Russian folk needlework. Types of needlework Traditional Russian needlework
municipal public educational institution
-461010436880 Buturlinovskaya basic comprehensive school No. 5 of the Buturlinovsky municipal district of the Voronezh region
Regional competition-festival of parent-child projects on family history and family traditions "The history of my family in the history of my native land"
Nomination "Family Tradition"
"Needlework"
Completed by: Sushkova
Anastasia Vladimirovna,
15 years
2013
"No years erase the pages,
written together"
Mark Levy
Each family is unique in its own way. Each has its own foundations, traditions that have deep historical roots, relics that are passed down from generation to generation.
What are traditions? I looked in the explanatory dictionary of S.I. Ozhegova and read: "Traditions are what passed from one generation to another." Does our family have traditions? Certainly!!! A family is not just relatives who live together, they are people who are united. They say that when love and friendship live in a family, then flowers bloom in the heart of everyone who lives in it. In our family, and we have a big one: mom, dad, sister and me, and, of course, numerous relatives - also have their own family traditions. Just listen and you will envy me!
How did my family come about? Who are my ancestors? Who were they? What did you do? These questions have always interested me very much. I began to ask my parents, grandparents about who their parents, grandparents were. It turned out that this is a difficult, painstaking, but interesting business.
My relatives were great masters. In our family, manual labor is very revered. The history of the family on the mother's side begins like this ...
The Yakimenko family and the Chikulin family lived in the Yaruga farm of the Buturlinovsky district. The Yakimenko family had five children, and the Chikulin family had four children. Yakimenko Marina and Chikulin Alexey got married. They had children: Ivan, Anna and Alexander. They lived peacefully and calmly until the Great Patriotic War began. Chikulin Alexei at the age of 36 went to the front, where he went missing, leaving his wife and children in difficult times. The Chikulin family moved to the village of Filippenkovo, Buturlinovsky district. They lived very hard, they were starving, but the mother did her best to find the means to feed the children. The main place in the village during the Great Patriotic War occupied by women. Plowing and sowing, harvesting, caring for livestock, fodder on the collective farm, in addition to family responsibilities, fell on the shoulders of women. Great-great-grandmother Marina bought a loom. She wove fabric to order, thereby earning a piece of bread. And she tried to dress her children very beautifully. All items in the family were embroidered by hand. beautiful patterns which she made up herself.
The Sidorenko family, who had five children, lived in this village. So their children grew up, and another family was formed: husband Ivan and wife Anna. The war also did not bypass the young family. Great-grandfather was seriously wounded and demobilized due to being wounded in the reserve. During his service at the front, he received awards, including the Order of the Red Star. My great-grandmother went to the front at the age of 17 as a member of the militia. She was shell-shocked and got severe frostbite. After the hospital, she was sent home. She and her husband moved from the village of Filippenkovo to the state farm Vorobyevsky, Vorobyevsky district. The Sidorenko family had five children: Taisiya, Nikolay, Alexander, Valentina, Sergey. This family had one common hobby - knitting, which their great-grandmother taught them. Girls from an early age knew how to knit. On dark winter evenings, the whole family gathered at the lamp and indulged in their favorite hobby. But, of course, not without songs. Great-grandmother Anya had such an amazing voice that all the neighbors converged on her songs, and at the same time to look at the products made by the whole family. At that distant time it was difficult to buy beautiful yarn but they spared no expense for it. Great-grandfather Vanya knitted chic mittens and socks, which brought considerable income family budget. Great-grandmother very beautifully embroidered towels, shirts, knitted from scarves to sweaters. And still, at the age of 89, she knits. And at the state farm she worked in the lead. Grandmother has the title of "Veteran of Labor", her photograph was always on the Honor Board. Their children grew up.
And so Dremov Nikolai came to the state farm Vorobyevsky from a neighboring village to work. He took the workers to the fields, and my grandmother Valya gave out lunches to the tractor drivers. There she met her grandfather. Another unit of society was formed - the Dremov family. They had two girls: Olya and Lena. Grandmother knitted very beautiful things for her children from hats to booties, she took patterns from magazines and invented them herself. She drew grandfather Kolya into her occupation. Grandpa Kolya embroiders beautiful pictures, which then gives to relatives and friends. We have noticed more than once that grandfather will not go to bed if he does not do needlework in the evening. Together with their grandmother, they won awards at competitions in their village, and repeatedly received souvenirs as a keepsake. Grandfather often won first places and the audience award.
My grandmother taught my mother and aunt Olya to crochet and knit, embroider napkins and tablecloths. My mother learned to knit at an early age. The first works were trying on her dolls. Mom's sister, Aunt Olya, uses different techniques in her work: knitting, crocheting, fork, etc.
There are many varieties of needlework: macrame, beading, ordinary weaving, sewing, knitting or crocheting. Any needlework needs care and patience, as well as imagination. It is very interesting to do this business, it helps to diversify life, or to entertain a person who is bored. With the help of needlework, you can make something that no one else has. You can make a necklace, a toy, a bracelet from beads. You can also beautifully embroider some thing with beads, for example, a blouse, handbag or belt. Having knitted, it is easy to amuse each of your family with a sweater, hat, or scarf. You just have to want to learn how to knit and be very patient. After all, as they say, one who does needlework never quarrels with anyone. There probably isn't time for that.
I also mastered this craft. I really like this skill. Now I go to the circle "Isonit". I am a very versatile person different types creativity. Together with the teacher, Balakshina Lyudmila Maksimovna, we create in the style of quilling and isothreading. And what beautiful paintings I get in watercolor and oil. I believe that this is also needlework, as it is made by my hands. Well, of course, my main hobby is a lesson in the Kalinka choreographic ensemble, where I do folk dances. My sister Veronika is also learning to embroider. So far, it's not going very well, but everything is ahead. These are the traditions in our family.
I am very happy that I was born in such a family where there is mutual love, respect, where they work together and relax together. This is real family, real happiness. What could be more important in life than family happiness, where children and mom and dad are happy?!
When I grow up, I will have my own family. I think that I will bring the best traditions to my family. This is important because such a family brings up decent, kind, cheerful people.
And I want to say to everyone, everyone: “Love your family, take care of it, cherish your parents, know how to enjoy every day spent together!”
Knowing the history of your family, observing family traditions is a worthy occupation. Love for the motherland begins in the family: in relation to the elderly, parents. And it's wonderful that we remember the names of our grandparents, what our great-grandmothers and great-grandfathers did. This is our pride. And I want to end my story with a poem:
My family is my home. My home, my castle, my peace. Save, Lord Savior, Her from evil spirits. Save us from temptations, And save us from storms and troubles. Save from envy and evil eye. And, if necessary, give advice. I owe everything to my family. I don't know how to thank, Those with whom I am connected with my soul and heart, And the knot cannot be cut. In the family, we are all like rods, And tightly tied into a broom. Intertwined, so much so that you can not unwind Dangerous. Don't stand in the way. As long as we are together, for each other, we cannot be broken in any way. In trouble, we all stand resiliently. We are a clan, we are a tribe, we are a family.
Traditional types of needlework
Decorative and applied art is the soil and basis of any national culture.
Folk art covers many types of creativity, such as architecture, music, folklore, household art, etc. In forms stone tools primitive man, in the simplest figures of ornament, the rudiments of creativity appear.
There has always been a need among the people to decorate their life, to make their work joyful and to supplement their lives with beauty. The most skillfully decorated festive things. Successes and discoveries, inventions and innovations of folk craftsmen were selected and improved from generation to generation.
Many products of folk art were produced in organized centers of artistic crafts that arose near sources of raw materials. Folk art develops in the works of contemporary folk art. Based on old traditions in many parts of the country in the 20-30s of the XX century. centers of folk craft were revived or arose again.
1. EMBROIDERY
Embroidery is the oldest and most widespread type of arts and crafts. It has a long history.The process of development of embroidery can be traced from images in the art monuments of ancient civilizations in Asia, Europe, America, from literary sources, as well as from surviving patterns of embroidery from different times and peoples.Since ancient times, man has conveyed the beauty of nature, his feelings, and experiences with conventional signs and patterns: straight and wavy lines, crosses, squares, triangles, rhombuses, circles. And our ancestors East Slavs- various phenomena in nature were depicted with the help of signs. The Slavs had many signs - symbols, almost all of them acquired the meaning of "amulets". They were embroidered on clothes, believing that they would protect against various troubles and bring happiness to the house.For centuries, embroidery has been an integral part of decorating clothing and everyday life.Modern embroidery preserves the best traditions of folk embroidery art.Embroidered decorative curtains, panels, napkins are organically included in the decor of a modern apartment and play a significant role in decorating everyday life.
2. HOOK
Crochet is one of the oldest types of applied art.There is an assumption that the method of making fabric by knitting appeared in northern Africa, which is still reminiscent of the name of the Tunisian method, that is, knitting with a long hook.In the XIII - XVI centuries. knitting came from the countries of the East to Europe, including to the Belarusian lands, to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (this is evidenced by archaeological finds of a tool for weaving and knitting dating back to the 14th - 18th centuries); somewhat later, in the 18th century, they learned to knit in Russia.There is another concept regarding the independent emergence of knitting in different regions, the impetus for which was the developed skill of weaving nets.
3.KNITTING
Knitting - the creation of a fabric from interlaced loops - was invented by men.
The first information about knitted products was preserved on oriental frescoes dating back to c. BC e. Then, as historians mention, knitting was known in ancient Greece at the time of the creation of the Iliad and Odyssey by Homer. But this information is not supported by any finds of knitted products.The oldest knitwear have been found in Peru.
4. BEADS
Beads - the history of beads is fascinating, like a novel, full of secrets and unexpected twists.
Modern glass beads and seed beads have many predecessors. At first, people used the material that nature provided them: claws, teeth and bones of animals, shells, clay, wooden sticks and plant seeds. And when they learned to handle various materials, then round stone beads appeared, and then shiny metal ones. After the invention of glass in the 4th century. BC e. bright beads instantly won the hearts of ancient dandies and dandies.
5. MACRAME
Macrame is the art of knotting. We tie knots daily and do it almost mechanically: we tie a ribbon bow, shoelaces, tie, scarf. None of the needlework uses such a variety of materials as macrame.Among the various areas of arts and crafts, macrame (knot weaving) is one of the oldest. Its origins lie in ancient China and Japan, but were known in other parts of the world. For some ancient peoples, knot weaving served as a means of accumulating and transmitting information. So, the ancient Incas had a developed system of a kind
"nodular writing". It was possible to decipher the "knot letter" by the shape, size, color and by the mutual combination of nodes.The basis of macrame is weaving, tying knots. It began when a person first needed to connect two threads. Gradually becoming more complex, the macrame technique acquired a decorative meaning.The word "macrame" is of Arabic origin and means "fringe". This term is used for all kinds of work related to tying knots and weaving threads. However, more ancient are the Arabic word "migramah", meaning a scarf or shawl, and the Turkish word "makrama" - an elegant scarf or shawl with a fringe. In Europe, the word "macrame" in the meaning of nodularweaving was first used in the 19th century. It is believed that the art of nodular weaving came to Europe in the 8th-9th centuries from the East. One of the mediators of its penetration into the countries of Europe was the sailing fleet.Macrame was periodically forgotten, then revived anew, its technique constantly became more complicated, passed on to other types of human creativity. Nodular weaving flourished in Italy and a number of other European countries during the Renaissance. Woven lace was used to decorate clothes and interiors. Wicker products began to appear on paintings. One of the first artists to depict wickerwork was Sandro Botticelli. The head of one of the characters in his painting "The Adoration of the Magi" is decorated with a cap made using the macrame technique. Today in many museums you can see wickerwork preserved from those times, striking in its originality and sophistication.In Russia, macrame began to get involved much later than in Western Europe. This handicraft gained great scope in Russia at the end of the 19th-beginning of the 20th century. Along with elegant handbags, purses, belts, Russian craftswomen also wove more complex utilitarian items: tablecloths, napkins, newspaper cases, shawls, curtains with fringe and tassels. Woven collars were very popular. IN last years macrame art is experiencing its next revival. Despite the antiquity, it has not lost its attractiveness today. The modern interior, which has developed largely from standard things, required the search for new original solutions in the decoration of the house. The old art of macrame came to the rescue. Panels, rugs, tablecloths, planters, lampshades made in this unusual technique from massive cords, ropes, hemp, cotton, linen and synthetic threads, give modern interior special comfort and originality.
6.Patchwork
Patchwork is a work made from patches that determine the pattern and color of the product.If the upper part, sewn from patches, is connected with stitches to the intermediate layer and the lower part into a single whole, then the resulting product is called a quilt. Combining patchwork and quilting, you get something new.Since the modern idea of patchwork came through foreign magazines and books, the English names "patchwork" ( patchwork) and “quilt” (stitch) began to be widely used in Russia. Many even believe that we never had patchwork art - everything came from abroad.In Rus', such an occupation became widespread in the second half of the last century. At this time, in many cities of our country, the production of a variety of fabrics was established.
Our ancestors built villages and cities, defended them from enemies for centuries, and then rebuilt in the fires and again sowed and grew bread, raised children and grandchildren, glorifying their land with the grace and originality of their hand-made products.
From an early age, children watched the work of adults, got used to the methods and techniques of processing various natural materials, mastered the secrets of craftsmanship, created simple household items with their own hands, developed and improved ancient crafts.
Out of necessity and love, types of needlework arose. Not always entertainment, but rather, women's work were weaving, sewing, knitting, lace making, carpet weaving, embroidery, and making decorations for festive clothes.
Engaging in any needlework enhances female energy, which, in turn, protects all family members from any adverse influences. Since ancient times, women have remembered and actively applied this in life.
It was not for nothing that they not only improved the types of needlework, but often got together to work with threads, they sang and talked about their dreams, about loved ones, about children, read a prayer, creating a favorable aura in the room. All this was done in order to convey love to the product through the drawing, through the thread in which the creative flight of the soul, joy and care, fill it with protective power.
Even in ancient times, people learned to create simple drawings from conventional signs-symbols, where each line or figure had its own specific meaning. So, a straight horizontal line denoted the earth, a horizontal wavy one - water, and a vertical wavy one - rain, triangles - mountains, two crossed lines - lightning. Fire was depicted as a hooked cross, and the sun as a rhombus, circle or square. The female figure symbolized the goddess of life, trees with spreading branches - the fertility of the earth, birds - the onset of spring, harvest and wealth, horse and deer - well-being. A rhombus with elongated sides meant a building, and a square divided into four parts with dots in each symbolized a sown field or estate. Separate signs-symbols not only decorated the dwelling, clothes and household items, but also had to protect, protect, protect from evil spirits, bring happiness. Therefore, they were called amulets.
Gradually, these images changed, lost their original meaning and turned into decorative elements and patterns. A pattern is a drawing consisting of a combination of individual elements - motifs, colors and their shades, arranged in a certain order. Consistent repetition of individual motifs or a whole group creates ornaments. By the way, the word "ornament" in Latin means "decoration".
Each nation, each locality has its own color combinations. The color of the pattern, that is, the richness and character of color shades, combined into one basic tone, can be the hallmark of a whole region or a separate village.
Many generations of unknown craftsmen created such types of needlework and decoration of products as weaving and embroidery (with threads and beads). Women's and men's shirts, towels, outerwear, hats, scarves were decorated with embroidery. When embroidering, girls and women seemed to draw with threads on canvas, putting dreams of joy and happiness into their patterns. Intertwining threads with strung colored beads, they made openwork, like lace, decorations.
From generation to generation, types of needlework were passed on, in which craftswomen expressed their skill and respect for work, their secrets and understanding of beauty. From mother to daughter, from grandmother to granddaughter, the cut of clothes, ornamental motifs, their compositional solutions and arrangement on products, color combinations characteristic of various regions, districts and even individual villages and farms were inherited. This is how folk traditions were born, which were polished and honed over the centuries. Each generation of people selected all the best created before it, and supplemented it with new samples and manufacturing techniques.
All types of needlework, in the process of creating various items or decorations, fill us with feminine power. The creative flight of thought creates good mood and inner harmony, which is transmitted not only to the thing on which the woman works, but also to everyone around. Thus, doing needlework, a woman creates beneficial vibrations and makes the world more beautiful, both thanks to the product itself and the influence of her positive emotions on other people.
IN Ancient Rus' Needlework was an obligatory element in the upbringing of girls. The skills of embroidery, knitting, sewing clothes and its decorations were acquired at an early age. Each female representative, regardless of her social status (both a peasant woman and a queen), had to skillfully use a thread and a needle.
In addition to the practical need for such skills, it meant that at work a woman does not stay in idleness, which is considered the beginning of sin. For children, needlework contributes to the development of color perception, fine motor skills and artistic taste.
The history of needlework in Rus'
Needlework takes its history from the early Middle Ages. Already at that time, peasant women learned to weave at least the simplest lace in order to provide clothes for the whole family. Wealthy urban residents acquired cross-stitch kits. Village needlewomen managed with knitting needles or frames.
Russian lace was also famous in Europe. The first mention of them is given in the Ipatiev Chronicle of the end of 1420, where they are called "golden". Indeed, some Moscow craftswomen used silver or gold threads in weaving, which they combined with brocade fabric and precious stones. The result was truly unique products that could be considered works of art. Empresses and kings had such lace in their wardrobes. Then the material itself was of great value, rather than the work of a craftswoman. There were laces that were sold by weight.
Features of handmade things
Home textiles (bedspreads, curtains, tablecloths, towels, etc.) spoke in a special way. Our ancestors believed that embroidery could save the whole village from troubles - war, fire, drought, flood or pestilence.
It was believed that products made by unmarried needlewomen have especially powerful magical properties. To demonstrate their skills, each woman was required to weave at least one large and beautiful canvas.
With the help of embroidery kits, craftswomen could create such a masterpiece that they bought abroad. In order for the work to be argued, it was customary to turn to the goddess Makosh before starting it. She was considered the patroness of needlework, trade and harvest.
Even after the baptism of Rus', the traditions established among the people were preserved. Makosh still helped women create real works of art, some of which sometimes reached the royal apartments.
In the XV-XVI centuries, the ancient goddess Makosh was gradually forgotten, but the Great Martyr Paraskeva-Pyatnitsa took her place. On the day of this saint (October 14 according to the old style or 28 according to the new one), it was forbidden to do housework, otherwise failure could befall.
Craftswomen in Peter's times
During the reign of Peter I, craftswomen received a higher status. At fairs and bazaars, they began to sell spinning wheels and other devices of European and Chinese production, which simplified the work of needlewomen. The kit included threads, needles and canvas.
The emperor ordered that “the female sex should now have complete freedom in dealing with people”, which made it easier to sell yarn.
In addition, classes began to be held in schools for girls, where they were taught to work with spinning wheels, frames, knitting needles and other devices for creativity. Future craftswomen were taught to knit and crochet, sew clothes, darn linen.
Needlework was divided into 4 separate areas: school, church, handicrafts and work for sale. The latter included handicraft peasant products. As a rule, they provided the families of craftswomen with household items, clothes and other things.
Good afternoon
Today we are meeting for the first time in the new year, and as you already know the theme of 2013 in our blog is countries. This month we are in Russia, and accordingly, I will tell you about traditional Russian types of needlework. What can we include here? Embroidery, Vologda lace, Orenburg downy shawl and woven Pavloposad shawl, painting art: Khokhloma, Ural-Siberian, Palekh lacquer miniature (caskets, dishes), Zhostovo painting. The famous Gzhel. There is also a Vyatka (Dymkovo) clay toy, Bogorodskaya wooden toy, Volga house carving, Gryazovets woodcarving.
Vologda lace - a type of Russian lace woven on bobbins (wooden sticks); distributed in the Vologda region.
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The history of the appearance and development of lace is full of mysteries and contradictions.
Italy and Flanders are considered the most ancient centers of lace-making. From them, all other countries of Europe learned the lace business.
There is a legend that in 1725 Peter I ordered 250 lace makers from the Brabant monasteries to teach lace weaving to orphans in the Novodevichy Convent. How long this training existed in the monastery is unknown. But what is interesting, in the samples of lace, preserved in different parts of Russia, and in the names of these laces, many old lace-makers pointed to the “draban (ie Brabant) thread”.
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It is still unknown when the art of lace weaving appeared in the vast Vologda region, why in the North it was in the Vologda lands that this craft turned out to be so beloved and popular. Perhaps the predetermining factors were the developed flax growing and trade routes that ran here from north to south and brought the influence of foreign fashion, which acquired its national forms on Russian soil.
Lacemaking, as a craft, has existed in the Vologda province since 1820. An official study (S.A. Davydova) established that during the time of serfdom, all significant landowner estates of the province had lace "factories" that supplied lace products to St. Petersburg and Moscow. And one of these factories was founded by the landowner Zasetskaya three versts from Vologda in the village of Kovyrino no later than the 20s of the 19th century. There, the serfs wove the finest lace for trimming dresses and underwear, imitating Western European patterns. Over time, lace weaving moved from the landowner's workshops to the folk environment and became one of the types of folk art that reflected the needs and tastes of the broad circles of the local population.
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Khokhloma
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Khokhloma is a unique phenomenon not only on the scale of Russia, but also in the world of folk decorative art. It is associated with the development of one of the most massive folk art crafts. On the basis of centuries-old folk experience in this craft, an original technique was developed that is not used anywhere else in the world for painting turned wooden utensils in golden color without the use of gold and created a peculiar style of ornament. And today, hereditary masters work in Khokhloma, masterfully mastering the techniques of freehand execution of floral ornament with a brush.
In whatever corner of the world, at whatever exhibition Khokhloma products appear, they always attract everyone's attention: they are not only admired by connoisseurs of art, they are carefully studied by professional artists, researchers of folk decorative art. For lovers of Russian folk art, Khokhloma is one of the symbols of the national identity of Russian culture, a joyful sunny art that brings people a feeling of light and warmth.
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The traditional elements of Khokhloma are red juicy rowan and strawberry berries, flowers and branches. Often there are birds, fish and animals.
Orenburg downy shawl
In this blizzard unkind evening,
When the snow haze along the roads,
Throw it on, dear, on your shoulders
Orenburg downy shawl!
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Downy shawls made by Orenburg downy knitters are equally valuable and original samples of folk artistic creativity, as well as world famous Vologda laces.
Down-knitting craft in Russia arose a very long time ago: about two hundred years ago. Appearing initially in the Orenburg region, it then became widespread in the Penza province.
The Orenburg down-knitting craft arose on the basis of goat breeding. The population of the Orenburg region has been engaged in it for a long time, but until the sixties of the 18th century, goats were bred primarily for milk, meat and skin.
The first who drew attention to the special value of goat down and the need to breed a special breed of downy goats was Pyotr Ivanovich Rychkov.
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Down knitting was especially widespread in the villages along the banks of the Urals and Sakmara, mainly in the Orenburg and Orsk districts, where almost all women and girls were engaged in the manufacture of scarves.
Dymkovo toy
Dymkovo toy is a Russian art craft that arose on the basis of local pottery traditions. The name of the toy comes from the settlement of Dymkovo, now a district of the city of Vyatka, where the production of toys was already in the early 19th century. acquired an independent meaning. The craft had a family organization - women and girls sculpted the toy, timing its production to the spring fair.
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The cult significance of the holiday was lost long ago, but the ritual itself was preserved until the beginning of the 20th century. In the middle of the 19th century under the influence of urban life and porcelain plastics, the Dymkovo craft develops its own style. If zoomorphic whistles associated with pagan ritual, retained archaic features for a long time, then other products turned into a kind of porcelain figurines: young ladies in dresses with crinolines, ladies in capes with umbrellas, gentlemen, soldiers. By the end of the 19th century the production of clay toys was completely replaced by cheaper and more technologically advanced plaster castings that imitated porcelain products. The revival of the craft is associated with the names - A. A. Mezrina, a hereditary craftswoman who retained the techniques of modeling and painting toys, and the artist A. I. Denshin, the author of the first monographs on the Dymkovo craft.
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wood carving
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At the end of the 15th century, the monk of the Trinity-Sergius Lavra Ambrose combined eastern, western and traditional Russian ornaments in his works and had a huge influence on the development of carving in the 15th-16th centuries.
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In the second half of the 17th century, German carving appeared in Russia, figured, with Gothic motifs. In 1660, the royal dining room, designed by the German architect Dekenpin, was decorated with this carving. New tools and German names and terms appeared: gzymzumb, sherhebel, sharheben, foundichtebl, etc. Cornices, gzymzy, splengers, krakshtyns (brackets), transoms, captels, tsyrotnye herbs, fruits, etc. appeared in carving and furniture. Craftsmen began to make carvings according to German master's face books - that is, according to samples and drawings.
Resi signed bright colors, sometimes covered with gold leaf.
Gzhel
The very first mention of Gzhel is found in the will of Ivan Kalita in 1328. Then this name is repeated in the spiritual letters of other princes and in the will of Ivan the Terrible of 1572-1578.
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Until the middle of the 18th century, Gzhel made the usual pottery for that time, made bricks, pottery pipes, tiles, as well as primitive children's toys, supplying Moscow with them. It is believed that the number of toys produced at that time should have been in the hundreds of thousands of pieces a year.
By 1812, there were 25 factories producing dishes in Gzhel. Among them, the most popular were the factories of Ermil Ivanov and Laptev in the village of Kuzyaevo. According to the signatures on the remaining products, the masters Nikifor Semyonovich Gusyatnikov, Ivan Nikiforovich Srosley, Ivan Ivanovich Kokun are known. In addition to dishes, they made toys in the form of birds and animals and decorative figurines on themes from Russian life. Shiny white horses, riders, birds, dolls, miniature dishes were painted with purple, yellow, blue and brown colors in a peculiar folk style. The colors were applied with a brush. The motifs of this painting were decorative flowers, leaves, herbs.
After 1802, when light gray clay was found near the village of Minino, the production of semi-faience arose in Gzhel, from which kvass, jugs and kumgans were made in large quantities. Since the second half of the 20s of the XIX century, many products were painted only with blue paint. Semi-faience was characterized by a rough structure and low strength.
Around 1800, in the village of Volodino, Bronnitsky district, peasants, the Kulikov brothers, found the composition of a white faience mass. In the same place, around 1800-1804, the first porcelain factory was founded. Pavel Kulikov, its founder, learned the technique of porcelain making while working at the Otto factory in the village of Perovo. Wanting to keep the secret of making porcelain, Kulikov did everything himself, having only one worker, but, according to legend, two potters. G. N. Khrapunov and E. G. Gusyatnikov secretly entered Kulikov’s workshop, copied a forge (a kiln for firing products) and took possession of clay samples, after which they opened their own factories. The Kulikov factory is remarkable in that the porcelain production of Gzhel came from it.
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From the middle of the 19th century, many Gzhel factories fell into decay, and ceramic production was concentrated in the hands of the Kuznetsovs, who once came from Gzhel. After the revolution, the Kuznetsov factories were nationalized.
Only from the middle of the 20th century, the restoration of the craft, which recently celebrated its 650th anniversary, began in Gzhel. In the 1930s and 1940s, almost half of all porcelain and faience enterprises in Russia were concentrated here.
In 1912 on Kazanskaya railway a station was opened on the Moscow-Cherusti branch, which received the name Gzhel after the locality. The urban-type settlement that grew up at the station is also called Gzhel. The village consists of two parts, informally referred to as: the village of the Lime Plant or Lime Plant (after the Lime Plant that was located here and demolished) and the Village of the Brick Plant or Truzhenik.
The article was prepared for you by the journalist of the heading "Encyclopedia of Needlework".
With wishes of creative success, always your Elena!