Poles and the Russian boyars. In May 1608, False Dmitry II defeated the troops of V. Shuisky.
• Unable to occupy the capital, he camped in the village of Tushino near Moscow, for which he received the nickname " Tushinsky thief ".
• In 1609, he lost the support of the Poles and was forced to flee to Kaluga, where he was killed.

DUALITY

The country has established dual power .

In fact, there were two tsars in Russia, two Boyar Dumas, two systems of orders.

IN Tushino The "thieves' thought" was ruled by the boyars Romanovs, Saltykovs, Trubetskoys. Was in Tushino and his own patriarch - Filaret.

Boyars for selfish purposes passed from Vasily Shuisky to an impostor and back; such boyars were called "flights".

Time of Troubles in Russia at the beginning of the 17th century

In 1610, the boyars opened the gates and let the Polish troops into Moscow.

The Muscovites have risen. Almost all of Moscow burned down. Most of the people died...

Polish detachments spread throughout the country.

The Swedes captured Veliky Novgorod.

The invaders tore the country apart.

The death of Russia seemed inevitable...

All the people rose up to fight.

Prince D. M. Pozharsky became the military leader of the militia.

Kuzma Minin (1578-1642)

« Do not spare us our property, do not regret anything,

sell yards,

lay wives and children,

to beat with a forehead

who would stand up for

true orthodox faith

and was our leader »

Kuzma Minin, a seller of meat and fish, a zemstvo headman, was considered in Nizhny Novgorod a "beloved person" for his honesty and "wise sense."

According to Minin's advice, people donated "the third money", i.e. third of the property.

People chose Prince D.M. Pozharsky as their leader, who was treated for wounds on his estate.

Nizhny Novgorod was soon joined by other cities, raised by the district charter.

For almost a year, Russian people gathered forces, and finally, in July 1612, the militia of Minin and Pozharsky marched on Moscow.

In April 1612, a huge militia was already standing in Yaroslavl with Prince Pozharsky and Minin at the head.

Prince Dmitry Pozharsky (1578-1641)

Prince Pozharsky, having become the head of the militia, took all power over the Russian land, but remained modest and easy to handle.

He never aspired to exclusive influence on people and events.

After the victory, the new king elevated him to the boyars.

Nizhny Novgorod became the center of the liberation movement. In September 1611

Nizhny Novgorod mayor Kuzma Minin called on the inhabitants of the city to stand up for the Motherland. Prince Dmitry Pozharsky was elected governor.

So the people's militia had two leaders.

The battle for the capital was stubborn and bloody. With an oath "Let's die for Holy Rus'!" the militia fought bravely.

All hearts, all souls, all thoughts, all desires of the Russian people were united in this cry. However, the outcome of the battle remained unclear.

But then Minin selected 300 excellent soldiers and boldly rushed with them to the enemy from behind - into the very thick of the Poles.

Such an unexpected attack confused the Polish army, its ranks were upset, and the Russians took advantage of this disorder. In August, a decisive victory was won over the Poles, and in October Moscow was cleared of the invaders.

Here are the real heroes.

They managed to unite the people around the idea of ​​serving the Fatherland.

They talked about brotherly love and sacrifice.

Amid the malice, greed and despair that gripped the people, they reminded that there is no more feat than to give one's life for one's brother.. .

Monument to K. Minin and D. Pozharsky on Red Square

“Grateful Russia to Prince Pozharsky and citizen Minin. 1818" .

Kazan Cathedral, was built in

20s of the XVII century at the expense of the prince Dmitry Mikhailovich Pozharsky in gratitude for the help and intercession in the fight against the Polish-Lithuanian invaders.

• It seemed that Russia no longer existed, culture, and way of life, and morality, and law would go into oblivion.

• Love for Russia turned out to be stronger than hatred for the feudal lords.

• The call to unite came from the bottom of society.

• Forgetting insults, people of different social strata stood in one line: the merchants, the peasantry, the nobility, the clergy, the Cossacks.

• It was the militia that decided the fate of the Russian state.

• It was a demonstration of the will to independence,

love for the motherland, the ability to self-organize,

when there is no central authority, when people who are alien to Russia are on the throne.

In 1613, the Zemsky Sobor elected a new tsar - Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov .

Mikhail Fedorovich

Romanov

• Mikhail Fedorovich - the founder of the royal-imperial dynasty of the Romanovs, the first Russian tsar from the boyar family of the Romanovs.
• On February 21, 1613, the Zemsky Sobor elected sixteen-year-old Mikhail Romanov as sovereign of All Rus'.

Crisis of the Russian state

Devastation of cities

and villages

Murder

innocent

of people

Threat to national

independence

Collecting money for folk

militia organized

zemstvo headman

K.A.Minin

Formation of people's militias

In Ryazan and Nizhny Novgorod

In 1611 under the direction of D. Pozharsky

Are we Russian people capable of doing a common cause today?

• This will be repeated many times in Russian history. Ordinary Russian people, who realized that the country is threatened by a mortal enemy, selflessly come to her defense.
• Example: The feat of the Kostroma peasant forever serves as a symbol of loyalty to the Motherland Ivan Susanin who sacrificed his own life in the fight against the Polish interventionists, who led the enemies into the deep forest, into the swamp (1613). According to legend, in this way he saved Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov, who was then elected to the kingdom, who was then living in Kostroma.

• 1812. People's militia - patriots of Smolensk, Borodino. Tarutino.

• A mass partisan movement that made the stay of the French in Russia unbearable. The militia, which pursued the enemy, made it possible to save the main forces of the Russian army.

People's militia of 1941

• 1941 again showed that the militia is an amazing, unique manifestation of the Russian soul, the fact of readiness to sacrifice for the sake of their homeland. Volunteers won time to deploy a cadre army.
• THEM ALL were united by the thought:

• Who if not us?
• Behind us is the Motherland!

• Without understanding, awareness, education feelings of sovereignty, patriotism

in each of us

is our Fatherland can't really become GREAT POWER .

• THE FUTURE OF THE COUNTRY IS FOR YOU, TODAY'S SCHOOLCHILDREN.

check yourself

• What is the name of the public holiday, which was first celebrated in Russia on November 4, 2005?

• National Unity Day

• Under what name did the beginning of the 17th century go down in history?

• Time of Troubles

• About whom the historian V.O. Klyuchevsky said: “He was only baked in a Polish oven, and fermented in Moscow”

• False Dmitry the First

• What is the name of the army, created on a voluntary basis?

• Civil uprising

• For the first time in the history of Russia, this tsar was elected to the throne by the Zemsky Sobor.

• Mikhail Romanov

check yourself

• The man whose appearance on the historical stage in 1608 served as the creation of DUALITY: “For almost two years, Russia had two capitals, two tsars, two Patriarchs”

• False Dmitry II "Tushinsky Thief"

• In memory of the expulsion of the Polish-Lithuanian-Swedish invaders from our land, three churches were built. One of them was erected with the money of D. Pozharsky at the corner of Red Square and Nikolskaya Street. What is the name of this temple?

• Kazan Cathedral

• Each holiday has its own symbolism. Suggest what can become a symbol of the holiday of national unity (emblem, motto, coat of arms, image)

This slide contains self-test questions. After the student's answer options, by clicking on the screen, the correct answer appears on the screen.

The purpose of the lesson is to help:

• education in students of patriotism, respect for the history and traditions of our Motherland, citizenship;
• the development of schoolchildren's worldview beliefs on the basis of their understanding of historical events, the ability to trace the connection between history and modernity;
• students' understanding of their status as a citizen of Russia, a member of the Moscow community;
• developing students' ability to analyze information presented in different sign systems (text, map, illustration, diagram, audiovisual series).

Lesson provision:

• Historical map "Russia in the 17th century" with a diagram-insert "Liberation of Moscow on October 26, 1612";
• Russian anthem;
• illustrations for the lesson (see presentation);
• N. Konchalovskaya's book "Our ancient capital";
• a piece of music - the chorus "Glory" from the opera "Life for the Tsar" by M. Glinka;
• fragments of computer programs.

National Unity Day is dedicated to the liberation of Moscow from the Polish interventionists on October 26–27, 1612 (according to the old style) The second militia under the leadership of citizen K. Minin and Prince D. Pozharsky.

When conducting a lesson, it is necessary to take into account that the children are still little familiar with national history. Therefore, the task comes to the fore to acquaint them with the events of the Time of Troubles, to explain why the day of the liberation of Moscow in 1612 became official holiday- National Unity Day.

Teacher: Our lesson today is dedicated to a new holiday that will be celebrated in our country on November 4th. What is this day? What is it dedicated to? Finding answers to these questions is the task of our lesson.

On the calendar, we see the dates marked in red. These are the dates that are celebrated in Russia. Tell me, please, what holidays do you celebrate with your parents? Each of these holidays is associated with some kind of tradition, custom, historical event, memorable date. November 4th we will celebrate National Unity Day. Think about how you can explain the word "unity"? (Union) This means that the holiday is associated with an event in which the unity of all citizens of the country was manifested. When will the unification of all citizens of the country? Why?

Reference: IN Russian history there were periods when the unification of people made it possible to rid the country of danger looming over her. So it was when the Grand Duke Dmitry Donskoy gathered the united Russian army and opposed the hordes of Khan Mamai on Kulikovo field, when all the people united against the troops of the French emperor Napoleon in Patriotic War of 1812 year, as well as during Great Patriotic War 1941–1945 gg.

In the history of Russia, in the 17th century, there was a period called the Time of Troubles. The events associated with it gave rise to a new holiday. Look at the painting "Time of Troubles" (see presentation). What impression does the event depicted in the picture make on you? Who is depicted on it?

You see people in foreign clothes. These are invaders from Poland who came to Russia to seize power in the country, to spread a religion alien to Russia - the Catholic one. The danger hanging over the country was great. In 1611, the interventionists entered Moscow, the capital of Russia.

N.

How the invaders of the Kremlin waited for the king

Burning, burning, groaning Rus'

Under the yoke of Polish gangs.

Enemies in the Kremlin.

Colonel Strus is the Kremlin commandant.

Moscow robbed, robbed,

A horde of gentlemen is waiting,

That Prince Vladislav

From Poland to the Kremlin will come,

He will come, take the Moscow throne,

And Rus' will become Poland.

Fortify the Kremlin from all sides

Commands Colonel Strus.

The government could not cope with the situation in the country. And then the citizens of Russia themselves took up the cause of the liberation of the country. In Nizhny Novgorod, a militia was convened - a people's army, the funds for which were collected by the inhabitants of the city themselves, and then other Russian cities also joined the fundraising. The organizer of the militia was the Nizhny Novgorod merchant Kozma Minin, and the military leadership was taken over by Prince Dmitry Pozharsky.

Tell me, who knows these names? Where did you meet them? Have you been to Red Square? Who is depicted on the monument standing near St. Basil's Cathedral? (the teacher shows the image of the monument to D. Pozharsky and K. Minin - see the presentation).

In 1818, the very first sculptural monument in Russia was erected to the Moscow prince Dmitry Pozharsky and the Nizhny Novgorod merchant Kozma Minin. All the people collected funds for the monument to the heroes-liberators from the Polish-gentry invaders. The words are written on the monument: "Grateful Russia to Citizen Minin and Prince Pozharsky."

Look at the painting "Appeal of Kozma Minin to the Nizhny Novgorod residents of 1611" (see presentation). What is shown on it? What emotions does this picture evoke in you?

N. Konchalovskaya. "Our ancient capital" (excerpt):

A true story about Minin the merchant and the fighter

From Muscovites are calling

There is a call toVolga waters.

It goes, covering the whole earth.

Came up tolower call,

Beforeelders, beforeman -

Nizhny Novgorod butcher,

What was called Minin-Sukhoruk.

Heall the people gathered around:

"Volzhane! Orthodox people!

Russian Poles are being beaten everywhere!

Is the enemy invincible?

Shall we give up the land?

No! Behindleading the people

Let's go towe don't livesparing!

Notspare houses, cages,

Neithergold orsilver,

Let's lay down our wives and children!

The time has come!

As they proceeded to Moscow through large Russian cities (map - see presentation), the militia was replenished with people and means. In late July - early August 1612, the militia approached Moscow. After a long siege, the Poles, who had settled in the Kremlin, capitulated. October 27, 1612 the capital of the Russian state was liberated. The expulsion of the enemy from Moscow marked the beginning of the liberation of Russian lands from foreign invaders.

October 27 is the date according to the old style of the calendar. In our calendar, it falls on November 4th. Therefore, a holiday in memory of this event was established on this day.

Why do you think it was possible to liberate Moscow? What new did you learn in today's lesson?

Whoever is a mountain for the Motherland is a true hero.

Proverb

Students in grades 5-7 have not yet studied the relevant topic in history lessons, but when conducting a lesson, you can rely on the material studied in the lessons of Moscow studies, literature, the Moscow Art Theater, as well as received during excursions around Moscow.

The lesson can be held in the form of a conversation with students, short stories of the teacher and pre-prepared students, giving brief historical background.

Teacher: For the first time in Russia, this new national holiday was celebrated on November 4, 2005. It is associated with the events of the 17th century, which went down in history as the Time of Troubles. In October 1612, the people's militia led by Kozma Minin and Dmitry Pozharsky liberated Moscow from the Polish invaders, initiating the liberation of Russian lands from foreign invaders.

What associations does the phrase "Time of Troubles" evoke in you? Look at the picture (see presentation), link its content with the name of the historical period.

The picture was painted in 1908. Artists, writers, poets repeatedly returned to the events of the Time of Troubles, finding in them an example of national unity in difficult years. Perhaps you know examples of such works?

It is no coincidence that the first sculptural monument in Russia was dedicated to the liberators of Moscow in 1612. Where is it located? What is shown on it?

The monument to Minin and Pozharsky was erected in 1818 according to the project of the sculptor P. Martos (see presentation). All the people collected funds for the monument to the heroes-liberators from the Polish-gentry invaders. The words are written on the monument: "Grateful Russia to Citizen Minin and Prince Pozharsky."

What event of the heroic history of Russia is close to this date? The war with Napoleon, which became the Patriotic War, was also an example of popular unity. After all, the entire society has risen to defend the country. So, in this monument there was a meeting of events separated by a century.

Next come brief messages students about the Time of Troubles, K. Minin, D. Pozharsky, the organization of the people's militia, the liberation of Moscow or the teacher's story, accompanied by illustrations, work with the map (see historical background, presentation).

Summing up the lesson.

– What feelings did the story about the events of the Time of Troubles and the liberation of Moscow in October 1612 evoke in you? Do you think our government did the right thing by establishing the National Unity Day holiday?

To consolidate the material presented with students, you can solve a crossword puzzle (see presentation).

“The unity of Russia is strengthened by the patriotism inherent in our people, cultural traditions, and common historical memory.”

V.V. Putin

The teacher notes that the establishment of a new holiday National Unity Day on November 4 is associated with the events of the Time of Troubles, with the liberation of Moscow by the people's militia under the leadership of K. Minin and D. Pozharsky from the Polish interventionists on October 26–27, 1612.

These events are familiar to students from the course of the history of Russia. Therefore, when conducting a lesson, it is necessary to focus on drawing parallels between historical events and the modern history of Russia.

The lesson can be based on a discussion of questions that allow students to express their point of view.

Issues for discussion.

1. How can the concepts of "national unity", "national identity" be explained?
2. In what periods of Russian history did these concepts acquire the most relevant meaning?
3. What dates in Russian history could be marked as National Unity Day? Argument your opinion.
4. Why do you think the events of the Time of Troubles were given preference when establishing a new holiday?
5. The establishment of the National Unity Day was approved by the Russian Orthodox Church. Why?

P.S. During the holidays, you can provide excursions to Red Square, the Museum of the History of Moscow, the Trinity-Sergius Monastery.

Brief historical background

The events of October 1612 were preceded by years that entered the history of our country as the Time of Troubles. The death of Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich Romanov interrupted the ruling Rurik dynasty, and a period began in the country, called by contemporaries "statelessness". The absence of a "natural" king, imposture, civil war and intervention are characteristic features of this time.

Some historians call the Time of Troubles a time of unused opportunities for Russia.

Boris Godunov, the first elected tsar in Russia, made every effort to overcome the devastation inherited from the reign of Ivan the Terrible. The hitherto unprecedented construction of cities and fortifications unfolded in the country. New fortifications encircled Moscow as well. Taking care of strengthening the cities, Godunov sought to alleviate the situation of the townspeople. With other states, he preferred to negotiate rather than war. The king sought to open the country to Europeans. Perhaps he was the first of the Russian monarchs to fully realize the significance of the enlightened West. Long before Peter the Great, he chose 18 Moscow nobles and sent them to different countries study. But the inability to cope with the consequences of the famine of the early 17th century did not the Godunov dynasty opportunity to continue on the Russian throne.

Tsarevich Dmitry (False Dmitry I), who was crowned on July 30, 1605, was the image of a European ruler. But he too decisively destroyed the image of the demigod king, for which he was overthrown.

The reign of Vasily Shuisky is another untapped opportunity for Russia. The fact is that, assuming the throne, V. Shuisky swore allegiance to his subjects for the first time. He solemnly kissed the cross and gave the corresponding “record” that he would not condemn anyone and put to death without a “true” trial with his boyars, would not persecute and deprive the property of the relatives and heirs of the disgraced, if they were innocent. The king pledged not to listen to false denunciations and rely only on a fair investigation. “The tsar turned from a sovereign of serfs into a lawful tsar of subjects, ruling according to the laws” (V.O. Klyuchevsky).

The outbreak of the civil war intensified the split in society. An attempt to enthrone another protege of Poland, False Dmitry II (“Tushinsky thief”) ended in failure. An open invasion of Polish troops into Russia (intervention) began.

In September 1609, the Polish king Sigismund III laid siege to Smolensk. The defense was headed by the governor M.B. Shein. For almost 21 months, the garrison and armed residents of the city held Smolensk.

Russian boyars sent an embassy to Sigismund III - to ask for the Russian throne of his son, Prince Vladislav. In February 1610, a Russian-Polish treaty was concluded. It repeated the “cross-kissing record” of Vasily Shuisky and gave guarantees that Russia would not become part of the Commonwealth, and would retain independence. The gentry was forbidden to hold administrative positions in Russia. Only one point caused controversy: the fanatical Catholic Sigismund III did not agree that his son should accept the Orthodox faith. If Vladislav had converted to Orthodoxy, he would have lost the right to the Polish throne and would have become simply a Russian tsar of foreign origin. In Western Europe, this was a common occurrence. After all, Sigismund III himself was a Polish king of Swedish origin. Contractual principles could become stronger in the Russian state structure.

On July 17, 1610, the boyars demanded that V. Shuisky abdicate the throne and confirmed the agreement on calling Vladislav. Sweden, having learned about the deposition of the tsar and about the Russian-Polish treaty, occupied the northwestern Russian lands. Negotiations on the religion of the future Russian tsar reached an impasse. At the same time, the situation in Moscow worsened. The Polish garrison, located in the city, was subordinate to the governor of Vladislav - Alexander Gonsevsky. Sigismund III was afraid to let his fifteen-year-old son go to rebellious distant Moscow. Gonsevsky behaved like an autocratic ruler, disregarding Russian customs. He began distributing land to supporters of the Poles, confiscating the possessions of those who did not recognize the new government.

Bands of robbers roamed the country, terrifying civilians. Tired of endless civil strife, the population of Russia dreamed of a firm government capable of restoring order in the state. The idea of ​​convening a national militia to liberate Moscow grew stronger in society.

First militia

The collapse of the Tushino camp of False Dmitry II contributed to the convocation of the militia. After the death of the impostor in December 1610, the Tushino Cossacks and nobles joined the militia that was being created.

In February-March 1611, the former governors of Vasily Shuisky and False Dmitry II from Tula, Kaluga, Nizhny Novgorod, Yaroslavl, Ryazan, Suzdal, Vladimir and other cities, together with detachments of nobles, archers, Cossacks, service Tatars, united for a common goal - the expulsion of the Poles from Moscow.

The supreme body of power in the First Militia was the Council of the Whole Land, headed by the Ryazan governor Prokopy Lyapunov, Prince Dmitry Timofeevich Trubetskoy and the former "boyar" of the Tushinsky thief, the rootless Cossack ataman Ivan Zarutsky. The actions of the leaders of the militia were indecisive because of the contradictions between the Cossacks and the nobles.

The first militia laid siege to Moscow. On March 19, 1611, a decisive battle took place, during which the rebels managed to capture the White City. However, the Poles set fire to the White and Earthen City. Thanks to this, they managed to keep the Kremlin and Kitay-gorod. These days, Prince Dmitry Ivanovich Pozharsky, who fought a desperate battle with the Poles on the Lubyanka, where his court was located, especially distinguished himself (he was wounded in this battle).

Skirmishes with the Poles continued for several more days. They could not count on the help of Sigismund - he was preoccupied with the capture of Smolensk, and the Polish garrison, together with the Moscow boyars loyal to the Poles, sat down under siege.

On June 30, 1611, on the initiative of P. Lyapunov, the “Sentence of the whole earth” was adopted, which had a pronounced noble character. In accordance with this document, the Cossacks did not have the right to occupy any traditionally noble positions in the administrative bodies. Peasants and serfs had to return to their former owners.

"Sentence..." outraged the Cossacks. P. Lyapunov was invited to the Cossack circle and killed in retaliation for the death of 28 Cossacks, who had been drowned near Moscow by nobles not long before. Upon learning of the death of their leader, the nobles left the militia. The siege of Moscow was continued by the Cossack forces led by I. Zarutsky and D. Trubetskoy.

The collapse of the first militia was accompanied by other setbacks. On June 3, 1611, after a heroic defense, Smolensk fell due to the betrayal of a defector. Sigismund III now declared that the Russian throne would be occupied not by his son, but by himself. This meant that Russia would become part of the Commonwealth and cease to exist as an independent state.

Second militia

In the autumn of 1611, the Second Militia began to be created. Nizhny Novgorod zemstvo head Kuzma Minin appealed to the inhabitants of the city to spare no expense for the militia in order to liberate Moscow. He urged to give for this holy cause "all the gold and silver and, if it is necessary to sell property, to pledge your wives and children." The people answered the call without hesitation. People often sacrificed the latter.

Prince Dmitry Mikhailovich Pozharsky was placed at the head of the militia. A government was set up, called (as in the First Militia) the Council of All the Earth. Its leaders - Minin and Pozharsky - were preparing intensely for a decisive action.

In March 1612, the militia was already known throughout the country. On the way to the capital, people joyfully met the militias and joined them. From Nizhny Novgorod, the militia moved to Moscow through Kostroma and Yaroslavl. In these large rich cities, relatively little affected by the Time of Troubles, many servicemen and townspeople lived, who joined the ranks of the militia.

In Yaroslavl, the formation of the government was completed. The main orders were created - the governing bodies. The militia received significant funds due to the mandatory taxation of the entire population, churches and monasteries for a fifth of the property ("fifth of the money").

To help the Polish garrison, the troops of Hetman Khodkiewicz moved with stocks of ammunition and food. But the militia of Minin and Pozharsky got ahead of them - in August 1612 it approached the capital and joined with the remnants of the First Militia.

The advance detachments of the militia approached Moscow a little earlier than the Poles and settled in a semicircle from the Tver Gates to the Prechistensky Gates. The first clash between the opponents took place on August 22 near the Novodevichy Convent. During the battle, the Poles managed to cross the Moscow River, and only the intervention of the Cossack hundreds of Prince Trubetskoy, who stood near Moscow long before the arrival of Minin and Pozharsky and spoke on their side, saved the situation. The Polish companies, which did not expect a flank attack, were forced to retreat across the river to Poklonnaya Gora.

On the night of August 23-24, a detachment of 500 men sent by Khodkevich entered the besieged Kremlin under cover of darkness. Reinforced by this detachment, the Poles who settled there made a sortie out of the gates of Kitay-gorod, crossed the river and captured the positions of the militia near the church of St. George. At the same time, Khodkevich moved his regiments to the Donskoy Monastery, trying to enter the rear of the militia from the unprotected southeast side. However, the Zemstvo infantry stopped the advance of the Poles. A stubborn battle ensued, in which there were colossal losses on both sides. But luck still accompanied the Poles. The militias were forced to retreat to the left bank of the Moscow River. Polish companies began the pursuit and also crossed to the left bank.

At this moment, Kozma Minin again turned to the Cossacks with a request to help repel the attack. The Cossacks rushed into battle and overturned the battle formations of the advancing Poles. While this battle was going on, Minin himself crossed to the other side of the Moskva River and hit the rear of the Polish troops. Panic broke out in Khodkevich's camp. Abandoning the entire convoy, artillery and provisions, the hetman hastily retreated from the Russian capital. To a large extent, this sealed the fate of the Polish garrison in the Kremlin. On October 26, 1612, convinced of his doom, he capitulated.

The zemstvo army from the side of the Arbat marched solemnly with unfurled banners to the noise of a jubilant crowd of townspeople proceeded to Red Square. There she united with the detachments of Prince Trubetskoy participating in the liberation of the capital. The troops converged near the place of execution and entered the Kremlin through the Spassky Gates. Muscovites celebrated the victory.

The history of the holiday "Day of National Unity"

In December 2004, Russian President Vladimir Putin signed the Federal Law “On the Introduction into Article 1 of the Federal Law “On the Days of Military Glory (Victorious Days) of Russia”, in which November 4 was declared National Unity Day. For the first time in Russia, this new national holiday was celebrated on November 4, 2005.

The bill has explanatory note, which notes: “On November 4, 1612, the soldiers of the people’s militia led by Kuzma Minin and Dmitry Pozharsky stormed Kitay-gorod, freeing Moscow from Polish invaders, demonstrating an example of heroism and solidarity of the whole people, regardless of origin, religion and position in society ".

November 4 (October 22, old style) is still different and Orthodox holiday Kazan Icon of the Mother of God, considered the protector of Moscow. The liberation of Moscow in 1612 coincided with this day. Since the accession to the throne of Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov, the Kazan icon has become a family icon in the royal family. In Moscow, the feast of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God was established twice a year - on the day of finding the icon on July 8 and on the day of the liberation of Moscow from the Poles on October 22 - with the establishment of two religious processions from the Assumption Cathedral to the Vvedensky Church, where Prince Pozharsky put a correct list with miraculous icon of the Kazan Mother of God. In 1649, Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich established October 22 to celebrate throughout Russia.

Rule during the Time of Troubles

(StartXVIIcentury)

Boris Godunov (1598–1605)

Fedor Borisovich (April-May 1605)

False Dmitry I (1605–1606)

Vasily Shuisky (1606–1610)

False Dmitry II (1608–1610)

Vladislav (Polish prince) (1610-1612 - the rules of the "seven boyars")

Terms and concepts

Time of Troubles(1598-1613) - a period in the history of Russia, characterized by the weakness of state power and non-subordination of the outskirts to the center, imposture, civil war and intervention.

Civil War- the most acute form of social struggle of the population within the state (the war of citizens) for power and the decision of the main life problems opposing sides.

Intervention (lat. intervention)- forcible intervention of one or more states in the internal affairs of another state, violation of its sovereignty.

Militia - military formation during the war, created to assist the regular army.

National identity- awareness of the people of their role in the history of the country.

CLASS HOUR ON THE TOPIC:

"DAY OF NATIONAL UNITY"

Target: reveal the decisive role of the masses, K. Minin and D. Pozharsky in the struggle against intervention and the liberation of the country; show the role of the national identity of the Russian people; to form a civil position, patriotism; foster internationalism; interethnic and intercultural understanding.

Class hour progress

Back to topXVIIV. in the Russian state came the so-called Time of Troubles. Under the name of the murdered Tsarevich Dmitry, the first Russian impostor appeared - Grishka Otrepyev, a fugitive monk from the Moscow Chudov Monastery. The conspirators killed Boris Godunov's son, Fyodor, and his mother. They barely had time to deal with Grishka, when, along with all the armed rabble, a second impostor appeared - another False Dmitry. A dynastic crisis broke out in the country. Moscow lay in ruins, many cities were destroyed and burned, all the bridges in Uglich were broken. Taking advantage of the plight in the country, the Poles and Swedes went to war.

By the autumn of 1611, Russia's situation was close to desperate: the Poles occupied Moscow, Smolensk and other cities in the west. The Swedes captured the entire coast of the Gulf of Finland and Novgorod. The entire western part of the state was actually occupied. Looting, organized and ordinary crime flourished in the country.

The National Unity Day holiday was established in memory of the events that took place on November 4, 1612 in Moscow. On this day, the people's militia led by Kuzma Minin and Dmitry Pozharsky liberated Moscow from the invaders.

In 1818 in Moscow in honor of this significant event a monument was erected to the people-liberator, its leaders - K. Minin and D. Pozharsky in gratitude for saving Russia from the Polish-Swedish intervention. This historical fact captured in the poem of the poetess N. Konchalovskaya "1611":

"A good monument erected

Two heroes across the country

As a token of being delivered

From dishonor native land

It is marked with a year, a day,

And written on it:

"To Citizen Minin

And Prince Pozharsky -

Grateful Russia. (N. Konchalovskaya)

- For what grateful Russia erected a monument to citizen Minin and Prince Pozharsky? That's right, because they saved their country from dishonor.

What does the author understand by "disgrace"? What irreparable and tragic event could have happened to our country if the people, led by the headman Kuzma Minin and Prince D. Pozharsky, had not destroyed the enemy?The Russian throne and Russian land were captured by the Poles and Swedes in 1612, so our people were on the verge of losing their state and national independence.

In memory of these events, in December 2004 the State Duma approved holiday calendar, and now on November 4 the whole country celebrates a holiday - National Unity Day.

- What should be understood by "national unity"? The unity of people in the service of society, in the joint construction of the state for the benefit of the Motherland.

- Tell me, which nation is stronger, united or divided? Why? That's right, because when a people is united, it represents a huge force and no enemy can defeat it. If the people are united and sealed with strong friendship, they will be able to lead their country out of any political or economic crisis. A striking example of such unity is the struggle of the Russian and non-Russian peoples of the Volga region against foreign invaders at the beginning of the 17th century.

- What events preceded the formation of the crisis of power and Troubles in the country at the end of the 17th century?

The death of Boris Godunov opened the door to the Kremlin for those who had powerful support among the boyars. From that moment until 1610, a period of False Dmitrys and boyar betrayal began in Rus'. And the people dutifully waited for a reasonable and fair decision from the boyar duma. He silently waited until in August 1610 the boyars, secretly from the people, called the Polish king Vladislav to the Moscow throne. And in September, the invaders had already entered the Kremlin. Alarms are ringing all over Rus' - the future of the Muscovite state is under threat. Moscow was captured by the Polish-Lithuanian gentry. The Swedes entered Veliky Novgorod, and an English landing was being prepared in the north. Rus' was falling apart before our eyes. The boyars did not have an agreement with the nobles. Listen to the contents of the Agreement on August 17 (27), 1610, on the recognition of Prince Vladislav as the Russian Tsar: “We are the boyars of the Muscovite state, Prince Fyodor Ivanovich Mstislavsky, and Prince Vasily Vasilyevich Golitsyn, and Fyodor Ivanovich Sheremetev, and Prince Danilo Ivanovich Mezetskoy, and duma clerks Vasily Telepnev, and send Tomilo Dugovskaya with a brow to the great sovereign to Zhigimont, the King of Poland and the Grand Duke of Lithuania, so that he would give his son Vladislav Prince to Vladimir and Moscow and to all the great states of the Russian kingdom.

And we are all boyars and nobles, and clerks of the Duma, and clerks, and merchants, and archers, and Cossacks, and all ranks, serving people of the Moscow state to the great sovereign Prince Vladislav Zhigimontovich and his children to kiss the holy life-giving watercress on what we serve him forever, as the former born sovereigns.

What would be the consequences of such an agreement?

Listen to how the poetess N. Konchalovskaya describes these events:

Burning, burning, groaning Rus'

Under the yoke of Polish gangs.

Enemies in the Kremlin: Colonel Strus -

Kremlin commandant.

Moscow robbed, robbed,

A horde of gentlemen is waiting,

That Prince Vladislav

From Poland to the Kremlin will come.

He will come, take the Moscow throne,

And Rus' will become Poland.

- With what words does the author of these poems convey the difficult situation of the Russian land? That's right, "burning, burning, groaning Rus'."

- What did the enemies do with Moscow? Robbed, robbed.

- What were the Polish pans counting on? They hoped that the Moscow throne would be seized by the Polish prince Vladislav.

- If this happened, then what kind of country would Rus' become? Poland.

The Time of Troubles became the strongest shock for Russia. According to historians, during the years of the Time of Troubles, neither more nor less than seventeen impostors appeared in Russia. Two of this motley crowd turned out to be especially dangerous: False Dmitry I managed to seize power and sit on the throne for 11 months, and False Dmitry II, aka the Tushinsky thief, besieged the capital of the state for almost 2 years.

At this time, truly great events took place in Nizhny Novgorod, which were important for asserting the strength and glory of the Russian state. In February 1611, the Nizhny Novgorod army of 1200 people, which included soldiers from Kazan, Yaroslavl, Cheboksary, moved to Moscow. However, the first militia campaign was defeated, which haunted the patriot of the Russian land Kuzma Minin.

Posad headman Kuzma Minin, talking in the zemstvo hut with visitors coming on business, pointed out the need to create a treasury and offered to make donations. So he collected the first amount for militia equipment. But this money was not enough, and Minin decided to appeal to the entire Nizhny Novgorod people. On the descent that goes from the Ivanovo gate to the marketplace, people began to gather. Here is how the author of the book “Minin and Pozharsky” Viktor Shklovsky describes Minin’s performance on the cathedral square of the Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin:

“-… Do the Russian people really have neither power nor control over their enemies?

The rumble went through the crowd ...

Minin wiped the sweat from his forehead with his sleeve.

We are fighting ... apart. Pskov - especially, and Kazan - especially, and Astrakhan - especially. If this happens, they will overpower us ..., they will nail an iron yoke around our necks with iron nails, and we and our children will be slaves, and we will forget our homeland, and we will forget our native language.

- What feature of military operations is Minin talking about? That's right, we're fighting apart.

- TO What are the consequences of disparate actions? Enemies will quickly overpower our country.

- In the event of such an outcome, what could be the fate of the Russian people? Everyone will become serfs, they will forget their native speech and forget their homeland.

"Silence.

Citizens of Novgorod! Minin continued in the ensuing silence. “We need to come to our senses, we need to start the great zemstvo business. In all cities, collect service nobles in the militia. In villages and cities, gather ordinary military people - whoever wants to, call everyone to one place, give them horses and weapons, and clothe and feed good things so that there is a good army.

- What was Minin's plan? Do you think it was necessary for the country?

“Minin took a breath.

We need a lot of money! - he shouted ... if you raise the militia, if you go ... with the whole earth, money needs great power! And you need iron - to forge weapons. And you need copper - pour guns! And you need lead, and saltpeter ...

So surely we won't have good will? Surely we will regret our goodness, we will regret our junk, but we will not regret our native land ?!

Minych! Minych! people shouted.

Minych, take the cloth! Come on hat!

Let's give our heads! shouted a man in the crowd.

crying women with unsteady fingers they took out the earrings from their ears.

Clothes, bundles of cloth, hats with money, boots, caftans, weapons grew in a pile on the stone floor of the porch ...

And who will be the warlord? - Alyabyev said gloomily from the crowd.

There is one warlord! Roman shouted from the crowd. - Dmitry Pozharsky, who fought in Moscow.

The crowd fell silent.

I also thought about Pozharsky,” Minin said.

- Did the people support Kuzma Minin? Why do you think?

Listen to how N. Konchalovskaya poetically described these same events:

From Muscovites the call comes,

Through the cities to the Volga waters.
Covering all our land,
Reached the Lower Call,
To the elder, to the man -
Nizhny Novgorod butcher,
What was called Minin-Sukhoruk.
He gathered all the people around:
"Volzhane! Orthodox people!
Russian Poles are being beaten everywhere!
Is the enemy invincible?
Shall we give up the land?
No! Leading the people behind you
Let's go, not sparing life!
We will not spare houses, cages,
No gold, no silver!
Let's lay down our wives and children!
The time has come!
Bring pearls, silver,
Bring all your goodness
Everything that "saved for many years!
And who does not have wealth -
Fatherland, loving homeland,
Take off your pectoral cross!
Let's all who are rich
Not at all, not at all.
Let's help everything, like a brother brother,
One family!"
And they brought him good:
And pearls and silver
Icons, robes and furs,
Clothes, dresses heap.

Who brought bay horses,
Cows, sheep and pigs,
Who brought sacks of grain
Bales of sheep fleece, -
Well, in a word, everything that they could,
They carried Minin to the square,
They dragged and drove.
The Volga Minin called,
He collected the militia,
He dressed everyone, he shod everyone,
Feed, watered and equipped
And armed everyone.
And this army in a foggy haze,
On the unplowed land
Where the ear has not bloomed for a long time,
To Moscow, to the capital, he led.
That army from each village
Everything came and grew.
Empty villages by the river
Only children, women, old people
We went to the outskirts to see off
An unseen army
That relentlessly went forward -
People!

- What do you think: these lines show an example of national unity or disunity?

- What is a militia? The militia is a military formation created to help the regular army on a voluntary basis.

- The following lines are found in the poem: “Volzhane! Orthodox people! and "The Volga Region Minin called." Tell me, do only Russians or other peoples live in the Volga region?That's right, besides Russians, Tatars, Chuvashs, Mordovians, and Maris live there. All the peoples of the Volga region, together with the Russians, spared neither their lives, nor spared their wealth in the name of saving their fatherland - Russia.

- Why was such unity possible, unity in the struggle against a common enemy? Everyone felt like the people of one country. People were united by national identity. National self-consciousness is the awareness by the people of their significance in the life of the country, society and world history.

So, after the events that took place on the square near the Ivanovskaya tower of the Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin, Nizhny began to prepare for the militia. In winter, the city looked more like a large military camp. On the advice of Minin, Nizhny Novgorod began to give a third of the property for the needs of the militia. At his suggestion, an experienced warrior, Prince Dmitry Pozharsky, was chosen as the leader of the campaign. October 28, 1611 Pozharsky decided to lead the Nizhny Novgorod army, and arrived in Nizhny Novgorod.

At the end of the winter of 1612, the militia set out on a campaign. It was small: only a few thousand people. We went to Yaroslavl, bypassing the dangerous places occupied by the Cossacks. On the way, more and more warriors joined the militia. The largest detachments joined the army in Yaroslavl. With the icon of the Kazan Mother of God and under the banner of Prince Pozharsky, the militia entered Moscow. In the meantime, the interventionist forces near Moscow opposing Pozharsky's army had a numerical advantage. The militia encamped at Arbat Gate, between two fires. On the one hand, the Poles of Hetman Khodkevich were advancing, on the other, the Poles were advancing. But Pozharsky had no other position. It remained either to win, or to put the whole army on the battlefield. The bloodshed lasted for two days. The chronicler tells how “Minin, not skilled in military aspiration, but bold in boldness,” at the critical moment of the battle, asked Pozharsky for three horse noble hundreds. He crossed the Crimean ford of the Moscow River and hit the enemy from the rear. The hetman's army did not have time to prepare for a rebuff. In a panic, the enemy company ran into the saddled horses of the reytar and crushed their orders. The Cossacks came to the aid of Minin. Meanwhile, Minin's warriors had already reached the city's outer rampart. The Poles retreated to the Don Monastery. At the end of October 1612, they left the outskirts of Moscow in disgrace.

So, in the fateful autumn of 1612, the Second Zemstvo Militia under the leadership of Prince Dmitry Pozharsky and the Nizhny Novgorod mayor Kuzma Minin not only liberated Moscow from foreign invaders who had held out in the Russian capital for more than two years. But it also took a decisive step to end the Time of Troubles, which shook the Russian state for almost two decades.

On October 22 - 26 (November 1 - 5, according to a new style), 1612, the victorious militia liberated Kitai-Gorod and entered the Kremlin. These days rightfully occupy an honorable place among the most important dates in Russian history and undoubtedly deserve to be marked on the calendar as a public holiday, symbolizing the unity of the nation and designed to form the most important quality in millions of people - a citizen of their country.

In 1612, the “land”, that is, the people, came out to defend the country. The broad sections of the population, rallied for a decisive struggle, created one after the other, two powerful militias - first on Ryazan land, and then in Nizhny Novgorod, and liberated, cleansed Russia from Polish and Swedish interventionists.

In February 1613, a new tsar, 16-year-old Mikhail Fedorovich, was elected, legal power and a new dynasty appeared in the country.

And although the way out of the deepest crisis generated by the Time of Troubles took many more years, the main thing was done: the destruction of the state was stopped, and the people, united in the struggle for freedom, set an example of the triumph of spirit and unity.

After the victory, Dmitry Pozharsky, together with Prince Trubetskoy, headed the provisional government. Beginning in 1628, for almost three years, Dmitry Mikhailovich was governor in Novgorod. The new tsar Mikhail Romanov granted Minin the title of Duma nobleman and awarded him a fiefdom - the village of Bogorodsky in the Nizhny Novgorod district. Since 1613, the hero of the Nizhny Novgorod militia lived at the royal court, participated in meetings of the boyar Duma. On January 20, 1616, on his return from the Cheremis lands, Minin died suddenly. He was buried in one of the cemeteries of Nizhny Novgorod. Then the ashes were transferred to the tomb of the Transfiguration Cathedral. Until the middle of the 19th century, the central place on the tomb was occupied by the inscription - "The redeemer of Moscow - the Fatherland lover." Now the cathedral is destroyed. Now the ashes are in the Mikhailo-Arkhangelsk Cathedral of the Kremlin.

At the beginning of the 19th century, after the disgrace at Austerlitz, Emperor AlexanderIsigned peace with Napoleon. But AlexanderIknew perfectly well that France would attack Russia anyway. We had to prepare for war. It was then that the ideas of Minin and Pozharsky again came to the aid of the state. On November 30, 1806, the emperor issues a manifesto on the creation following the example of great ancestors. By the time of Napoleon's attack, Russia had not only regular troops, but also 612 thousand militia warriors, among them were Nizhny Novgorod.

- Name the war in which the entire multinational people bravely fought the enemy shoulder to shoulder. Correctly, this is the Great Patriotic War. She showed that when the people are united and united, it is impossible to defeat them.

The feat of citizen Minin and Prince Pozharsky is inscribed in golden letters in the history of Russia. Their names have always been associated with true patriotism and selflessness. It is no coincidence that in difficult periods for the country, the memory of the heroic militia raised the Russians to new feats.

Literature

Chernova, M. N. Working with documents in history lessons. Grade 10 / M. N. Chernova, V. Ya. Rumyantsev. - M.: Iris-press, 2008. - 192 p.

Shestakov, A. V. History of the USSR in artistic and historical images: From ancient times to the end of the 18th century. Reader for the teacher / Comp. A. V. Shestakov. – M.: Enlightenment, 1985. – 240 p.