The government of the Russian Federation is currently actively pursuing pension reform. Now the old-age pension consists of its insurance part and the funded part. Such concepts as individual pension coefficients ( pension points), a fixed payment to the insurance pension, increasing coefficients.

At the same time, a number of laws have been passed that increase the requirements for minimum work experience and the required number of pension points for receiving a pension.

pension reform - this is a purposeful policy of the state, associated with a change in the current legislation, aimed at changing the conditions of pension provision.

The innovation was the increase retirement age retirement from 2019.

So, as a general rule, an old-age pension is assigned and paid to insured persons upon reaching the age:

• 65 years for men,
• 60 years - for women.

The new pension legislation provides that the following mandatory conditions are also required to receive a pension:

1. the presence of a minimum insurance period (the pension reform provides for an annual increase in the minimum length of service from 5 years in 2015 to 15 years by 2024);
2. the value of pension points (IPK) (Since 2015, the penalty is assigned if there are pension points of at least 6.6, with a subsequent annual increase by 2.4 to 30 points by 2025).

The law proposes to set the retirement age for men - 65 years, for women - 63 years.

After the Government of the Russian Federation proposed to raise the retirement age, deputies of the Just Russia party submitted a draft law on the abolition of pension points and the preservation of age limit retirement at 60 for men and 55 for women. The size of the pension in the draft law depends only on the length of service and wages received. You can read more about the draft law at the link.

The opinion of the President of Russia Putin V.V. about raising the retirement age

Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin, in an interview until 2018, has repeatedly stated that the issue of raising the retirement age is not being considered.

After considering the bill on raising the retirement age in the first reading, Putin V.V. August 29, 2018 in a televised address appealed to the citizens of the Russian Federation and expressed his opinion.

Putin V.V. stated that raising the retirement age is a necessary measure.

The President of the Russian Federation proposed a number of measures that would make it possible to soften the decisions made as much as possible.

The following are excerpts from the interview with Vladimir Vladimirovich, the full text of which is published on the website of the President of the Russian Federation.

1. The retirement age for women should not increase more than for men. Therefore, I consider it necessary to reduce the increase in the retirement age for women proposed by the bill from 8 to 5 years.

Thus, women will be able to retire at the age of 60.

Further. Provide for the right of early retirement for mothers with many children. That is, if a woman has three children, then she will be able to retire for three years. ahead of schedule. If there are four children, four years earlier. And for women who have five or more children, everything should remain as it is now, they will be able to retire at 50 years old.

2. The retirement age is supposed to be increased gradually. So that people can adapt to a new life situation, build their plans. In this regard, I propose for citizens who were to retire under the old legislation in the next two years, to establish a special benefit - the right to draw up a pension six months earlier than the new retirement age.

For example, a person who, according to the new retirement age, will have to retire in January 2020, will be able to do this as early as July 2019.

3. What worries and even, I would say, scares people of pre-retirement age? They are afraid to face the risk of losing their jobs. With the fact that they can remain without a pension and without a salary. It's really hard to find a job after 50.

In this regard, we must provide additional guarantees that will protect the interests of older citizens in the labor market. Therefore, for the transitional period, I propose to consider the pre-retirement age as five years before the retirement date. I repeat, a whole package of measures is needed here. Thus, I consider it necessary to establish administrative and even criminal liability for employers for dismissing workers of pre-retirement age, as well as for refusing to hire citizens because of their age.

I instruct the Government to approve a special advanced training program for citizens of pre-retirement age. It should start working as soon as possible and be financed from the federal budget.

And if a person of pre-retirement age decided to quit on his own, voluntarily and has not yet found new job, then in this case we must strengthen its social guarantees. In this regard, it is proposed to more than double the maximum amount of unemployment benefits for citizens of pre-retirement age - from 4,900 rubles, as it is now, to 11,280 rubles from January 1, 2019 - and set the period of such payment to one year.

And, finally, it is also necessary to consolidate the obligation of the employer to annually provide employees of pre-retirement age two days for free medical examination with pay.

4. When making changes, you cannot act according to a template. We have already provided for the preservation of benefits for miners, workers in hot shops, chemical plants, Chernobyl victims, and a number of other categories.

We must also support the villagers. It has already been repeatedly discussed and even decided on the need for a 25 percent increase in the fixed payment of the insurance pension for non-working pensioners living in the countryside who have at least 30 years of experience in agriculture. But the entry into force of this decision was delayed. I propose to start these payments as early as January 1, 2019.

5. Those who started working early should be able to retire not only in terms of age, but also taking into account the length of service they have earned.

Now the bill establishes that the length of service that gives the right to early retirement is 40 years for women and 45 years for men. I propose to reduce by three years the length of service that gives the right to early retirement: for women up to 37 years, and for men up to 42.

Yes, we have traditionally provided these benefits only with retirement. But in this case, when changes are coming to the pension system, and people were counting on these benefits, we are obliged to make an exception for them, to provide benefits not in connection with retirement, but upon reaching the appropriate age. That is, as before, women will be able to use the benefits when they reach 55 years old and men from 60 years old. Thus, even before retirement, they will no longer pay tax on their house, apartment, garden plot.

In conclusion, the President of the Russian Federation noted that, as is known, many experts still believe that we have been too long in resolving the issues that are being discussed today. I don't think so. We just weren't ready for it before. But we really can't wait any longer. This would be irresponsible and could lead to serious consequences in the economy and the social sphere, and have the most negative impact on the lives of millions of people, because, as it is now clear, the state will have to do this sooner or later. But the later, the tougher these decisions will be. Without any transition period, without maintaining a number of benefits and those mitigating mechanisms that we can use today.

Thus, raising the retirement age in Russia is inevitable. And, as changes in legislation show, this will happen as early as 2019.

More details about retirement age in Russia can be read in the article at the link.

Strategy for the development of pension policy proposed by Kudrin

The Center for Strategic Research, led by Alexei Kudrin, prepared a plan for Vladimir Putin to create a sustainable pension system, the goal of which is to increase payments without increasing spending from the budget.

Important. The essence of Kudrin's plan is to ensure the growth of pensions relative to the subsistence minimum by reducing the number of people receiving these payments. It is proposed to raise the retirement age to 63 for women and to 65 for men!

In addition to raising the retirement age, it is also proposed to tighten the conditions for receiving a pension:

1. The minimum length of service for accruing an insurance pension (which is now being increased annually to 15 years by 2024) should be further increased to 20 years.
2. The strategy proposes to increase the minimum number of pension points (which is also being raised to 30 by 2025) to 52.
3. The social pension, which is received by those who have not earned on the insurance, is proposed to be assigned upon reaching the age of 68.

At the same time, it is planned to tighten the conditions for appointment early retirement: so, for example, the minimum experience required for her with doctors and teachers should be increased to 35 years (at present, doctors have the right to retire early after working 25 years). Read about who has the right to retire early in the article at the link.

According to the calculations of the CSR, this will increase the ratio of the insurance pension to living wage and reduce the transfer from the budget to finance pensions.

What to expect from pension reform in 2019-2020

The main positive moment as a result of the reform and the increase in the retirement age is the annual indexation and increase in the size of the pension by an average of 1 thousand rubles. As a result, it is expected that the average pension will rise to 20,000 rubles.

In addition to raising the retirement age, the issue of forming the funded part of the pension also remains relevant.

Recall, the transfer of funds to the funded part of pensions in Russia has been frozen since 2014.

The funded part of the pension in Russia will definitely not be formed in the next three years, Deputy Prime Minister Olga Golodets confirmed, not ruling out its complete abolition.

It should be noted that the budget of the Pension Fund of Russia for 2018-2020 is based on the fact that the entire volume of the insurance premium rate will be directed to the insurance part of pensions. The formation of pension savings in the budget in 2019-2020 is not provided.

Currently, the Government of the Russian Federation is developing the concept of an individual pension capital system, which should replace the mandatory formation of pension savings. According to Deputy Finance Minister Alexei Moiseev, the new system will start working from 2020.

Now citizens who have not yet decided on the method of forming pension savings under the new rules will have to finally decide whether they remain in the state insurance system or still begin to save additionally for a pension. Based on their decision, pension savings will either be transferred to the selected non-state pension fund, or they will be converted into points and they will become part of the regular insurance pension.

Thus, it is assumed that the Pension Fund of Russia will lose the functions of an insurer for the funded part of the pension.

Participation in the new system will be voluntary, but entry into it will occur by default. That is, a person will need to write a statement if he does not want to participate in it, and not vice versa. This is done to make people more intelligently approach the savings for future retirement.

Savings will be deducted from their salary by default unless they file a waiver.

Each person who wants to increase his individual pension capital will be able to deduct any percentage of his salary into the system at his own discretion. For this, he will receive tax benefits. For deductions within six percent of the salary, he will receive a classic tax deduction, i.е. You don't have to pay income tax on this money.

It is assumed that if a person saved for retirement, but fell into a difficult life situation, for example, became seriously ill, received a disability of the first or second group, lost a close relative, he will be allowed to withdraw this money from the pension system and spend it on more urgent needs, such as treatment.

Prepared by "Personal rights.ru"

2018-Aug-Wed The topic of the pension system is very extensive and requires a long study, because " pension system of a modern civilized society in the global practice, in its institutional essence, is an integral indicator of the level of social orientation of the state”[I]. Despite https://website/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/pensii1.jpg , site - Socialist information resource [email protected]

The topic of the pension system is very extensive and requires a long study, since "the pension system of a modern civilized society in the global practice, in its institutional essence, is an integral indicator of the level of social orientation of the state" .

Despite the common features and some general principles of organization of pension systems, in each country the pension system has its own history and features of emergence and development.

Until now, most of the statements or publications devoted to the new pension reform and having a more or less detailed character have been limited to purely petty-bourgeois criticism. Criticism from a Marxist point of view, which involves the open use of class theory, could not boast of sufficiently detailed consideration of this issue.

Although this article does not claim to be a complete study of the problem, it is intended to supplement and strengthen everything that has already been said and to help in further study and Marxist criticism of the new pension reform of the bourgeois government.

// PartI: General position

An introduction to the general context of the issue under consideration is necessary to show that Russia today has become an “ordinary”, “average” state of the bourgeois type, which is in a subordinate position in relation to the general system of imperialism and is subject to general laws. The Russian pension "reform" is part of a general attack on the rights of workers in bourgeois countries.

World Trends

The total demographic load in the world (i.e. together children under 15 years old and the elderly over 65 years old relative to the working-age population - 15-64 years old) grew until the mid-1960s, reaching a value of 76 people of non-working age (children and the elderly ) per 100 people of working age. Then, starting to decline, the total demographic burden fell to 52 per 100 people in 2013. The increase in the burden was due to an increase in the birth rate and was replaced by a decrease due to its decrease.

To date, the trend is again turning towards an increase in the overall demographic burden due to an increase in the number of the elderly (while reducing the burden of children). By 2030, the value of the total demographic burden will be 54 per 100, by 2050 - 58 per 100, and by the end of the century - 66 per 100.

The aging of the population in the economically developed countries of imperialism allows the ruling bourgeoisie of each of these countries to "reform" the relations between labor and capital, i.e. openly attack employees. One such “reform” is the increase in the retirement age.

The increase in the retirement age is being implemented gradually with a planning horizon up to the 50-60s. 21st century: “One way to bridge the gap in economic replacement rates relative to today's retirees for younger people is to lengthen their productive work experience.

For those born between 1990 and 2009 who begin retiring in 2055, raising the retirement age by five years—from the current average of 63 to 68 in 2060—will close half the gap relative to today's retirees. Transition to 70 year old retirement age by the mid-2030s. now being worked out by some capitalist countries.

The protracted world economic crisis exacerbates the contradictions inherent in imperialism. The policy of budget savings in the countries of the European Union has led to a significant reduction in the social rights of citizens. For example, for 2009-2012. cuts in social health spending were 16% in Ireland and 29% in Greece. Just like in Ireland and Greece, cutbacks in healthcare spending in Portugal, Latvia and Spain have led to layoffs and hospital closures. At the same time, the number of paid services.

Job cuts were also made in other parts of the public sector, such as education. The cuts in social rights affected both the pension system and employment. In general, the socio-economic crisis of European states has shown that "the richer countries of Europe are not ready to share their wealth with the poorer in times of economic and social hardship" .

The pension system in modern Russia

There are various approaches and criteria for classifying models of social policy and pension systems in particular. Like how ideal types social policy - "Bismarck model" and "Beveridge model" - the priority of the rights of the worker or the priority of human rights, respectively. With regard to pension systems, the following two types are distinguished according to the method of financing:

A. Distribution (solidary, Pay-As-You-Go) pension system - contributions are received to pay current pensions.

b. Accumulative (or financial) pension system - contributions are reserved and then invested in financial instruments.

In most countries, pension systems operate according to the distribution (solidarity) scheme. So, for example, the distribution system operates in most OECD countries (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development), mixed (with elements of both systems) - in Australia, Denmark, the Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland, Great Britain, USA.

Many countries in Latin America have become disillusioned with the funded model or simply abandoned it. The negative experience of Chile forced this state to abandon the fully funded pension system. In Argentina, they decided to nationalize 10 private pension insurance funds and move away from the funded system. In Bolivia, the state is reclaiming its previously privatized pension system. Uruguay introduces a mixed system of pension savings instead of a funded one.

Unlike developed countries that use a pay-as-you-go or mixed pension system, the experience of developing countries that have introduced the mandatory funded principle of organizing the pension system shows that the mandatory funded component “faces a set of problems that show its inefficiency” .

In Soviet Union there was a distributive pension system, i.e. "redistribution of economic resources from the working generation to the benefit of the elderly population who have left the labor sphere and retired" .

At the final stage of the counter-revolution in the USSR, with the adoption of the Law of the RSFSR of November 20, 1990 "On State Pensions", the formation of a modern pension system began, which retained and transferred the distributive principle of organization to new conditions. On December 22, 1990, the Pension Fund of Russia was established for the state management of pension finances.

When discussing the new pension legislation among the deputies, it was said that one of the presented “documents is such as if it was written by order of a mafia group, and you can’t write better for a mafia.”

With the transition to radical economic reforms, a crisis began in the pension system. In 1992 pensions have depreciated more than 2 times, the average pension has become less subsistence level, formed a debt crisis of the Pension Fund. Due to the impossibility of regular indexation of pensions, compensations were established.

In 1996, the pension debt crisis became chronic. In 1999-2000 the real size of the pension amounted to about a third of the 1990 level. As for the employed part of the population, wage arrears at the beginning of 1997 amounted to 41% of the total wage fund.

For 1990-2000 Several concepts of pension reform were developed: “During this period, two political trends struggled: (1) an attempt to maintain, albeit in a modernized form, the pay-as-you-go pension system and (2) take more radical steps in favor of creating a fundamentally different funded pension system” .

By the end of 2001 thanks to the good situation on the world oil markets, it became possible to bring the average pension closer to the pensioner's subsistence level . In the same year, the National Council for Pension Reform was formed, and since 2002 Russia has entered into a “new national pension system”.

If the 1990 law “On state pensions in Russian Federation"on the whole retained the distributive type of the pension system with the payment of a unified old-age pension, then adopted on November 30, 2001, the Federal Law "On labor pensions in the Russian Federation” approved a mixed pension system. Thus, the old-age pension was divided into three parts, two of which made up the distribution system - basic (minimum, guaranteed payment common to all), insurance (conditionally funded) and the third part - funded (within the funded system), until 2004 for men born in 1953-1966 and women born in 1957-1966, and after 2004 only for those born in 1967 and younger.

The conditionally accumulative part forms personalized obligations to the citizen in the amount of funds received on his individual pension account, creating the illusion of a “real personal account”, while the funds are spent on paying current pension obligations according to the distribution principle.

The calculation of the insurance (conditionally funded) part of the pension was carried out according to the following parameters: “a coefficient taking into account the length of service, a coefficient taking into account the ratio of individual wages to the average Russian level, and the average wage in the country for the period preceding the calculation.

However, in specific calculations, a “sly” figure and an equally “sly” coefficient were used. The point is that the average wage in Russia in 2001 amounted to 3240.4 rubles, while for the calculation of the pension, by a government decree, its size was approved at 1750 rubles, i.e. 1.85 times less, and the individual coefficient of correlation with the average Russian wage, regardless of its actual value, was limited from above by the value of 1.2. In other words, from the very beginning of the reform, the pension bar was almost halved.

In 2007-2013(subsequently with an extension until 2014) a program of state co-financing of additional pension savings was implemented - with an annual contribution of 2 thousand rubles, the state doubles this amount, but no more than 12 thousand.

December 23, 2013 the Federal Law “On Insurance Pensions” was adopted and the “reformation” of the pension system continued from new force. The basic part of the pension became known as a fixed payment. A new formula for calculating the insurance (conditionally accumulative) part of the pension is being established. The formula is more complex and non-transparent than the previous one, the calculation itself begins to be made not in rubles, but in “points”.

Since 2014 an annual moratorium was introduced on the formation of the funded part of the pension (subsequently extended until 2020), all funds that should have been credited in favor of the funded part of the pension go to the insurance (conditionally funded) part and are spent on current pension payments. By 2019, the funded part of the pension is planned to be replaced by "individual pension capital", which will be formed voluntarily, i.e. only at the request of a citizen. Since 2016, the planned indexation of pensions has not been carried out for working pensioners (and is restored in total for all years after dismissal).

The average pension in 2013 reached 165% of the subsistence level of a pensioner, by 2016 decreased up to 153%.

// PartII: New pension reform

June 16, 2018 Draft Law No. 489161-7 was submitted to the State Duma of the Russian Federation "On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation Concerning the Appointment and Payment of Pensions". As stated in explanatory note to this bill: “It is proposed to fix the generally established retirement age at the level of 65 and 63 years for men and women, respectively.” It is proposed to raise the retirement age “gradually during the transition period from 2019 to 2034.”

Consider how well the proposed reform is.

I

Conceptually raising the retirement age was developed in the 90s. It was assumed that the retirement age, starting from 2000, would increase for 4 months a year and reach 65 for men and 60 for women. However, the positive effect of this reform would have exhausted itself already. by 2025-2030., which would ultimately lead to the need for a new pension reform and a further increase in the retirement age .

Similarly, the effect of the proposed increase will begin to fade in the second half of the 2030s. and exhaust itself in the 2050s., i.e. the ratio of employees and pensioners that preceded the increase in the retirement age and which is now assessed by the government as an unconditional basis for changing the retirement age will be practically reproduced.

True, the calculations are correct if the increase is slower than proposed by the government, i.e. not for 1 year, but for 6 months a year. Accordingly, in the government version of the reform, the boundary after which the reform will exhaust itself is shifted to an earlier period.

The exhaustion of the effect is the result not only of the reproduction of the demographic picture that preceded the reform, but also due to an increase in pension obligations to those who retired later and, accordingly, continued to work all this time. Those. if a reduction in budget expenditures is achieved, then “only in the short term, with subsequent adequate growth in costs for the increased volume of pension rights” .

II

The Government of the Russian Federation, pointing to the increase in life expectancy, which has reached almost 73 years, thus argues that in relation to Russia, not only the theoretical justification for raising the retirement age (“all countries are following this path”) is consistent, but also the actual one.

In fact, this is not so. As experts point out, life expectancy at birth "is not an indicator that can be guided by when setting the retirement age" . In this issue, the following two conditions are of primary importance: 1) life expectancy upon reaching retirement age, i.e. for Russia, in case of reform, 65 years for men and 63 years for women and 2) duration healthy life.

Both of these conditions in relation to Russia “significantly limit the possibilities even in long term raising the retirement age" .

In 2016 life expectancy for men at age 65 was 13.4 years that for 6 years less than in France, by 4.7 in Germany, by 4.6 in the USA. It is likely that this indicator will continue to serve as a limitation for raising the retirement age in the future. “According to the forecast developed on the basis of the parameters established by the Concept of Demographic Development of Russia, 60-year-old men will reach the current life expectancy in OECD countries for 65-year-old men no earlier than 2040s» .

With women, everything is somewhat better, although they, when they reach the age of 65, live less than women in more developed capitalist countries. So, in 2016: Russia - 17.7, France - 23.5 (2015), Germany - 21.3, Italy - 22.9, Japan - 24.4, England - 21.1, USA - 20.6.

As for healthy life expectancy, in Russia in 2016 it was 63.5 years for both sexes. This is 9.9 years less than, for example, in France.

An additional constraint for raising the retirement age is that almost a third of men today simply do not live to be 60 and 40.7% to 65.

With regard to the growth of life expectancy, according to the UN forecast, the lag behind developed countries in this indicator will continue until the end of the 21st century.

Generally “the demographic factor not only cannot be considered as the main argument for raising the retirement age with a focus “to the West”, but, on the contrary, it is the demographic parameters of our population over the past 25 years (coinciding with the period of economic restructuring) that are the main constraints for raising the retirement age” .

The next argument of the bourgeois government of the Russian Federation is as follows: “The demographic situation is such that the share of working people is becoming less, and pensioners, respectively, all more. Every year this imbalance will only grow along with the burden on those who work.”

On the one hand, indeed, the burden of the elderly is increasing: if in 1990 the load factor was 335 people older than working age per 1000 people of working age, then in 2016 it was 441, in 2030 it was 521, in 2051 it was 741 (according to the average variant of the Rosstat forecast). ).

On the other side, total dependency ratio(per 1,000 people of working age there are people of non-working age, i.e. younger and older than working age) remains practically unchanged over the past decades by reducing the burden of people younger than working age - 1960 - 740, 1970 - 785, 1990 - 759, 2016 - 764, 2018 - 786. - 856, 2031 - 838, 2035 - 838, 2038 - 864, 2041 - 913, 2051 - 1100.

According to these figures, the total load in relation to 1990 in 2038 will increase by 14%, and in 20 years in relation to 2018 - by 10%. In relation to 2018 in 2041 - by 16%, in 2051 - 40%. Indeed, a significant increase in the load has been observed since the beginning of the 40s.

Thus, even if we theoretically consider the need and possibility of raising the retirement age, then such a need on the part of demography will become really relevant for Russia only in the early 2040s, while the possibility remains questionable and highly dependent on economic policy over the next decades.

What can be done in 20 years? In the Soviet Union during this time they created, which served as a reliable basis for the defeat of the most powerful bourgeois army of the first half of the 20th century. In the 20 years since the collapse of the Soviet Union, the plunder of its wealth by the bourgeoisie has reached unprecedented scale.

III

Experts point out that the existing problems in the Russian pension system are connected today and in the foreseeable future not so much with demography as with economic inequality.

One source of inequality is the tax system. In the 1990s, a progressive scale of taxation was in effect; since 2001, a proportional one has been in effect. The abolition of the progressive tax was formally justified by its low fiscal significance, i.e. simply put, by the fact that the state was not able to collect it.

The refusal to introduce a progressive taxation scale actually means the recognition of the state's impotence "in restoring order in establishing civilized forms of remuneration in the country's economy" .

The proportional tax in Russia formally provides equal conditions for taxation of income at a general, uniform rate of 13%. But for the poor, in relation to his income, the tax takes away a significant part of the income, which even without it barely ensures simple survival, while for the rich, after paying the tax, the remaining share of his income provides not only medically necessary, but simply high or even excessive a high standard of living, and besides, it also allows you to accumulate free capital.

Until 2001 The Russian Pension Fund and other social funds were financed by collecting insurance premiums. General tariff in 1997 and 2000 amounted to 38.5% of the wage fund for the employer, of which 28% were sent to the Pension Fund, and the employee paid 1% of his salary to the Pension Fund.

In 2001. introduced a regressive single social tax. The general rate was 35.6% of which 28% went to the Pension Fund. In 2005, the rate was lowered to 26%. Regressive means that the rich paid less than the poor. 26% of income was charged if during the year the total income did not reach 280,000 rubles. From income above 280,000 rubles. 72,800 rubles were paid. and 10% of the amount of income that exceeded 280,000 rubles. If the income exceeded 600,000 rubles, 104,800 rubles were paid. and 2% on the amount of income that exceeded 600,000 rubles. The UST provided income to the Pension and other social funds.

Since 2010 instead of the UST, insurance premiums were re-established; since 2012, the regressive scale also assumed a reduction in the rate to the Pension Fund from 22% to 10%.

As a summary of social taxes, it is quite possible to agree that the UST "with its regressive scale is anti-social, like a flat income tax" . In total, with double taxation of the UST and personal income tax, the worker gave almost 40% of his income. Actually, the flat personal income tax scale in Russia is actually regressive.

We have already found out earlier that demography cannot, for factual reasons, be necessary condition to raise the retirement age for at least the next 20 years. Yes, the demographic issue can be discussed today, but its relevance in the next 20 years or more is not great, so demography cannot be considered the main one, main reason government reforms.

Raising the retirement age is open, visible, something that millions of people will feel at the same time, an attack on the rights of almost the entire mass of employees. If the ruling class decides to go for an open increase in exploitation, then the threat to its own survival is higher than the future growth of class hostility.

In 2013 Standard & Poor’s specialists suggested that the growth of the Russian economy is slowing down not only due to the impact of the global crisis, but also “due to the exhaustion of the potential of the existing growth model by the economy”, the Russian economy is “operating almost at the limit of its potential”. Productive growth 1998-2008 was due to the involved production facilities, preserved from the Soviet Union.

Protection of class interests and strengthening dictatorship of the bourgeoisie occurs due to the labor of almost the entire mass of legal and illegal employees. While the economy stagnates with pre-existing levels of inequality and poverty, the latest "reforms" show that exploitation and even real oppression, i.e. sinking into utter poverty tens of millions will acquire different scale.

Karl Marx pointed out that taxes serve “a means of preserving the position of the bourgeoisie dominating class» . The Russian government, along with changing the retirement age, has proposed compensating for shortfalls in income by increasing VAT rates.

In 2016 it was reported that “officials discuss ‘revolutionary tax idea’— lower insurance premiums and higher VAT. In December 2016, V. Putin was instructed to change the tax system by 2019 in order to stimulate business activity and increase the competitiveness of enterprises by reducing the direct fiscal burden on employers and compensating for shortfalls in income by increasing VAT.

July 24, 2018 the increase in the VAT rate from 18% to 20% from January 1, 2019 was adopted by the State Duma. Starting from 2019, the federal budget will receive an additional 620 billion rubles. in year. VAT is actually a regressive tax and is paid by the buyer, its share in "the sum of the buyer's income will be the less, the greater the amount of his income". Thus, the increase in VAT will primarily affect the lives of the most vulnerable segments of the population, including pensioners. "Indirect taxes are asocial in their very essence: they bear their main burden on the poorest segments of the population."

Together with the increase in VAT, a temporarily reduced rate of contributions to the Pension Fund of 22% was approved as a permanent one. As indicated in the financial and economic justification for the bill, the reduction in the amount of insurance contributions to the Pension Fund in the event of the approval of a reduced rate will amount to 615.38 billion rubles in 2021, 659.55 billion rubles in 2022, and 659.55 billion rubles in 2023 705.14 billion rubles, in 2024 763.88 billion rubles.

In 2017 The Ministry of Finance pointed out that this change in the tax system "will give a greater positive effect on the economy if it is accompanied by measures to increase supply in the labor market" . For example, a significant increase in supply in the labor market can lead to an increase in the retirement age. According to the calculations of the Ministry of Economic Development, the number of employed will increase by about 300,000 people in 2019 and by 1,800,000 by 2024.

Whereas, according to some estimates, due to the increase in the retirement age, in 2019 the working-age population will increase by 2 million people, in 2024 - by about 7-8 million, and by 2036 - by 12.6 million . As can be seen from these numbers, offer in the labor market will greatly exceed height work places.

What conclusions can be drawn?

How the bourgeoisie increases the degree of exploitation is clearly seen from the tax-pension reform discussed above.

Firstly, lowering the rate of insurance premiums makes the labor of an employee cheaper for the capitalist, allowing him to extract more profit from his labor.

Secondly, the increase in VAT indirectly reduces the amount of wages paid to the employee, thereby making the profit even higher and the cost per employee lower.

Third, raising the retirement age and, consequently, increasing supply in the labor market increases competition among workers, thereby allowing the capitalist to pay wages even lower than the value of the labor he buys.

The petty bourgeoisie gets a special position here. For the petty bourgeois, the policy pursued by the government is more advantageous. The blow dealt to hired workers, in terms of their wages, creates a significant potential for super-exploitation and the extraction of super-profits not only for the big bourgeoisie, but also for the petty bourgeoisie.

This brings us directly to the question of wage levels and wealth inequality: “The low wages in Russia are exacerbated by their high differentiation. Compared to the developed countries of the world, Russian workers receive significantly lower wages and work more hours for the same money. On average, a Russian worker spends on average three times as much time to produce products of the same value as a worker in the United States. .

For decades, the ongoing degradation of the economy naturally has a negative impact on labor productivity, the labor intensity of the economy and wages, and the ruling class is squeezing all the remaining juice out of this economic gas chamber.

As of 2016, approximately half (47.1%) of the total payroll in Russia is accounted for by the top 20% of workers and the other half by the remaining 80% of workers. The ratio of incomes of 10% of the most and least wealthy population in 1990 was 4.4, in 1991 - 4.5, in 1992 - 8, in 1993 - 11.2, in 1994 - 15, in 2016 - 15.6. In 1991, the Gini coefficient according to Rosstat was 0.260, in 2016 it was 0.412. The higher the value of the Gini coefficient, the stronger the economic inequality in the society under consideration.

In 2016, the average monthly nominal accrued salary was 36,709 rubles, the subsistence minimum was 9,828 rubles. The median value of wages in 2015 is 24,868 rubles, in 2017 - 28,345 rubles. The median wage means that 50% of workers are paid less than this value and the other 50% are paid more. The average size of assigned pensions is 12,391 rubles, the subsistence minimum for a pensioner (PMP) is 8,081 rubles.

With a Pension Fund contribution rate of 26%, an employee with a median salary would have to work for approximately 25 years to earn 1 PMP, respectively, 50 years - 2 PMP. According to calculations, “only with a salary equal to or higher than the average in the economy (only 31% of employees receive such a salary), a person can earn a pension of 1.0 LMP for 16.4 years, which justified the establishment of a new minimum wage in 2015. experience in 15 years, 2.0 PMP - for 33 years, i.e., in fact, for the average experience that has actually developed for current pensioners. However, in order to earn 3.0 PMP, you will have to work for 49 years (which is 9 years more than the possible maximum length of service from 20 years to the generally established retirement age of 60 years).”

Naturally, the rate of 22% at this level of income will not be able to maintain a sufficient level of pension provision. The government has found a solution in raising the retirement age. For the ineffective, actually failed policy of the ruling bourgeois class over all the past decades, hired workers will pay, i.e. most of you, dear readers.

The draft law adopted by the State Duma on July 24, 2018 also provides that, above the established limit on total income, a rate of 10% will be applied instead of the 22% rate. In 2018, the limit was RUB 1,021,000, i.e. RUB 85,083 per month.

The top 10% of paid employees in 2017 accounted for 32.6% of the total payroll in Russia, with an average wage of RUB 127,006. For the top 20% of the most paid employees in 2017 - 48% of the total payroll in Russia with an average salary of 93,468 rubles.

Accordingly, if approximately the same ratio will be maintained in the future (as, indeed, it was before), then approximately 48% of the total payroll in Russia is taxed now and will be taxed in accordance with the reduced rate of contributions to the Pension Fund of 10%.

Of course, if you force the poor and needy to pay into the Pension Fund first of all, using a regressive tax, then it is not possible to provide the elderly with a decent pension. But, of course, there is a solution. According to the capitalist government, it is necessary raise the retirement age.

Experts point out that “World experience in the operation of various pension systems has shown that for their effective functioning, the allowable range of differentiation in wages is 5-6 times”, whereas “A 15-fold difference in the level of wages makes the pension system obviously inefficient”. In other words, “until the problem of low wages is resolved, any parametric changes within the pension system itself will not bring the desired effect” .

Another direction within the framework of the pension reform for the government is hidden wages and, accordingly, shadow employment. “In the period 2018 – the first half of 2019, we will propose a mechanism for “whitewashing” wages for those who are currently in the “gray” economy,” explained Deputy Prime Minister Tatyana Golikova.

Here, as experts rightly point out, “the introduction of a flat scale of taxation of personal income and even the establishment of a regressive scale of contributions to state social funds in no way affected the concealment of personal income from taxation and could not destroy the practice of issuing “envelope” salaries” . What new solution will the government come up with? Not yet known.

As for the volume of hidden wages, it is really significant: in 2016 - 10.3 trillion. rub. Removing wages from the shadows would make it possible to cover the deficit of the Pension Fund, for example, the calculation at a rate of 22% shows that the accrual of contributions to hidden wages would replenish the budget of the Pension Fund by about 2.2 trillion. rubles, while the budget deficit of the Pension Fund is approximately 1 trillion. rub. It was the same in past years, for example, in 2012, hidden wages amounted to 6.5 trillion. rub.

Even without taking into account the regressive rate, the mere decrease in the rate of contributions to the Pension Fund in 2005 by 8% and in 2012 by another 4% led to an imbalance in the pension system and a chronic deficit, which must be paid by employees who were deprived of times the money they now have to repay. Simply put, let's say that money was stolen from you, and now you also have to give the same amount of money to the person who stole it from you.

Shadow employment is represented mainly by young people and pensioners. As for pensioners, they “are forced to work in order to survive in the same low-wage jobs that no one particularly aspires to, except, perhaps, temporary labor migrants”. Of the total number of pensioners - working old-age pensioners in 2016 there were 14 million 199 thousand, in 2017 - 8 million 791 thousand.

In general, the shadow economy in Russia is flourishing, according to some sources, its volume is 33.6 trillion rubles. rub., this is 39% of GDP. With such indicators, Russia is one of the five largest shadow economies in the world. The United States (7.8% of GDP), Japan (10%) and China (10.2%) have the smallest volume of the shadow economy.

It is noteworthy that corruption exceeds the budget deficit of the Pension Fund, in 2017 - 1.4 trillion. rub. Those. without even touching on the exploitation that tramples the people into poverty, or “salaries in envelopes,” they simply steal more than the old people need to collect for the pension they, by the way, have earned.

In addition, there are many tax incentives in Russia. In 2016, their amount amounted to 9.6 trillion. rubles, in fact, these are “not just benefits - these are budget expenditures, this is money that the budget has not received”, while their effectiveness has not yet been practically studied. 1/10 tax benefits cover almost the entire budget deficit of the Pension Fund.

Fourth, the rich and super-rich extract even more of the surplus value created by the labor of wage laborers using the regressive tax they impose on themselves and their "brothers in the class." This, of course, only increases the degree of exploitation of labor by the Russian bourgeoisie.

Fifth, shadow employment and hidden wages are not so much forced circumstances as they are necessary for the survival of the entire social structure existing in Russia. Corruption and an opaque array of tax incentives organically complement them. All this together completely or partially merges into 33.6 trillion. rub. shadow economy. The cream of this rotten pie is skimmed off by the ruling bourgeois class.

In 2008, the net outflow of capital from Russia by the private sector of the economy amounted to 133.6 billion US dollars, in 2009 - 57.5, in 2010 - 30.8, in 2012 - 53.9, in 2013 - 60.3, in 2014 - 152.1, in 2015 - 57, in 2016 - 18.4, in 2017 - 24.8 , in the first quarter of 2018 (estimate) - 13.4. Capital flight from Russia “is a systematic and widespread phenomenon. It reflects the comprador character of domestic big business…”

Among other things, one can also say that the increase in the pension of 1000 rubles promised by the government. actually will be about half this amount, since the indexation of pensions in 2019 by almost 500 rubles. and so was provided for in accordance with applicable law. Due to pension reform in 2019, retirement will be postponed for 1 year for almost 1.5 million people.

// General conclusions

In a class society, old age is an economic category. The modern Russian bourgeois state is the result of a counter-revolution and, accordingly, is engaged in the liquidation of what was created during the years of the revolution.

When, for example, they talk about the unfairness of the pension formula by which the future pension is calculated, this is not a figure of speech. It really had underestimated coefficients. In all the past years, people received less pensions than they actually should have received.

In 1988. life expectancy in Russia (RSFSR) was 69.9 years, in 2016 - 71.9. In almost 30 years, the growth was only 2 years. Of course, these are largely the consequences of the counter-revolution that has taken place, but the ruling bourgeois class is also its consequences. Not only the counter-revolution, like the collapse of the Soviet Union, but all the last decades of the economic policy pursued by this class is the cause of the crisis that is increasingly engulfing capitalist Russia today.

Addition to the main text of the article, written in connection with the message of V. Putin on August 29, 2018 regarding the pension reform

The main text of the article was completed on August 2 and is published without any significant changes. But in the second half of August, information appeared that the president was going to speak out on the issue of pension reform. August 29 President of Russia V. Putin addressed the citizens with a short message about the proposed reform of the pension system. It might be expected that the speech would have a character more in line with the rhetoric familiar to the bourgeois class about nationwide and democratic character, where the president acts as a kind of "arbiter" who defends the interests of the majority.

In fact, what has already been said in the main text of the article is confirmed. The bourgeois class is experiencing the ever-increasing influence of the economic crisis, which naturally forces it to more and more openly demonstrate and defend its own class interests to the detriment of the vast majority of society - employees.

Of course, this is not yet an open terrorist dictatorship, the rhetoric of high-ranking representatives of the ruling class is still trying to convince of the democratic nature of the policy pursued, although it has already changed from the position of defending the interests of hired workers in words, i.e. majority of citizens (for example, V. Putin's statement against raising the retirement age in 2005), while, of course, actually defending interests of the ruling bourgeois class, to convince the proletariat of the coincidence of the national and economic interests of the bourgeoisie and the proletariat.

Putin did not make any proposals fundamentally changing the draft pension reform and raising the retirement age, submitted earlier by the Government for consideration by the State Duma and adopted in the first reading. As previously suggested, men will have to retire at 65, while women not at 63, but at 60.

But even the rise for one year has no basis, so that the decline in raising the retirement age for women from 8 to 5 years means that the capital rob employees, but slightly less. Nothing prevents the bourgeois class in perspective unleash their appetites to the fullest by bringing an increase in the retirement age for women up to 65 years like in men.

There are a number of other proposals made by the president that are even less significant in the general context of pension reform. One of them is to lower the retirement age for women with many children, down to 50 years. However, this is nothing more than a modification of an already existing norm, which is provided for by Art. 32 of the Federal Law of December 28, 2013 N 400-FZ "On insurance pensions".

In 2013-2015 for the first time since 1992, natural population growth was observed, but already in 2016 the number of deaths again exceeded the number of births. In general, the problem of low fertility can only be solved fundamental changes in social policy, neither maternity capital nor the preferential retirement age seem to be sufficient measures.

Further, Putin proposed “to establish administrative and even criminal liability for employers for dismissing workers of pre-retirement age, as well as for refusing to hire citizens because of their age.” There is a well-founded impression that he simply nothing to say, therefore, the best of the worst proposals are voiced. the bourgeois class economically profitable maintain a significant share of the shadow economy, covering it up with frankly ridiculous remarks about the impossibility or inability to carry out the necessary administration. This offer will remain empty phrase that will show in the future practice. This is nothing more than an example of the rhetoric mentioned above.

The proposal to slightly more than double the meager unemployment benefit for citizens of pre-retirement age (which is supposed to be 5 years before reaching retirement age) sounds like a desire to give people the opportunity to suffer a little, and not die immediately after losing their jobs in a few years before retirement.

- maintaining benefits for miners, workers in hot shops, chemical plants, Chernobyl victims, and a number of other categories;

— 25% supplement to the fixed insurance pension for non-working pensioners living in the countryside with at least 30 years of experience in agriculture;

- to reduce by three years the length of service that gives the right to early retirement: for women up to 37 years, and for men up to 42;

The new amendments to the pension reform are a hot topic for both future pensioners and employers. Details, explanations of experts and a table of a phased transition to the updated standards are in the article.

From the article you will learn:

Plans to change the pension legislation, announced at the beginning of 2018, are gradually taking shape. Comprehensive approach to revision existing rules and norms is aimed at stabilizing the pension system and increasing the income of Russian pensioners.

When will the changes in pension legislation take effect?

Federal Law No. 350-FZ of October 3, 2018, which fixed the new changes in the pension reform, will come into force on January 1, 2019. This means that before the start of a new calendar year workers will be able to retire under the old rules under the simultaneous fulfillment of three conditions:

Condition 1. The retirement age has been reached - 60 years for men, 55 years for women.

Condition 2. There is a pension coefficient of 13.8 or more.

Condition 3. Insurance experience of at least nine years.

Some categories of personnel have the right to early retirement for old age - for work in special working conditions, in a difficult climate, and not only. To exercise this right, you must write a written application and attach certificates confirming the existence of special experience.

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A special from System Kadra:

But in the near future, the existing norms will be revised, the retirement dates will be shifted, and personnel officers will have new responsibilities related to protecting the rights of workers of pre-retirement age. Therefore, it is so important to know when the new pension reform comes into force and how it will affect personnel work.

What is the new retirement age reform

5 changes to be aware of:

1. Cancellation of the point system.
2. New rules indexation of pensions.
3. Creation of a voluntary accumulative pension system in the form of IPC - individual pension capital.
4. Raising the generally established retirement age.
5. Adjustment of the rules for registration of preferential pensions.

How will it happenphased transition to the new pension reform (table)

Initially, the Pension Reform Bill raised the minimum retirement age by eight years for women and five years for men.

After long discussions, a softer version of the reform was adopted: the age limit for the female population will increase by five years instead of eight, and the increase will be gradual. The age requirement for men will also gradually increase by five years. The increase will also take place during the transition period - from 2019 to 2023.

A year-by-year table of the new pension reform will help you get a better idea of ​​the transition process.

Table of the new pension reform

Year of retirement before reform	Increasing the retirement age compared to pre-reform norms	New retirement age for men	New retirement age for women	Year of retirement after the reform
	6 months (+ year)
	1.5 (2) years

The law stipulates a new basis for retirement two years earlier than the new retirement age - 37 years of service for women and 42 years for men. With such a long service, men will be able to retire from 60 years old, women - from 55 years old. Except as expressly provided by law, an employer may not unilaterally dismiss an employee due to age. The situation is commented by the expert of "Personnel System": Can an employee continue to work in the organization upon reaching retirement age?

Concerning social benefits old age, to which all Russians who have not managed to accumulate the length of service necessary to receive an insurance pension, are entitled, there have been changes here too. Now the opportunity to receive a social pension for women will appear only after reaching the age of 65, and for men - 70 years.

Editorial advice. Pay attention to the new concept in the legislation - retirement age. Now employers must prepare a new report and monitor the rights of pensioners. Read the article for details: Pre-retirement age (table)

Who will not be touchednew pension reform rules

New changes in Russia's pension reform will not affect everyone.

Pension reform changes will not affect

1. Citizens who managed to apply for an old-age pension before January 1, 2019. They will not earn additional years of service.
2. Citizens who work in harmful or dangerous working conditions. Design rules preferential pension for work in such conditions will remain the same. Even when they approve a new pension reform.

Therefore, beneficiaries, as before, will be able to go on a legal vacation ahead of schedule, without waiting for the retirement age.

In addition, the reform does not apply to:

• representatives of small nationalities of the Far North;
• persons affected by major man-made accidents and radiation disasters;
• disabled people of group I;
• mothers of many children who gave birth to five or more children and raised them up to the age of eight.

note! Despite the reform, the retirement age for employees of the FSB, the Federal Security Service and a number of other law enforcement agencies is not being raised.

Do not forget to review the personal cards of employees of pre-retirement age and clarify the timing of their retirement, taking into account gender, year of birth, social status, length of insurance and special length of service, which entitles them to preferential pension coverage.

The State Duma adopted in the second, main reading, the draft pension reform, taking into account the easing proposed by the president. The retirement age in Russia will be gradually raised from 2019 to 60 for women and 65 for men

Photo: Vladimir Fedorenko / RIA Novosti

The State Duma approved the draft pension reform in the second reading, taking into account the easing proposed by the president: the retirement age will be gradually raised from 2019 for women from 55 to 60 years old, and for men from 60 to 65 years old. The bill in the key reading was supported by 326 deputies, 59 parliamentarians opposed the reform, one abstained. RBC followed the broadcast of the meeting on the website of the lower house of parliament.

284 amendments were submitted for the second reading to the government bill on raising the retirement age, follows from the summary table of amendments. However, the State Duma Committee on Labour, Social Policy and Veterans Affairs (responsible for considering the bill) on September 24, only the amendments proposed by the president and the United Russia faction are to be adopted. The government has not submitted any amendments to the draft pension reform.

All the presidential amendments were approved by the deputies unanimously, 385 deputies voted in favor, there were no opponents or abstentions. “We have found a consensus on this issue, and everyone supported the President’s amendments,” said State Duma Speaker Vyacheslav Volodin, commenting on the results of the vote.

Two deputies from the Communist Party - Valery Rashkin and Denis Parfyonov - came to the plenary session of the State Duma in T-shirts with crossed out numbers 63/65. Such parameters of the new retirement age were proposed by the government in the original draft of the pension reform. Volodin responded by noting that a deputy's salary could buy a jacket and tie. “Our salaries are much higher than those of those who elected us. Everyone in the hall has a salary that allows you to buy a suit and tie,” the speaker of the lower house of parliament emphasized.

Presidential Amendments

At the end of August, Vladimir Putin delivered a televised address to the Russians, in which he supported the pension reform and proposed a number of things for it. The main change has affected women: for them, the President proposed to reduce the retirement age proposed by the government from 63 to 60 years. Putin explained the need to soften the pension reform in this way with a “special, careful” attitude towards women in Russia. Thus, the retirement age for men and women will be raised equally - by five years, the transition period will last ten years - until 2028.

The head of state proposed to provide mothers with many children with a pension, and citizens who were to retire under the old legislation in 2019 and 2020, the opportunity to retire six months earlier than the new retirement age.

Putin recalled the norm of the law on a 25% increase in the fixed part of the pension for rural residents that has not entered into force and proposed to start paying it from 2019. To protect people of pre-retirement age (at Putin's initiative, the concept of pre-retirement age is being expanded from two to five years to a pension during the transition period), he proposed raising unemployment benefits for them to 11,280 rubles, as well as introducing criminal liability for employers for dismissal or refusal hire pre-retirees. The State Duma on Tuesday, September 25, in the third, final reading, the relevant amendments to the Criminal Code - they provide for compulsory work and a fine for employers.

Between first and second

The first reading of the pension bill on July 19, when all opposition factions opposed the reform - the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, the Liberal Democratic Party and A Just Russia, the bill was approved by a majority vote of United Russia deputies. In Russian cities against pension reform, organized by supporters of the opposition leader Alexei Navalny, the Communist Party, the Liberal Democratic Party, A Just Russia and trade unions. On a single day of voting on September 9, organized by Navalny's supporters, they covered more than 20 cities. Sociologists VTsIOM and FOM lowering the ratings of President Vladimir Putin, Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev and the United Russia party.

The State Duma also approved the amendments proposed by the United Russia faction and the president. The United Russia amendments provide for a reduction in the length of service proposed by the government, which gives the right to early retirement, by three years (for men - from 45 to 42 years, for women - from 40 to 37 years), as well as maintaining the terms for assigning a funded pension within the old pension boundaries. age (that is, from 60 and 55 years old for men and women) for citizens who took part in its formation. According to the approved amendments, the Pension Fund of Russia will transfer information to ministries, regional authorities and employers to provide pre-pensioners with tax benefits, social protection measures and social assistance. In addition, in the next two years, citizens who could start receiving a social pension under the old legislation in 2019 and 2020 will be able to receive a social pension six months earlier than the new retirement age, follows from the amendments to the pension bill supported by the State Duma. According to the draft pension reform, the age that gives the right to receive social pension, it is proposed to gradually increase to 65 years for women and 70 years for men.