Social science. Interpersonal relationships. Communication is the basis of interpersonal relationships Storytelling is the basis of interpersonal relationships
Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below
Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.
Posted on http://www.allbest.ru/
Ministry Russian Federation for communication and informatization
Siberian State University of Telecommunications Informatics
Interregional Center for Retraining Specialists
Course work
Discipline: "Psychology and Pedagogy"
Topic: “Communication is the basis interpersonal relationships»
Completed by: Erezheva Maria Viktorovna
Group: EDZ-82
Novosibirsk 2011
Introduction
1 General concept about communication as the basis of interpersonal relationships
2 Factors Determining Interpersonal Relationships
3 The relationship between the characteristics of the circle of communication of the individual and its properties
4 Communication and personality formation
5 Conditions for psychologically comfortable and personally developing communication
6 Psychological aspects of psychohygiene of professional activity
7 empirical research
Conclusion
List of used literature
INTRODUCTION
At present, it is no longer necessary to prove that interpersonal communication is completely necessary condition being of people, that without it it is impossible for a person to fully form a single mental function or mental process, not a single block of mental properties, a person as a whole.
Since communication is the interaction of people and since it always develops mutual understanding between them, certain relationships are established, a certain mutual circulation takes place (in the sense of the behavior chosen by the people participating in communication in relation to each other), then interpersonal communication turns out to be such a process , which, provided that we want to comprehend its essence, should be considered as a person-person system in all the multidimensional dynamics of its functioning (other types of communication can be called: communication of a person with various communities of people, communication of these communities among themselves).
For interpersonal communication, such a situation is typical when the participants in communication, entering into contacts, pursue in relation to each other goals that are more or less significant for them, which may coincide in their content, or may differ from each other. These goals are a consequence of the action of certain motives that the participants in communication have, their achievement constantly involves the use of various ways of behavior that each person develops as he develops the qualities of the object and subject of communication. All this means that interpersonal communication, according to its main characteristics, is always a type of activity, the essence of which is the interaction of a person with a person.
1 GENERAL CONCEPT OF COMMUNICATION AS THE BASIS OF INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS
Considering the way of life of various higher animals and man, we notice that two sides stand out in it: contacts with nature and contacts with living beings. The first type of contacts is activity. The second type of contacts is characterized by the fact that the parties interacting with each other are living beings, organism with organism, exchanging information. This type of intraspecific and interspecific contacts is called communication.
Communication is characteristic of all higher living beings, but at the human level it acquires the most perfect forms, becoming conscious and mediated by speech. In communication, the following aspects are distinguished: content, purpose and means.
Content is information that is transmitted from one living being to another in interindividual contacts. One person can transfer information to another about cash needs, counting on potential participation in their satisfaction. Through communication, data on their emotional states (satisfaction, joy, anger, sadness, suffering, etc.) can be transmitted from one living being to another, aimed at setting up another living being for contacts in a certain way. The same information is transmitted from person to person and serves as a means of interpersonal attunement. In relation to an angry or suffering person, for example, we behave differently than in relation to someone who is benevolent and feels joy. The content of communication can be information about the state of the environment, transmitted from one living being to another, for example, signals about danger or about the presence somewhere nearby of positive, biologically significant factors, say, food.
In humans, the content of communication is much broader than in animals. People exchange information with each other, representing knowledge about the world, rich life experience, knowledge, abilities, skills and abilities. Human communication is multi-subject, it is the most diverse in its inner content.
The purpose of communication is what a person has this type of activity for. In animals, the purpose of communication may be to incite another living being to certain actions, a warning that it is necessary to refrain from any action. The mother, for example, warns the cub of danger by voice or movement; some animals in the herd can warn others that they have received vital signals. A person has an increasing number of communication goals. In addition to those listed above, they include the transfer and acquisition of objective knowledge about the world, training and education, the coordination of reasonable actions of people in their joint activities, the establishment and clarification of personal and business relationships, and much more. If in animals the goals of communication usually do not go beyond the satisfaction of their biological needs, then in humans they are a means of satisfying many different needs: social, cultural, cognitive, creative, aesthetic, the needs of intellectual growth, moral development and a number of others.
No less significant are the differences in the means of communication. The latter can be defined as ways of encoding, transmitting, processing and deciphering information transmitted in the process of communication from one living being to another.
Encoding information is a way of transferring it from one living being to another. For example, information can be transmitted through direct bodily contact: touching the body, hands, etc. Information can be transmitted and perceived by people at a distance, through the senses (observations by one person of the movements of another or the perception of sound signals produced by him).
A person, in addition to all these data from the nature of the ways of transmitting information, has many of those that are invented and improved by him. These are language and other sign systems, writing in its various forms and forms (texts, diagrams, drawings, drawings), technical means of recording, transmitting and storing information (radio and video equipment; mechanical, magnetic, laser and other forms of records). In terms of his ingenuity in choosing the means and methods of intraspecific communication, man is far ahead of all living creatures known to us that live on planet Earth.
Depending on the content, goals and means, communication can be divided into several types. In terms of content, it can be represented as material (exchange of objects and products of activity), cognitive (exchange of knowledge), conditional (exchange of mental or physiological states), motivational (exchange of motives, goals, interests, motives, needs), activity (exchange of actions, operations, skills).
In material communication, subjects, being engaged in individual activity, exchange its products, which, in turn, serve as a means of satisfying their actual needs. In conditional communication, people exert an influence on each other, calculated to bring each other into a certain physical or mental state. For example, to cheer up or, on the contrary, to spoil it, and, ultimately, to have a certain impact on each other's well-being.
Motivational communication has as its content the transfer to each other of certain motives, attitudes or readiness for action in a certain direction.
An illustration of cognitive and activity communication can be communication associated with various types of cognitive or learning activities. Here, information is transmitted from subject to subject, expanding horizons, improving and developing abilities.
According to the goals, communication is divided into biological and social in accordance with the needs it serves. Biological - this is communication necessary for the maintenance, preservation and development of the body. It is associated with the satisfaction of basic organic needs. Social communication pursues the goals of expanding and strengthening interpersonal contacts, establishing and developing interpersonal relationships, and personal growth of the individual. There are as many private goals of communication as there are subspecies of biological and social needs.
By means of communication can be direct and indirect, direct and indirect. Direct communication is carried out with the help of natural organs given to a living being by nature: hands, head, torso, vocal cords, etc. Mediated communication is associated with the use of special means and tools for organizing communication and information exchange. These are either natural objects (a stick, a footprint on the ground, etc.), or cultural ones (sign systems, recordings of symbols on various media, print, radio, television, etc.). Direct communication involves personal contacts and direct perception by each other of communicating people in the very act of communication, their communication in those cases when they see and directly react to each other's actions. Indirect communication is carried out through intermediaries, which can be other people. Man differs from animals in that he has a special, vital need for communication, and also in that he spends most of his time in communication with other people. Among the types of communication, one can also distinguish business and personal, instrumental and targeted.
Business communication is usually included as a private moment in any joint activity of people and serves as a means of improving the quality of this activity. Its content is what people are doing, and not those problems that affect their inner world. Unlike business personal communication, on the contrary, it is mainly focused on internal psychological problems that deeply affect a person’s personality.
Communication can be called instrumental, which is not an end in itself, is not stimulated by an independent need, but pursues some other goal, in addition to obtaining satisfaction from the very act of communication. Target - this is communication, which in itself serves as a means of satisfying a specific need, in this case, the need for communication.
In human life, communication does not exist as a separate process or an independent form of activity. It is included in individual or group practical activity, which can neither arise nor be realized without intensive and versatile communication.
The result of communication is the mutual influence of people on each other.
The most important types of communication in humans are verbal and non-verbal. Non-verbal communication does not involve the use of spoken language, natural language, as a means of communication. Non-verbal communication is communication through facial expressions, gestures and pantomime, through direct sensory or bodily contact. These are tactile, visual, auditory, olfactory and other sensations and images received from another person. Most of the non-verbal forms and means of communication in humans are innate and allow him to interact, achieving mutual understanding at the emotional and behavioral levels, not only with his own kind, but also with other living beings. Verbal communication is inherent only to a person and, as a prerequisite, involves the acquisition of a language. In terms of its communicative capabilities, it is much richer than all types and forms of non-verbal communication, although in life it cannot completely replace it.
Communication is of great importance in the formation of the human psyche, its development and the formation of reasonable, cultural behavior. Through communication with psychologically developed people, thanks to the wide opportunities for learning, a person acquires all his higher cognitive abilities and qualities. Through active communication with developed personalities, he himself turns into a personality.
If from birth a person was deprived of the opportunity to communicate with people, he would never become a civilized, cultural and morally developed citizen, he would be doomed to remain a semi-animal until the end of his life, only outwardly, anatomically and physiologically resembling a person.
Of particular importance for the mental development of the child is his communication with adults in the early stages of ontogenesis. At this time, he acquires all his human, mental and behavioral qualities almost exclusively through communication, since until the beginning of schooling, and even more definitely - before the onset of adolescence, he is deprived of the ability to self-education and self-education. mental development The child begins with communication. This is the first type of social activity that arises in ontogenesis and thanks to which the infant receives the information necessary for his individual development. In communication, first through direct imitation (vicarial learning), and then through verbal instructions (verbal learning), the child's basic life experience is acquired.
Communication is the internal mechanism of joint activity of people. The growing role of communication, the importance of its study is due to the fact that in modern society much more often in direct, immediate communication between people, decisions are made that were previously made, as a rule, by individual people.
2 FACTORS DETERMINING INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION
In the vast majority of cases, interpersonal interaction of people, referred to as communication, almost always turns out to be woven into the activity and acts as a condition for its implementation. So, without people communicating with each other, there can be no collective work, teaching, art, games, and the functioning of the media. At the same time, the type of activity that communication serves invariably leaves its mark on the content, form, and course of the entire process of communication between the performers of this activity.
Interpersonal communication is not only a necessary component of activity, the implementation of which involves the interaction of people, but at the same time an indispensable condition for the normal functioning of a community of people.
When comparing the nature of interpersonal communication in different associations of people, the presence of similarities and differences is striking. The similarity appears in the fact that communication turns out to be a necessary condition for their existence, a factor on which the successful solution of the tasks facing it, their movement forward depends. At the same time, each community is characterized by the type of activity that prevails in it. So, for a study group, such an activity will be the acquisition of knowledge, skills and abilities, for a sports team - a performance designed to achieve the planned result in competitions, for a family - raising children, providing living conditions, organizing leisure, etc. Therefore, in each type of community, it is clear the predominant type of interpersonal communication is visible, providing the main activity for this community. At the same time, it is clear that the way people communicate in a community is influenced not only by the main activity for this community, but also by what this community itself is. If we take a family, then its daily goals - raising children, doing household chores, organizing leisure activities, etc. - directionally program the interpersonal communication of family members with each other. However, how it turns out in reality depends on the composition of the family, whether it is a complete or incomplete family, “three or two” or “one-generation”. Specific characteristics of intra-family interpersonal communication are also associated with the moral and general cultural image of the spouses, with their understanding of their parental responsibilities, the age and health of children and other family members. As in any other community, the features of interaction in the form of interpersonal communication and in the family are also largely determined by how family members perceive and understand each other, what emotional response they mainly evoke in each other, and what style of behavior they have towards each other. allow to a friend.
The communities to which a person belongs form the standards of communication that a person gets used to following. Bearing in mind the persistent influence of the type of activity and the characteristics of the community of people in which interpersonal communication unfolds, it is necessary in the analysis to make allowances for the constant variability of the process of activity and the community of people. All these changes, taken together, necessarily affect the interpersonal communication of the performers of this activity.
In the interaction of people, each person constantly finds himself in the role of an object and a subject of communication. As a subject, he gets to know other participants in communication, shows interest in them, and maybe indifference or hostility. As a subject solving a certain problem in relation to them, he influences them. At the same time, he turns out to be an object of knowledge for everyone with whom he communicates. It turns out to be an object to which they address their feelings, which they try to influence, to influence more or less strongly. At the same time, it should be specially emphasized that this stay of each participant in communication simultaneously in the role of an object and a subject is characteristic of any type of direct communication between people.
Being in the position of the object (subject) of communication, people differ greatly from each other in the nature of their role. First, "doing" can be more or less conscious. As an object, a person can show other people his physical appearance, expressive behavior, appearance design, his actions, naturally without thinking at all about what kind of response they evoke in those with whom he communicates. But he can try to determine what impression he makes in others throughout his communication with them or at some particular moment, purposefully do everything in his power to form in others exactly the impression of himself that he would like them to have. was. Secondly, differing in the degree of complexity of their personal structure, which characterizes their individual identity, people present different opportunities for successful interaction with them.
At the same time, being the subjects of communication, people differ from each other by the ability inherent in each of them to penetrate into the mentioned originality of another personality, to determine their attitude towards it, to choose the most appropriate, in their opinion, for the purposes of their communication, ways of influencing this personality.
At present, the phenomenon of the so-called compatibility or incompatibility of people is being widely studied in psychology. The facts collected at the same time show that the named greater or lesser compatibility makes itself felt most strongly in the communication of people, directly determining how they manifest themselves as objects and subjects of communication.
Now it is very important for psychological science, using comparison, to develop a typology of communication of individuals who are similar to each other in certain parameters or differ from each other also in certain parameters.
3 RELATIONSHIP OF THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CIRCLE OF COMMUNICATION OF THE PERSON AND ITS PROPERTIES
A person's personality is formed in the process of communicating with people. If in the initial period of life a person is not free to choose for himself the people who make up his immediate environment, then in adulthood he himself can to a large extent regulate the number and composition of the people who surround him and with whom he communicates. Thus, a person provides himself with a certain stream of psychological influences from this environment.
As you know, the immediate environment of a person is made up of people with whom he lives, plays, studies, rests, and works together. A person mentally reflects all of them, gives an emotional response to each, practices a certain way of behavior in relation to each. The nature of the mental reflection, emotional attitude and behavior of the person communicating with them to a greater extent depend on the personal characteristics of these people.
At the same time, this mental reflection, emotional attitude and behavior always bear the imprint of the characteristics of the motivational-need-to-requirement sphere of a person who communicates with people around him. Related to these features is his choice of people with whom he prefers to communicate.
Numerous facts show that depending on how people, with their external and internal appearance, knowledge, skills and actions, satisfy the needs of a person communicating with them, the frequency and nature of his communication with them are found. The correspondence of the characteristics that the people communicating with him carry, the features of his need-motivational sphere, determines the subjective significance of each of these people for a person.
At the same time, people become subjectively significant for a person and cause a desire to communicate with them not only when they correspond to the standards learned by a person, traditional for the people of his environment. The choice of people for more frequent communication is influenced by such specific individual needs of the individual as the need for empathy, guardianship, dominance, self-protection or self-assertion.
The quantitative and qualitative parameters of a person's circle of direct communication are in a certain way influenced by such characteristics as social affiliation and circumstances, such as teaching at a university, features of work, or leaving it by a woman to raise children.
The expansion of the boundaries of the circle of communication in most people is characterized by breaks in gradualness. A significant renewal of the composition of people with whom each person communicates occurs at such points in the life path as coming to kindergarten, to school, transition to its middle, then senior classes, leaving for the army, entering an institute, starting independent work, marriage or marriage. The volume of communication with peers from the same gender group is increasing and the circle of communication with adults is expanding with the transition to middle school.
With age, there is a significant change in the nature of the reasons forcing a person to enter into direct communication with other people. So, if in the time period of life of 15-23 years there is a significant increase in contacts, which were based on the need to satisfy a cognitive need, then there is a noticeable decrease in them. The most intense period of direct communication falls on the age of 23-30 years. After this age, a person's social circle decreases, i.e. the number of subjectively significant people who were in the circle of direct communication is decreasing.
Changes in the subjective significance of other people for a person, as a rule, are determined, on the one hand, by her position in relation to herself in the system of needs, and on the other hand, by the attitude towards her from the people who make up her social circle. These attitudes of other people towards him, which are significant to varying degrees for a person, influence not so much his leading needs, but rather the subordinate tendencies to protect his “I”, manifested in the search for and in the implementation of ways of behavior that affirm this “I”.
The problem that needs further solution is to find out how the specific composition of people who form a person's social circle in different years his life, affects the formation of personality.
Solving this problem requires not only General terms that make other people significant for a person and increase the degree of his susceptibility to their influences, but also to establish how these conditions should change from age to age, depending on the person’s gender, his profession and individual personality traits, so that he maintains a high degree of susceptibility to the influence of certain people. It is also necessary to find out what the circle of communication should be for each specific person at each stage of his life in order for the formation of his personality to proceed most successfully. Finally, how to manage the creation of such a circle of communication for a person so that not only subject-practical activity, but also his interaction with other people can be consciously and purposefully used for the optimal development of his personality.
4 COMMUNICATION AND PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT
Recently, scientists representing various fields of psychological science have shown an increased interest in a range of problems that, after being solved all together, will make it possible to fairly comprehensively cover the laws of the mechanism of communication.
Their efforts have enriched psychology with a number of general and more particular facts, which, being considered from the standpoint of a holistic theory of human development as an individual and as a person, convincingly show the extremely necessary role of communication in the formation of many important characteristics of mental processes, states and properties throughout a person's life.
We must consistently consider all these facts and try to trace how and why communication, along with labor, is an obligatory personality-forming factor and how to strengthen its significance in education.
If by activity we understand the activity of a person aimed at achieving certain goals, realized by him with the help of methods learned by him in society and stimulated by equally certain motives, then activity will be not only the work of a surgeon, painter, but also the interaction of people with each other in the form of communication.
After all, it is clear that, entering into communication with each other, people also, as a rule, pursue some goal: to make the other person like-minded, to achieve recognition from him, to keep him from doing the wrong thing, to please, etc. To carry it out, they more or less consciously use their speech, all their expression, and encourage them to act in such cases in exactly this way, and not otherwise, their needs, interests, beliefs, value orientations.
At the same time, characterizing communication as a special type of activity, it is necessary to see that without it, the full development of a person as a person and a subject of activity, as an individuality, cannot take place. If the process of this development is not considered one-sidedly and is realistically assessed, then it turns out that the objective activity of a person in all its modifications and his communication with other people are intertwined in life in the most intimate way.
While playing, the child communicates. Long-term learning necessarily involves fellowship. Work, as you know, in the vast majority of cases requires constant interaction of people in the form of communication. And the results of the subject matter depend on how communication proceeds, how communication is organized. practical activities the people involved in it. In turn, the course and results of this activity constantly and inevitably affect many characteristics of the communicative activity of people involved in the objective activity.
Both the formation of a number of stable characteristics of mental processes, states and properties of a person’s personality, and the formation of the structure of these properties, are influenced by objective activity and communication activity in combination, with different effects depending on their ratio.
If the moral norms by which people's communication is built in the main for them labor activity, do not coincide with the norms underlying their communication in other activities, then the development of their personality will be more or less contradictory, the formation of a whole personality for everyone will be difficult.
Trying to find out the reasons that make communication one of the strongest factors involved in the formation of personality, it would be simplistic to see its educational value only in the fact that in this way people get the opportunity to transfer to each other the knowledge they possess about the reality around them, as well as the skills and skills required by a person for the successful performance of subject activities.
The educational value of communication lies not only in the fact that it expands the general outlook of a person and contributes to the development of mental formations that are necessary for him to successfully perform activities of an objective nature. The educational value of communication lies in the fact that it is prerequisite the formation of the general intellect of a person, and above all, many of his mental and mnemonic characteristics.
What requirements do the people around a person make to his attention, perception, memory, imagination, thinking, when they communicate with him on a daily basis, what kind of “food” is given to him, what tasks are set for him and what level of his activity they cause - from this in to a greater extent depends on the specific combination of different characteristics that the human intellect carries.
Communication as an activity is of no less importance for the development emotional sphere man, the formation of his feelings. What experiences are predominantly provoked by people communicating with a person, evaluating his deeds and appearance, responding in one way or another to his appeal to them, what feelings he has when he sees their deeds and actions - all this has a strong influence on the development in his personality of stable emotional responses to the impact of certain aspects of reality - natural phenomena, social events, groups of people, etc.
Communication has an equally significant impact on the volitional development of a person. Whether he gets used to being collected, persistent, resolute, courageous, purposeful, or the opposite qualities will prevail in him - all this is largely determined by how favorable the development of these qualities are those specific situations of communication in which a person finds himself day after day.
Serving objective activity and contributing to the formation of typical for a person general characteristics of his horizons, the ability to handle objects, as well as his intellect and emotional-volitional sphere, communication to an even greater extent turns out to be an indispensable condition and a necessary prerequisite for the development of a complex of both simpler and more complex qualities that make him able to live among people, coexist with them and even rise to the realization of high moral principles in his behavior.
The completeness and correctness of a person's assessment of other people, the psychological attitudes that manifest themselves in the perception of others and the manner of responding to their behavior bear the stamp of a specific communication experience. If on his life path he met people who were similar to each other in virtues and shortcomings, and he had to communicate day by day with a small number of people who did not represent different age, gender, professional and national-class groups of people, then this limited personal impressions from meetings with people cannot but have a negative impact on the formation of evaluative standards in a person, which he begins to apply to other people, and on the result of his emotional reactions to their behavior, on the nature of the ways of responding to the actions of people with whom he, for one reason or another communicates now.
Own experience is only one of the ways in which a person develops the qualities he needs for successful communication with other people. Another way that complements the first one is the constant enrichment of it with theoretical information related to various areas of human knowledge, penetration into new layers of the human psyche, comprehension of the laws governing his behavior through reading scientific and authentic fiction, watching realistic films and performances that help to penetrate into the inner world of a person, understanding the mechanisms that ensure his existence. The enrichment of people from various sources with generalized knowledge about the main manifestations of a person as a person, stable dependencies that connect its internal characteristics with his actions, as well as with the surrounding reality, makes these people more sighted in relation to the personal essence and, so to speak, the momentary state of each of those specific individuals with whom these people have to interact.
It is necessary to raise another issue that is directly related to educating a person's ability to interact with other people at a psychologically competent level - this is the formation of a setting for creativity in communication. A person, especially if he is an educator, leader, doctor, must be able to carry out individual approach to each of those with whom he has to work, to overcome formalism in communication and, moving away from evaluative stereotypes, to identify, stepping over old behavioral patterns, to look for and try the most educationally appropriate ways of addressing the given case.
To achieve tangible results in covering all areas of the process of personality formation in communication, it is necessary to raise new questions and look for scientifically convincing answers to them. These include the development of ways to manage communication in order to increase its educational impact on the individual and, in this regard, the definition of a directed correction of communication of a person with these specific properties; clarification of the most favorable characteristics of communication for the comprehensive development of the personality, its goals, means, actualization of motives, taking into account the age, gender and profession of those communicating; search for an educationally optimal organization of communication when people perform various kinds activities; creation of reliable diagnostic tools for establishing the degree of formation in the personality structure of the traits that form the "communicative block".
5 CONDITIONS FOR PSYCHOLOGICALLY COMFORTABLE AND PERSONALLY DEVELOPING COMMUNICATION
At present, the enormous role of communication in the development of a particular psychological state in a person, in the actualization of certain characteristics of mental processes and properties, as well as in the formation of his entire personality, is generally recognized.
In order for communication to optimally contribute to the satisfaction of the positive needs of the persons participating in communication, to give them a state of emotional comfort, high intellectual and volitional activity, which allows them to successfully achieve the goals of their work. collective activity, it should be characterized by a number of psychological features.
If we keep in mind the peculiarities of the participants in the communication of each other, which favor the increase in the psychological effectiveness of interpersonal interaction, enhance their role in the development of individual properties and the personality of each participant in the communication, then they are as follows:
1) communicating must carry the ability to perceive and adequately psychologically interpret each other's behavior directly at every moment of communication, fix changes in cognitive processes, feelings and actions of communication partners, determine the reasons that these changes cause;
2) communicators should form a wide range of evaluative standards that allow them to compare the nature of the changes that occur in the verbal and non-verbal behavior of each participant in communication, and make correct conclusions about their essence in a timely manner;
3) some participants in communication must constantly be aware of how the other participants in this communication perceive and psychologically interpret their appearance and behavior and, accordingly, “correct” for this influence;
4) communicating should have, if possible, deep knowledge of typical errors such as "halo effect", "stereotyping", "projection" and others, which are often made when evaluating the external and internal appearance of other people, as well as in the psychological explanation of the observed picture of their behavior; they must also constantly show the ability not to fall into dogmatism and inertness when evaluating the appearance and behavior of each other, to reveal the ability to isolate themselves from prejudice when knowing another person, imposed by a stranger, perhaps even an authoritative opinion, for the sake of comprehending the individually unique originality of this person.
The condition for the development of a comfortable state for those who communicate, their behavior at their characteristic optimal level of intellectual-volitional activity is also their manifestation of goodwill towards each other during interpersonal contacts, as well as the ability to empathize and sympathize.
Sincerity in expressing feelings is always an important condition for successful communication, because only if it is present, it is possible to build a truly psychologically adequate and constructive behavior of the participants of communication in relation to each other.
Communicating people should develop in themselves a stable habit of creativity, manifested in the constant search and use of ways of behavior when establishing and maintaining contacts with each other, taking into account the individual originality of those to whom they are addressed, and at the same time working to achieve the goals of communication.
When selecting methods of influencing participants in communication and using them in the process of establishing contacts with each of them, one must remember that the basis of a person’s ability to influence other people is the ability to deeply and comprehensively understand both these people and himself and himself. , relying on this knowledge, to develop various forms of cooperation with all participants in communication. Moreover, our ability to understand the content, scope and causes of overt and covert conflicts that arise between us and those with whom we have to interact on a daily basis is the most important condition for finding effective ways to reduce or completely eliminate these conflicts in a timely manner. In this regard, it can be directly stated that the immunity of a person to the influences that he is exposed to from the person communicating with him, usually turns out to be evidence that one hundred and last resorted to methods of treatment that do not correspond to the personal characteristics of the person in relation to whom they were used. .
Evidence of psychological blindness and deafness to these features are the poverty and monotony of the methods of influence that representatives of a certain type of personality resort to when they come into contact with different people and with the same person in different situations, as well as their characteristic great opportunity to use these ways. For example, the habit inherent in some educators of influencing students with the help of punishments and threats, as a rule, causes a defensive reaction in the latter, requires them to spend considerable energy in order to cope with fear and apprehension, and to a large extent suppresses their intellectual and volitional activity, t .e. causes the opposite result; on the other hand, human behavior in communication, which weakens and, even worse, removes any self-control over their actions from other participants in communication, as a rule, has a negative result for their behavior in the present and future.
Therefore, human creativity, aimed at enriching the ways of behavior in communication, should not be subordinated to the formation of the ability to manipulate people or, on the contrary, facelessly adapt to their desires found in their behavior during communication, but is aimed at mastering the ability to create psychological conditions by their treatment of people. facilitating the manifestation of the intellectual-volitional and moral potential of these people at the optimal level.
Mastering the ways of dealing with other people, striving to ensure that they give rise to people's trust, tune in to cooperation, it must be remembered that the degree of their effectiveness to a large extent depends on their compliance with the personal characteristics of the person who uses these methods in his communication with other people. . Therefore, each person should strive to form for himself (although this is not easy) a style of communication that most accumulates the dignity of this person, when he has to act as an object and subject of communication, at the same time taking into account the personal characteristics of those with whom he predominantly to communicate. Moreover, the development of this style of communication will be more successful if we have the courage and skills to constantly be self-critical towards ourselves, in addition, understanding that our treatment of people can be affected by our existing and not always conscious attitudes, for example, to adapt to the expectations of others or the rejection of certain characteristics in oneself.
Thinking and organizing the treatment of other people, a person does this to achieve various goals. And, as already indicated, the psychological effect of the action of his treatment of a person in communication in some cases turns out to be really the way he planned it, in others it is achieved only partially, in others it does not work at all. The conditions that increase the degree of psychological effectiveness of the appeal or, conversely, reduce it in communication, were discussed above, now I would like to emphasize the following: so that the treatment of one person with other people, along with the solution of local problems (labor, educational, gaming, domestic, etc. .) worked optimally for the positive development of the individual, it must from beginning to end meet the principle of exactingness towards another person and respect for him.
If we mean communication aimed at helping a person move forward in his personal development, then the task of the persons helping him in this is, first of all, to activate his internal resources as much as possible by their influence on him in the process of communication, so that he himself can successfully cope with a variety of life problems at a high moral level.
communication interpersonal relationship
6 PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF PSYCHOHYGIENE OF PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITIES
Mental hygiene is the science of ensuring, preserving and maintaining a person's mental health (Lakosina N.D., Ushakov G.K., 1984). It is an integral part of a more general medical science of human health - hygiene. A specific feature of mental hygiene is its close connection with clinical (medical) psychology, which V.N. Myasishchev (1969) is considered as the scientific basis of mental hygiene. In the system of psychological sciences proposed by the famous domestic psychologist K.K. Platonov (1972), mental hygiene is included in medical psychology.
Elements of mental hygiene appeared in human life long before there was a systematic development of the principles of mental hygiene. Even ancient thinkers thought about the need to maintain their own mental health and balance in interaction with the outside world. The value for the human psyche of a “good balanced life” was emphasized by Democritus, and Epicurus called it “ataraxia”, calmness. wise man. The philosophical worldview has almost always been associated with the search for ways to achieve harmony in the inner world of man. Later, religion became a factor stabilizing and in a certain way harmonizing the mental, inner life of a person.
The very concept of "mental hygiene" arose in the 19th century, when the American C. Beers, being a long-term patient of a clinic for the mentally ill, wrote the book "The Soul That Was Found Again" in 1908. In it, he analyzed the shortcomings in behavior and attitudes. medical workers in relation to the sick, and subsequently all his activities were aimed at improving the living conditions of the mentally ill, not only in the clinic, but outside the hospital. However, it should be noted that even before K. Beers, Philip Pinel (1745-1826) took the decisive step for this, removing the chains from 49 patients who were in the Bicêtre psychiatric hospital in Paris on May 24, 1792. In 1948, the World Mental Health Federation was established in London, which collects information on the state of mental health and develops the foundations and concepts of mental health.
Psychohygiene deals with the study of the influence of the external environment on a person's mental health, highlights harmful factors in nature and society, at work, in everyday life, determines and organizes ways and means to overcome adverse effects on the mental sphere. In practice, the achievements of mental hygiene can be realized by:
Creation for state and public institutions, scientifically based standards and recommendations governing the conditions for ensuring various types of social functioning of a person;
Transfer of psychohygienic knowledge and training in psychohygienic skills of medical workers, teachers, parents and other groups of the population that can significantly affect the psychohygienic situation as a whole;
Sanitary and educational psychohygienic work among the general population, involvement in the promotion of psychohygienic knowledge of various public organizations.
There is a variety of systematic sections of mental hygiene. In mental hygiene, personal (individual) and public (social) mental hygiene is usually distinguished. In the system of psychohygienic knowledge, the psychohygiene of childhood, adolescence, adulthood, and the psychohygiene of the elderly are more often singled out separately. In addition, they distinguish the mental hygiene of mental and physical labor, the mental hygiene of everyday life and family relations. There are also many specific sections of occupational psychohygiene - engineering, sports, military, etc.
Psychohygiene of work. Labor, activity are an organic human need and under favorable conditions - an important factor to maintain and improve health. A number of studies have shown that deprivation of employment and unemployment are accompanied by a deterioration in mental health and an increase in somatic ailments. Labor can not only strengthen mental health, develop the abilities of healthy people but also to treat the mentally ill. Occupational therapy is widely used in psychiatric clinics, where, like any therapeutic effect, it is strictly dosed in accordance with the severity of neuropsychiatric disorders.
Work brings joy only if it corresponds to the individual characteristics of the individual. The absence of certain qualities and abilities makes it difficult and impossible to perform a particular job. This kind of compliance can be ensured by carefully conducted labor selection, which provides both for the professional orientation of schoolchildren and young people, and for special medical and psychological examinations when applying for a job.
It is very important to choose the right profession in accordance with the inclinations and capabilities of a person. Interest in the work, the desire for improvement and for more and more mastery of one's specialty bring satisfaction. Work is not to your liking, causing only negative emotions, disturbs your well-being and can lead to neurosis.
Increasing importance is attached to professional selection, the identification of the psychophysiological capabilities of the individual, and research in this direction is quite promising. Today, methods have been proposed with which you can check the time of an arbitrary reaction and a reaction that provides for a detailed decision-making, stability of attention, the ability to switch and distribute it, i.e., simultaneous focus on two types of activity. These qualities are required for many modern professions. For example, an operator controlling a moving object must simultaneously observe the readings of instruments, a changing environment, exercise control, etc. Specific requirements are imposed on pilots, astronauts, transport drivers and even pedestrians in large cities if they do not want to become victims of a street accident. In this regard, publications on mental hygiene in relation to specific professions appeared (Donskaya L.V., Linchevsky E.E., 1979; Stenko Yu.M., 1981, etc.). The ever more developing specialization of the forms of labor activity led to the allocation of specific sections of mental health at work - engineering, aviation, space, etc.
The line between mental and physical labor in modern society tends to blur. However, there are objective differences between mental and physical labor, which allows us to talk about the relevant sections of mental hygiene. M.S. Lebedinsky believes that mental work should include "such mental work that is carried out in a certain direction, according to a certain plan, to solve certain problems, in order to obtain a certain result that has one or another social significance." In this understanding, intellectual work includes a wide range of work from purely creative processes - discoveries and inventions - to the preparation and execution of reports, etc. Therefore, it is advisable to supplement the above wording, emphasizing that the results of mental work are achieved as a result of intellectual efforts, and physical efforts, which it also has (for example, when writing, reading, etc.) do not determine the effectiveness of the expended energy.
When they talk about intelligence as a synonym for thinking or the level of human mental development, they usually mean a whole range of qualities: clarity, logic, quick wits, depth, breadth, independence, criticality and flexibility of the mind. These qualities of intelligence interest us in at least three aspects: the professional viability of the individual, the ability to rationally build one's relationships with others, and finally, the ability to spend oneself wisely and at the same time reveal reserve opportunities.
With improper organization of mental work and non-compliance with psychohygienic requirements, a condition is often noted, defined as a "feeling of brain deficiency". This term, introduced into medical science and practice by the outstanding French clinician Dejerine (1849-1917), quite accurately reveals the state of emotional stress in patients, asthenia, and a decrease in the potential of the individual. This phenomenon has nothing to do with mental disorders, reduced criticism, amorphous thinking, delusional ideas, etc. It refers to such reversible disorders as exhaustion of active attention, "failures" of memory, fluctuations in the general background of mood, noise, heaviness, ringing in the head, depression, self-doubt, decreased performance, thoughts of professional failure, constant fear of an imaginary difficult ailment.
Similar Documents
Factors that determine communication. Comparison of the nature of interpersonal communication in different associations of people. The connection between the circle of communication of the individual and its properties. Communication and personality formation. Conditions for psychologically comfortable and personally developing communication.
abstract, added 02/05/2011
The system of a person's relationship to other people and its implementation in the form of communication. Stages of development of the child's need for communication. Relationship between communication and activity. Basic functions of communication. The formation of interpersonal relationships as one of the features of communication.
abstract, added 10/10/2010
The concept of communication and interpersonal relationships. Communication. Perception. Reflection. Personal qualities that affect the processes of communication. Factors determining the form and content of communication. The psychological make-up of a person. Features of personality types, temperament.
abstract, added 11/21/2008
Place and nature of interpersonal relations, their essence. Theoretical approaches to the study of communication, structure, types, forms, levels, functions and means of communication. Study of the role of communication training in raising the level of social status of high school students.
term paper, added 03/17/2010
Conceptual basis for the development of the problem of communication. The essence of non-verbal communication as a means of communication between people and interpersonal relationships. Interaction theory, its characteristics and content of norms. Communication as an opportunity for joint activities.
test, added 12/17/2009
Relationships and socio-psychological qualities of personality. Negative forms of interpersonal relationships. Communication difficulties as a factor of human incompatibility. The main functions of destructive relationships and socio-psychological difficulties of communication.
abstract, added 04/13/2009
abstract, added 05/17/2010
The role of communication as a specific factor in the formation of the psyche. Content and means of communication. Interpersonal relationships in groups and collectives, psychological compatibility and conflicts. Mass socio-psychological phenomena and their role in communication.
abstract, added 05/14/2009
Research of interpersonal relations in the works of psychologists. Features of interpersonal relations of adolescents. The psychological climate of the group. The influence of the style of pedagogical communication on the interpersonal relations of adolescents. Organization and methods of research.
term paper, added 01.10.2008
Basic principles of building effective communication. Socio-psychological characteristics of personality. The mechanism of building interpersonal relationships. The concept of human values. The nature of conflicts and ways to overcome them. Psychological barriers to communication.
19. Communication is the basis of interpersonal relationships.
19.1. The concept of communication.
19.2. Content of communication.
19.3. Purpose of communication.
Introduction
At present, it is no longer necessary to prove that interpersonal communication is an absolutely necessary condition for the existence of people, that without it it is impossible for a person to fully form a single mental function or mental process, or a person as a whole.
1. The concept of communication
Communication is a complex multifaceted process of establishing and developing contacts between people (interpersonal communication) and groups (intergroup communication), generated by the needs of joint activities and including at least three different processes (Fig. 1):
communication (exchange of information),
interaction (exchange of actions)
social perception (perception and understanding of the partner).
Communicative Interactive Perceptual
side side side
Fig.1 Structure of communication
There are interpersonal and mass (intergroup) communication.
Mass communication is multiple, direct contacts of strangers, as well as communication mediated by various types of mass media.
Interpersonal is associated with direct contacts of people in groups or pairs, constant in composition of participants. It implies a certain psychological closeness of partners: knowledge of each other's individual characteristics, the presence of empathy, understanding, and joint experience of activity.
When analyzing intergroup communication, its social meaning is revealed as a means of transferring forms of culture and social experience not only between simultaneously existing groups, but also in the course of the historical process. In social psychology, much attention is paid to interpersonal communication, where the designated three sides of it act as a disclosure of the subjective world of one person in relation to another.
So, communicative side Communication involves the exchange of information between two individuals. The specificity of this process is that, in contrast to the information process in cybernetics, the orientation of partners to each other, that is, to the attitudes, values, motives, of each of them as an active subject, is of decisive importance here. Therefore, there is not a simple "movement" of information, but its refinement and enrichment. The essence of the communication process is not simple mutual informing, but a joint comprehension of the subject, therefore, activity, communication and cognition are given in unity. The emerging communicative barriers are also specific, generated either by social factors (political, social or religious differences between partners) or by the individual psychological characteristics of the communicators, in particular, three types of the communicator's position during the communicative process are identified.
open - the communicator openly declares himself a supporter of the stated point of view, evaluates various facts in support of this point of view;
detached - the communicator is emphatically neutral, compares conflicting points of view, not excluding orientation to one of them, but not declared openly;
closed - the communicator is silent about his point of view, sometimes even resorting to special measures to hide it.
An important characteristic of the communicative process is the intention of its participants to influence each other, to influence the behavior of another, a necessary condition for which is not just the use of a single language, but also the same understanding of the situation of communication. This is only possible if the person sending the information (communicator) and the person receiving it (recipient) have a similar system of information codification and decodification. Those. "everyone must speak the same language." By itself, the information coming from the communicator can be incentive (order, advice, request - designed to stimulate some action) and ascertaining (message - takes place in various educational systems).
For transmission, any information must be appropriately encoded, i.e. it is possible only through the use of sign systems.
The simplest division of communication is into verbal and non-verbal, using different sign systems.
Verbal - uses human speech as such.
Verbal communication is inherent only to a person and, as a prerequisite, involves the acquisition of a language. Speech is the most universal means of communication, since when information is transmitted through speech, the meaning of the message is least of all lost. It is possible to designate the psychological components of verbal communication - "speaking" and "listening". "The speaker" first has a certain idea regarding the message, then he embodies it in a system of signs. For the “listener”, the meaning of the received message is revealed simultaneously with decoding. In terms of its communicative capabilities, it is much richer than all types and forms of non-verbal communication, although in life it cannot completely replace it. And the self-development of verbal communication initially certainly relies on non-verbal means of communication.
Non-verbal communication does not involve the use of spoken language, natural language, as a means of communication. Non-verbal communication is communication through facial expressions, gestures and pantomime, through direct sensory or bodily contact. These are tactile, visual, auditory, olfactory and other sensations and images received from another person. Most of the non-verbal forms and means of communication in humans are innate and allow him to interact, achieving mutual understanding at the emotional and behavioral levels, not only with his own kind, but also with other living beings. Many of the higher animals, including most of all dogs, monkeys and dolphins, are given the ability to non-verbally communicate with each other and with humans.
There are four groups of non-verbal means of communication:
Extra- and paralinguistic (various near-speech additives that give communication a certain semantic coloring - type of speech, intonation, pauses, laughter, coughing, etc.) Paralinguistic system is a vocalization system, that is, voice quality, its range, tonality, phrasal and logical stresses preferred by a particular person. Extralinguistic system - the inclusion of pauses in speech, other inclusions, such as coughing, crying, laughter, and finally, the tempo of speech itself. All these additions: increase semantically significant information, but not through additional speech inclusions, but by “near-speech” techniques.
Optical-kinetic (this is what a person "reads" at a distance - gestures, facial expressions, pantomime) In general, the optical-kinetic system appears as a more or less clearly perceived property of the general motor skills of various parts of the body (hands, and then we have gestures; faces , and then we have facial expressions; postures, and then we have pantomime). The importance of the optical-kinetic system of signs in communication is so great that a special area of research has now emerged - kinesics, which specifically deals with these problems. For example, in the studies of M. Argyle, the frequency and strength of gestures were studied in different cultures (within one hour, the Finns gestured 1 time, the Italians - 80, the French - 120, the Mexicans - 180).
Proximics is a special area that deals with the norms of the spatial and temporal organization of communication, and currently has a large amount of experimental material. The founder of proxemics E. Hall called it "spatial psychology". Hall fixed the norms of approaching a communication partner inherent in American culture
intimate (from 0 to 0.5 meters). It is used by people connected, as a rule, by close trusting relationships. Information is transmitted in a quiet and calm voice. Much is conveyed through gestures, looks, facial expressions.
interpersonal (from 0.5 to 1.2 meters). It is used for communication between friends.
official business or social (from 1.2 to 3.7 meters). Is used for business communication, moreover, the greater the distance between the partners, the more official their relationship.
public (more than 3.7 meters). Characterized by speaking in front of an audience. In such communication, a person must monitor speech, the correct construction of phrases.
visual contact. Visual, or eye contact. Research in this area is closely related to general psychological developments in the field of visual perception - eye movements. In socio-psychological research, the frequency of exchange of glances, their "duration", the change in the statics and dynamics of the glance, its avoidance, etc. are studied. or stop it, encourages the partner to continue the dialogue, and finally, helps to discover more fully your "I", or, on the contrary, hide it. It has been established that people who communicate usually look into each other's eyes for no more than 10 seconds.
There are many ways to increase the effectiveness of communication, overcome communication barriers. Communication barriers are already a purely psychological phenomenon that arises in the course of communication between the communicator and the recipient. We are talking about the emergence of a feeling of hostility, distrust towards the communicator himself, which also extends to the information transmitted by him. Let's name some of them.
The “proper name” technique is based on pronouncing aloud the name and patronymic of the partner with whom the employee communicates. This shows attention to this person, contributes to the assertion of a person as a person, causes him a sense of satisfaction and is accompanied by positive emotions, thereby forming an attraction, an employee’s disposition towards a client or partner.
The “relationship mirror” technique consists in a kind smile and a pleasant facial expression, indicating that “I am your friend.” A friend is a supporter, a protector. There is a feeling of security in the client, which forms positive emotions and voluntarily or involuntarily forms an attraction.
Reception "golden words" is to express compliments to a person, contributing to the effect of suggestion. Thus, there is, as it were, a “correspondence” satisfaction of the need for improvement, which also leads to the formation of positive emotions and determines the disposition towards the employee.
The patient listener technique stems from patient and attentive listening to the client's problems. This leads to the satisfaction of one of the most important needs of any person - the need for self-affirmation. Her satisfaction, naturally, leads to the formation of positive emotions and creates a client's trust.
The “personal life” technique is expressed in drawing attention to the “hobby”, hobbies of the client (partner), which also increases his verbal activity and is accompanied by positive emotions.
Interactive the communication side is the construction of a common interaction strategy and is revealed in the ways of exchanging actions, which means the need to coordinate the action plans of partners and analyze the “contributions” of each participant. In transactional analysis (Transactional Analysis (TA) is a theory of human personality, social interaction and a system of psychotherapy founded by Eric Berne in 1955 (USA). Transactional analysis is based on the philosophical assumption that each person will be "okay" when he himself will keep his life in own hands and will be responsible for it. A transaction is an action (action) directed at another person. This is the unit of communication. E.Bern's concept was created in response to the need to provide psychological assistance to people who have problems in communication), the conditions for the effectiveness of interaction are indicated: coordination of the position taken by partners, situations and the style of interaction that is adequate for each situation. Of great importance is the type of interaction between people: cooperation or. competition and a special case of interaction - conflict. In domestic social psychology, the interactive side of communication is considered in the context of various forms of organization of joint activities, which makes it possible to take into account the meaningful nature of communication.
Question 1. Can a person do without interpersonal relationships? Justify your position.
Against A person cannot do without society, he needs to keep in touch with other people. The most striking manifestation of this connection is communication in a team.
Question 2. Fill in the table "Levels of interpersonal relationships." Highlight the types of relationships in which you are involved.
Relationship levels Relationship example I am a member
Acquaintance acquaintance with a new student +
Friendship communication between people of interest +
Partnership for mutual assistance at work, at school +
Friendship includes both partnership and friendship +
Which of them do you think are the most important for a person? Why?
The most important are friendship and fellowship. Friendship is a personal disinterested relationship between people based on love, trust, sincerity, mutual sympathy, common interests and hobbies. Mandatory signs of friendship are reciprocity, trust and patience.
Question 3. Everyone knows that there are people who cause sympathy for each of us (like), and there are those who cause antipathy (unpleasant). Write in the table the character traits of a person who is attractive and unpleasant, in your opinion, justify your choice.
Good traits: responsiveness, neatness, friendliness, intelligence.
Bad traits: arrogance, cunning, inconstancy.
Question 4. Solve the crossword. If all answers are correct, then you will be able to find in it all levels of interpersonal relationships.
Vertically:
1. relationship. 2. help. 3. friendship. 4. lies. 5. empathy. 6. communication. 7. partnership.
Horizontally:
8. acquaintance. 9. sympathy. 10. friendship. 11. antipathy. 12. trust.
Question 5. Below is a list of terms. All of them, with the exception of one, relate to interpersonal relationships.
Underline the term that “drops out” of this list.
Reciprocity, partnership, mutual assistance, friendship, acquaintance, language of communication.
Question 6. Fill in the comparative table "Business and personal relationships."
Similarities in the levels of relationships - acquaintance, friendship, partnership.
Differences in personal relationships people share information with each other on interests, communicate on free topics, and in business relationships they communicate about work, production plans, use business language.
Question 7. Below are examples of interpersonal relationships at various levels; arrange them in the appropriate columns of the table.
1. Taisiya has a neighbor Albina. They greet each other when they meet.
2. Galina and Polina, meeting, exchange news.
3. Eugene and Matvey play in the same volleyball team.
4. Sidor and Alexander are always ready to come to each other's rescue.
5. Gleb and Fedor are classmates.
6. Maria and Claudia are sitting at the same desk.
7. Diana and Marina go home together after school.
8. Larisa and Artyom do their homework together.
9. Nina and Zina rested together in a summer camp.
10. Nikita and Plato exchange stamps.
11. Julia and Yana spend their free time together.
Acquaintance - 1, 9. Friendship - 6, 7, 10. Partnership - 2,3,5,8. Friendship - 4.11.
Question 8*. Write a short story on one of the following topics:
3. The basis of interpersonal relationships.
Communication is a process of interpersonal interaction generated by the needs of interacting subjects and aimed at satisfying these needs. The purpose of communication is that for the sake of which a given type of activity arises in a living being. In animals, this may be, for example, a warning of danger. A person has much more goals of communication. And if in animals the goals of communication are usually associated with the satisfaction of biological needs, then in humans they are a means of satisfying many diverse needs: social, cultural, cognitive, creative, aesthetic, the needs of intellectual growth and moral development, etc.
The general concept of communication as the basis of interpersonal relationships Considering the way of life of various higher animals and man, we notice that two sides stand out in it: contacts with nature and contacts with living beings. The first type of contacts is activity. The second type of contacts is characterized by the fact that the parties interacting with each other are living beings, organism with organism, exchanging information. This type of intraspecific and interspecific contacts is called communication. Communication is characteristic of all higher living beings, but at the human level it acquires the most perfect forms, becoming conscious and mediated by speech. In communication, the following aspects are distinguished: content, purpose and means. Content is information that is transmitted from one living being to another in interindividual contacts. One person can transfer information to another about cash needs, counting on potential participation in their satisfaction. Through communication, data on their emotional states (satisfaction, joy, anger, sadness, suffering, etc.) can be transmitted from one living being to another, aimed at setting up another living being for contacts in a certain way. The same information is transmitted from person to person and serves as a means of interpersonal attunement. In relation to an angry or suffering person, for example, we behave differently than in relation to someone who is benevolent and feels joy. The content of communication can be information about the state of the environment, transmitted from one living being to another, for example, signals of danger or the presence of positive, biologically significant factors somewhere nearby, say, write. In humans, the content of communication is much wider than in animals . People exchange information with each other, representing knowledge about the world, rich life experience, knowledge, abilities, skills and abilities. Human communication is multi-subject, it is the most diverse in its inner content. The purpose of communication is what a person has this type of activity for. In animals, the purpose of communication may be to incite another living being to certain actions, a warning that it is necessary to refrain from any action. The mother, for example, warns the cub of danger by voice or movement; some animals in the herd can warn others that they have perceived vital signals. In humans, the number of communication goals is increasing. In addition to those listed above, they include the transfer and acquisition of objective knowledge about the world, training and education, the coordination of reasonable actions of people in their joint activities, the establishment and clarification of personal and business relationships, and much more. If in animals the goals of communication usually do not go beyond the satisfaction of their biological needs, then in humans they are a means of satisfying many different needs: social, cultural, cognitive, creative, aesthetic, the needs of intellectual growth, moral development and a number of others.
Answer
The general concept of communication as the basis of interpersonal relationships Considering the way of life of various higher animals and man, we notice that two sides stand out in it: contacts with nature and contacts with living beings. The first type of contacts is activity. The second type of contacts is characterized by the fact that the parties interacting with each other are living beings, organism with organism, exchanging information. This type of intraspecific and interspecific contacts is called communication. Communication is characteristic of all higher living beings, but at the human level it acquires the most perfect forms, becoming conscious and mediated by speech. In communication, the following aspects are distinguished: content, purpose and means. Content is information that is transmitted from one living being to another in interindividual contacts. One person can transfer information to another about cash needs, counting on potential participation in their satisfaction. Through communication, data on their emotional states (satisfaction, joy, anger, sadness, suffering, etc.) can be transmitted from one living being to another, aimed at setting up another living being for contacts in a certain way. The same information is transmitted from person to person and serves as a means of interpersonal attunement. In relation to an angry or suffering person, for example, we behave differently than in relation to someone who is benevolent and feels joy. The content of communication can be information about the state of the environment, transmitted from one living being to another, for example, signals of danger or the presence of positive, biologically significant factors somewhere nearby, say, write. In humans, the content of communication is much wider than in animals . People exchange information with each other, representing knowledge about the world, rich life experience, knowledge, abilities, skills and abilities. Human communication is multi-subject, it is the most diverse in its inner content. The purpose of communication is what a person has this type of activity for. In animals, the purpose of communication may be to incite another living being to certain actions, a warning that it is necessary to refrain from any action. The mother, for example, warns the cub of danger by voice or movement; some animals in the herd can warn others that they have perceived vital signals. In humans, the number of communication goals is increasing. In addition to those listed above, they include the transfer and acquisition of objective knowledge about the world, training and education, the coordination of reasonable actions of people in their joint activities, the establishment and clarification of personal and business relationships, and much more. If in animals the goals of communication usually do not go beyond the satisfaction of their biological needs, then in humans they are a means of satisfying many different needs: social, cultural, cognitive, creative, aesthetic, the needs of intellectual growth, moral development and a number of others.
Answer