Consultation Fairy tales will help you cope with children's disobedience. Children's nursery rhymes, jokes and jokes for the little ones, for children of the junior, middle and senior groups of kindergarten: texts, words, rhymes, songs. How nursery rhymes can help cope with childhood anxiety
Department of Education and Science of the Bryansk Region
State budget educational institution
secondary vocational education
"Novozybkovsky Vocational Pedagogical College"
COURSE WORK
Development of creative imagination in children of primary school age
Pakhodina Anna Alexandrovna
Specialty 02/44/02
Teaching in primary school
III year, 31 group
Scientific adviser:
Pitko Inna Sergeevna
Novozybkov, 2015
Content
Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………...3
Concept and types of imagination………………………………………………………..…6
Features of creative imagination in children of primary school age………………………………………………………………………………………...10
Development of imagination in children of primary school age in the process of creative activity………………………………………………………..15
Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………….20
List of references………………………………………………………...22
Introduction
The problem of developing the creative imagination of children is relevant because in recent years society has faced the problem of preserving the intellectual potential of the nation, as well as the problem of developing and creating conditions for gifted people in our country, since this category of people is the main productive and creative force of progress.
One of the fundamental principles of modernizing the content of education is its personal orientation, which involves relying on the subjective experience of students and the current needs of each student. In this regard, the question of organizing active cognitive and creative activities of students, contributing to the accumulation of creative experience, has become acute. junior schoolchildren, as the basis without which the self-realization of the individual at subsequent stages of lifelong education becomes ineffective.
the main task primary school– ensure the development of the child’s personality. The sources of a child’s full development are two types of activities. Firstly, any child develops as he masters the past experience of humanity through familiarization with modern culture. This process is based on educational activities, which are aimed at equipping the child with the knowledge and skills necessary for life in society. Secondly, in the process of development, the child independently realizes his capabilities through creative activity. Unlike educational activities, creative activity is not aimed at mastering already known knowledge. It contributes to the child’s manifestation of initiative, self-realization, and the embodiment of his own ideas, which are aimed at creating something new. Teachers, ensuring the implementation of the conditions for the development of creative imagination when teaching students, on the one hand, contribute to its formation, and on the other, determine the greater likelihood of preserving creative imagination in the future activities of an adult.
Representatives of many scientific directions and schools, considering human development, his personal, psychological, didactic and other qualities, confirm the productivity of this process in the course of activity and communication, emphasizing that not every activity has a developmental function, but that which affects the potential capabilities of the student causes his creative cognitive activity. In the psychological literature there are different points of view on the origin and development of imagination. Proponents of one of the approaches believe that the genesis of creative processes is associated with the maturation of certain structures (J. Piaget, Z. Freud). At the same time, the mechanisms of imagination turned out to be conditioned by characteristics external to this process (the development of intelligence or the development of the child’s personality). Another group of researchers believes that the genesis of imagination depends on the course of biological maturation of the individual (K. Koffka, R. Arnheim). These authors attributed the components of external and internal factors to the mechanisms of imagination. Representatives of the third approach (T. Ribot, A. Bain) explain the origin and development of imagination by the accumulation of individual experience, and were considered as transformations of this experience (associations, accumulation of useful habits).
In Russian psychology, research on the development of imagination in preschool children also occupies a significant place. Most authors connect the genesis of imagination with the development of a child’s play activity (A.N. Leontyev, D.B. Elkonin, etc.), as well as with preschool children’s mastery of activities traditionally considered “creative”: constructive, musical, visual. , artistic and literary. S.L. Rubinstein et al. devoted their research to studying the mechanisms of imagination. The basis for determining the characteristics of the creative activity of primary school students is the works of famous Russian teachers and psychologists A.S. Belkina, L.I. Bozhovich, L.S. Vygotsky, V.V. Davydova, V.A. Petrovsky, E.S. Polat et al. As studies by L.S. have shown. Vygotsky, V.V. Davydova, E.I. Ignatieva, S.L. Rubinshteina, D.B. Elkonina, V.A. Krutetsky and others, imagination is not only a prerequisite for the effective assimilation of new knowledge by children, but is also a condition for the creative transformation of children’s existing knowledge, contributes to the self-development of the individual, i.e. largely determines the effectiveness of educational activities at school.
Thus, the creative imagination of children represents enormous potential for realizing the reserves of an integrated approach to teaching and upbringing. And children’s visual activities provide great opportunities for the development of creative imagination.
The object of study is the features of creative imagination.
The subject is the process of developing creative imagination in younger schoolchildren.
The purpose of this course work: to study the features of the development of creative imagination in children of primary school age in the process visual arts.
Based on the goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:
Study and analyze scientific and methodological literature and practical experience on the issue of imagination and creativity.
To identify the features of the creative imagination of junior schoolchildren.
Develop a system of formation classes creativity younger schoolchildren.
The following methods were used: study of theoretical and scientific-methodological literature on the research topic.
Concept and types of imagination
Imagination is one of the forms of mental reflection of the world. The most traditional point of view is the definition of imagination as a process (A.V. Petrovsky and M.G. Yaroshevsky, V.G. Kazakova and L.L. Kondratyeva, etc.).
Thus, in psychology there is an increasing interest in the problems of creativity, and through it in imagination, as the most important component of any form of creative activity.
Imagination in psychology is considered as one of the forms of reflective activity of consciousness. Since all cognitive processes are reflective in nature, it is necessary, first of all, to determine the qualitative originality and specificity inherent in the imagination. According to domestic psychologists, imagination reflects reality not as an existing reality, but as a possibility, a probability. With the help of imagination, a person strives to go beyond the boundaries of existing experience and a given moment in time, i.e. he orients himself in a probabilistic, conjectural environment. This allows you to find not one, but many options for solving any situation, which becomes possible through repeated restructuring of existing experience. The process of combining elements of past experience into fundamentally new ones corresponds to the probabilistic nature of reflection and constitutes the qualitative specificity of the reflective activity of the imagination, in contrast to other cognitive processes in which the probabilistic nature of reflection does not act as the main, dominant, but only a particular feature.
According to M.V. Gamezo and I.A. Domashenko: “Imagination is a mental process consisting in the creation of new images (ideas) by processing the material of perceptions and ideas obtained in previous experience.” Domestic authors also consider this phenomenon as an ability (V.T. Kudryavtsev, L.S. Vygotsky) and as a specific activity (L.D. Stolyarenko, B.M. Teplov). Taking into account the complex functional structure, L.S. Vygotsky considered the application of the concept of a psychological system to be adequate. According to E.V. Ilyenkov, the traditional understanding of imagination reflects only its derivative function. The main one - allows you to see what is, what lies before the eyes, that is, the main function of the imagination is the transformation of an optical phenomenon on the surface of the retina into the image of an external thing. So, imagination is the process of transforming existing images in memory in order to create new ones that have never been perceived by a person before (see Fig. 1).
The process of imagination is peculiar only to man and is a necessary condition his work activity. Imagination is always a certain departure from reality. But in any case, the source of imagination is objective reality.
Rice. 1. The essence and physiological basis of imagination
There are two main types of imagination: passive and active.
In the case of passive imagination there is a separation from practical activities. Here fantasy creates images that are not realized in life. In this case, a person can intentionally, and sometimes unwittingly, temporarily go into the realm of ideas that are far from reality. Patterns of fantasy, deliberately evoked, but not associated with the will aimed at bringing them into reality, are called dreams.
Active imagination is imagination associated with the performance of specific practical activities. So, for example, when starting to make a craft, children form its image, think about what materials it can be made from, and how to assemble it.
Depending on the independence and originality of the images, the imagination can be reconstructive and creative. Recreative imagination is the idea of something new for this person, based on a verbal or conventional image of this new (drawing, diagram).
To create correct ideas about the new, it is very important to describe it figuratively, to talk about it in such a way as to evoke living images that would concretize the abstract data characterizing this new thing. The most important condition for the correct representation of what is described in words is the presence of knowledge on which the images reconstructed from the description should be based.
Creative imagination is the creation of new images without relying on ready description or conventional image (drawing, diagram). Creative imagination consists of independently creating new images. Creative imagination allows you, bypassing the chain of conclusions and evidence, to see something completely new.
Usually, when people talk about imagination, they most often mean creative imagination. It is closely related to creative thinking, but differs from it in that it operates not with the help of concepts and reasoning, but with the help of images. A person does not reason, but mentally sees what he has not seen or known before, he sees vividly, figuratively, in all details.
Many researchers note that in the process of schooling, mental processes such as memory, perception, thinking are mainly “trained”, and insufficient attention is paid to the development of imagination. At the same time, taking into account that all cognitive processes are in a relationship of close connection and interdependence (as elements of a single system), we can say that active development in educational activities any of these functions creates favorable conditions for the development of imagination.
The question of the relationship between imagination and thinking is, perhaps, the core question in the entire psychology of imagination. By this issue There are several points of view depending on what the emphasis is on - the similarity of these processes or their differences.
If the emphasis is on the difference between imagination and thinking, this leads to a denial of the mutual connection of these processes. Imagination in this interpretation is not considered as an exclusively independent process, independent of other psychological functions. This point of view was developed by V.V. Abramov, S.D. Vladychko, T. Ribot, A.I. Rozov.
Mechanisms of imagination:
– dissociation - cutting a complex whole into parts;
– association - the union of dissociated elements.
Having characterized imagination as a mental process, it is necessary to highlight the features of its development in primary school age.
There are conditions that contribute to finding a creative solution: observation, ease of combination, sensitivity to the manifestation of problems.
2. Features creative imagination in primary school children
A child’s imagination is formed in play and is initially inseparable from the perception of objects and the performance of play actions with them. In children 6-7 years old, the imagination can already rely on objects that are not at all similar to those being replaced.
Most children do not like very naturalistic toys, preferring symbolic, homemade ones that give room to imagination. Parents who love to give their children huge bears and dolls often unwittingly slow down their development. They deprive them of the joy of independent discovery in games. Children, as a rule, like small, inexpressive toys - they are easier to adapt to different games. Large or “just like real” dolls and animals contribute little to the development of imagination. Children develop more intensively and get much more pleasure if the same stick plays the role of a gun, a horse, and many other functions in various games. Thus, in the book by L. Kassil “Conduit and Schwambrania” a vivid description of the attitude of children to toys is given: “The chiseled lacquered figurines presented unlimited possibilities for using them for the most varied and tempting games... Both queens were especially convenient: the blonde and the brunette. Each queen could work for a Christmas tree, a cab driver, a Chinese pagoda, a flower pot on a stand, and a bishop.”
Gradually, the need for external support (even a symbolic figure) disappears and interiorization occurs - a transition to playful action with an object that does not actually exist, to a playful transformation of the object, to giving it a new meaning and imagining actions with it in the mind, without real action. This is the origin of imagination as a special mental process.
Children of primary school age have their own imagination. Primary school age is characterized by the activation, first, of the recreative imagination, and then of the creative one. The main line in its development is the subordination of the imagination to conscious intentions, i.e. it becomes arbitrary.
It should be noted here that for a long time in psychology there was an assumption according to which imagination is inherent in the child “initially” and is more productive in childhood, and with age it is subordinated to the intellect and fades away. However, L.S. Vygotsky shows the inconsistency of such positions. All images of the imagination, no matter how bizarre they may seem, are based on ideas and impressions received in real life. And therefore the experience of a child is poorer than the experience of an adult. And it can hardly be said that a child’s imagination is richer. It’s just that sometimes, without sufficient experience, a child explains in his own way what he encounters in life, and these explanations often seem unexpected and original.
Primary school age is classified as the most favorable and sensitive age for the development of creative imagination and fantasy. The games and conversations of children reflect the power of their imagination, one might even say, a riot of imagination. In their stories and conversations, reality and fantasy are often mixed, and images of the imagination can, by virtue of the law of emotional reality of the imagination, be experienced by children as completely real.
A feature of the imagination of younger schoolchildren, manifested in educational activities, is initially its reliance on perception (primary image), and not on representation (secondary image). For example, a teacher offers children a task in class that requires them to imagine a situation. It could be the following problem: “A barge was sailing along the Volga and was carrying... kg of watermelons in its holds. There was a rocking motion, and... kg of watermelons burst. How many watermelons are left? Of course, such tasks trigger the process of imagination, but they require special tools (real objects, graphic images, layouts, diagrams), otherwise the child finds it difficult to advance in voluntary actions of imagination. In order to understand what happened in the holds with the watermelons, it is useful to give a cross-sectional drawing of the barge. According to L.F. Bertsfai, a productive imagination must have the following features in order for the child to painlessly enter the school learning environment: .
− with the help of imagination he must be capable of reproducing the principles of the structure and development of things;
− have the ability to see the whole before its parts, i.e. the ability to create a holistic image of any object;
− The child’s productive imagination is characterized by “over-situationalism,” i.e. the tendency to constantly go beyond given conditions, to set new goals (which is the basis of future ability and desire to learn, i.e. the basis of educational motivation);
− mental experimentation with a thing and the ability to include the subject in new contexts, and therefore the ability to find a method or principle of action.
A child’s creativity is determined by two factors:
Subjective (development of anatomical and physiological characteristics);
Objective (impact of environmental phenomena).
The most vivid and free manifestation of the imagination of younger schoolchildren can be observed in play, in drawing, writing stories and fairy tales. IN children's creativity manifestations of imagination are diverse: some recreate real reality, others create new fantastic images and situations. When writing stories, children can borrow plots, stanzas of poems, and graphic images that they know, sometimes without noticing it at all. However, they often deliberately combine well-known plots, create new images, exaggerating certain aspects and qualities of their heroes.
The tireless work of imagination - effective method a child’s knowledge and assimilation of the world around him, the opportunity to go beyond personal practical experience, the most important psychological prerequisite for the development of a creative approach to the world.
The following stages of creative imagination in children are distinguished: .
1) preparatory (inspiration to create, meeting with the necessary people, etc.);
2) hatching a plan (in art activities the child creates a sketch, sketches, selects isomaterials);
3) implementation of the plan (creation of a specific work, completion of the work);
4) presentation of the result to the “viewer” (exhibition of works). The last stage is of particular importance for children.
The conditions for the development of students' creative imagination in the process of educational and cognitive activity, depending on the aspects of the activation of cognitive activity (substantive, organizational, subjective) can be classified as follows (see Table 1). .
Table 1.
Conditions for the development of children's creative imagination in the process of educational and cognitive activity
Content side
Organizational side
Subjective side
Presenting students with a system of tasks and assignments aimed at developing creative imagination.
Didactic material is used that varies for students with different performance levels.
The ability for students to choose the complexity of the homework form.
The amount of knowledge calculated for each student, taking into account his cognitive abilities, is established, and selected in connection with this educational material.
Selection and implementation in the learning process of methods that contribute to the actualization of the student’s personal experience and the activation of his creative activity.
Working with cognitive strategies.
Studying educational material, the complexity of which is chosen by the student and varied by the teacher.
Inclusion of schoolchildren in optimally possible individual, group, collective forms work.
Working with each student, identifying and taking into account inclinations and preferences in the learning process
Democratic leadership style in organizing training.
The teacher gives the student the opportunity to choose group or independent work.
Manifestation of bright positive emotions by both teacher and students.
The focus of teaching methods is to create a situation of success for each student.
Focus on independent search, independent work, independent discoveries of the student
General provisions for understanding individual approach to learning. Firstly, recognition of the student’s subjectivity in the learning process. Secondly, learning is not only teaching, but also learning (a special individual activity of the student, and not a direct projection of teaching). Thirdly, the starting point of learning is not the realization of final goals, but the disclosure of the individual cognitive capabilities of each student and the determination of the pedagogical conditions necessary to satisfy the student’s development. Fourthly, communication between subjects of learning is understood, first of all, as personal communication. Thus, the formation of a creative personality is one of the important tasks of pedagogical theory and practice at the present stage. Its solution begins already in preschool and primary school age.
Development of imagination in children of primary school age in the process of creative activity
Modern pedagogy no longer doubts that it is possible to teach creativity. The question, according to I.Ya. Lerner, is only to find optimal conditions for such training. By creative (creative) abilities of students we mean “... the complex capabilities of a student in performing activities and actions aimed at creating new educational products.”
Through creativity, a child develops thinking. But this teaching is special, it is not the same as knowledge and skills that are usually taught. The starting point for the development of imagination should be directed activity, that is, the inclusion of children’s fantasies in specific practical problems. A.A. Volkova states: “Nurturing creativity is a diverse and complex impact on a child. The creative activity of adults involves the mind (knowledge, thinking, imagination), character (courage, perseverance), feeling (love of beauty, fascination with an image, thought). We must cultivate these same aspects of personality in a child in order to more successfully develop creativity in him. Enriching a child’s mind with various ideas and some knowledge means providing abundant food for creativity. To teach one to look closely, to be observant, means to make ideas clearer and more complete. This will help children more vividly reproduce what they see in their creativity.”
AND I. Lerner identified the following features of creative activity: .
Independent transfer of knowledge and skills to a new situation; seeing new problems in familiar, standard conditions;
Seeing a new function of a familiar object;
Ability to see alternative solutions;
The ability to combine previously known methods of solving a problem in new way;
The ability to create original solutions in the presence of already known ones.
Since creative activity involves putting forward different approaches, solution options, considering a subject from different angles, and the ability to come up with an original unusual way decisions - all these features of creative activity are inextricably linked with imagination. Naturally, the child creates something subjectively new, i.e. new for him, but it has important social significance, because in the course of it the abilities of the individual are formed.
Recreating imagination is very important in the learning process, because... Without it, it is impossible to perceive and understand educational material. Teaching contributes to the development of this type of imagination. In addition, in a younger schoolchild, the imagination is more and more closely connected with his life experience, and it does not remain fruitless fantasizing, but gradually becomes a motivator for activity. The child strives to translate the thoughts and images that arise into real objects.
Most effective remedy for this purpose - visual activity of children of primary schoolchildren. In the process of drawing, a child experiences a variety of feelings: he is happy about the beautiful image that he created himself, and he is upset if something doesn’t work out. But the most important thing: by creating an image, the child acquires various knowledge; his ideas about the environment are clarified and deepened; in the process of work, he begins to comprehend the qualities of objects, remember their characteristic features and details, master visual skills and abilities, and learn to use them consciously.
Aristotle also noted: “Drawing contributes to the diversified development of the child.” Outstanding teachers of the past also wrote about this - Ya.A. Komensky, I.G. Pestalozzi, F. Frebel - and many domestic researchers. Their work shows: drawing and other types of artistic activities create the basis for full, meaningful communication between children and with adults; perform a therapeutic function, distracting children from sad, sad events, relieve nervous tension, fears, cause a joyful, upbeat mood, and provide a positive emotional state.
Visual activity is an integral part of human culture. Visual activity develops the ability to observe and analyze; creative abilities, artistic taste, imagination, aesthetic feelings (the ability to see the beauty of forms, movements, proportions, colors, color combinations), promotes knowledge of the surrounding world, the formation of a harmoniously developed personality, develops the senses and especially visual perception, based on the development of thinking. It follows that fine arts lessons are necessary and very important in the general education system.
In fine arts lessons, the result of the work is a drawing. This is only the external result of the students, but it encodes the entire path of development of those mental images that were given by the topic. A drawing is the material form into which thoughts are poured. And the result depended on how diverse and active they were. Here we understand the great importance of developing imagination in fine arts lessons, how important factor in solving certain artistic problems. From this we conclude that imagination in fine arts lessons is of an active creative nature.
Any artistic work is inherent in the concept of creativity, because... it (creativity) in the fine arts is associated with the need to create something new, something of our own, that did not previously exist. This can be seen in children's drawings.
When children in the classroom begin to experiment with shape and color, they are faced with the need to find a method of representation in which the objects of their life experience could be reproduced using certain means. The abundance of original solutions that they create is always amazing, especially because children, as a rule, turn to the most elementary topics. For example, when depicting a portrait of a person, children do not strive to be original, and yet the attempt to reproduce on paper everything that they see forces each child to discover a new visual formula for an already known object. In each drawing one can notice respect for the basic visual concept of a person. This is proven by the fact that any viewer understands that in front of him is an image of a person, and not of any other object.
At the same time, each drawing is significantly different from the others. The object presents only a small minimum of characteristic structural features, thereby appealing to the imagination in the literal sense of the word. Children's drawings offer many solutions for depicting individual parts of the human face. Images of not only parts of the face vary, but also the contour lines of the face itself. Some drawings have many details and differences, others only a few. Round and rectangular shapes, thin strokes and huge masses, oppositions and partial coincidences - everything is used to reproduce the same object. But simply listing the geometric differences alone tells us nothing about the individuality of these images, which becomes obvious thanks to appearance the entire drawing. These differences are partly due to the child's stage of development, partly to his individual character, and partly they depend on the purposes for which the drawing was created. Taken together, the drawings testify to the richness of children's artistic imagination. It follows that the role of creative imagination in fine arts lessons is great. And the development of creative imagination is one of the main tasks in the system of aesthetic education, because drawing is a source of creative activity.
In primary school, the fine arts teaching program includes the following types of lessons: thematic drawing; drawing from life; decorative drawing. Thematic and decorative drawing most contributes to the development of students' imagination.
Decorative drawing, mainly develops reproductive imagination, as children usually study in class different kinds folk paintings (Khokhloma, Gzhel, Polkhovo - Maidan painting, etc.) and recreate them. But there are still tasks that require creative imagination (for example, applique, drawing an ornament, etc.).
Thematic drawing most contributes to the development of creative imagination. In thematic drawing, the child shows both artistic and creative abilities. And here, first of all, it is necessary to define the concept of the topic itself. There are general themes (“eternal themes” - good and evil, relationships between people, motherhood, courage, justice, the beautiful and the ugly), which have many manifestations and provoke creativity, and specific themes, with a clear indication of place and action, requiring precise execution . They help diagnose creative imagination.
In order to gain a deeper insight into the essence of realizing the conditions for the development of creative imagination, as well as to strengthen the connection between pedagogical theory and practice, in the next chapter we will conduct an experimental study of the development of the creative imagination of primary schoolchildren and develop activities that will promote the development of the creative imagination of primary schoolchildren
Conclusion
The relevance of the problem of developing the creative abilities of junior schoolchildren is due to the need for a scientifically based solution to practical problems in primary education, and the search for directions for improving the organization of students' creative activity.
Imagination is the process of transforming existing images in memory in order to create new ones that have never been perceived by a person before.
Types of imagination differ in how intentional and conscious a person’s creation of new images is. According to this criterion, they are distinguished into voluntary, or active, imagination - the process of deliberately constructing images in accordance with a conscious plan, a set goal, intention - it is this type of imagination that needs to be specially developed; and involuntary, or passive, imagination is the free, uncontrolled emergence of images.
Creative imagination is the independent creation of new images. Both recreative and creative imagination are very important for humans and need to be developed.
A child's imagination develops gradually as he gains real life experience. The richer the child’s experience, the more he has seen, heard, experienced, learned, the more impressions about the surrounding reality he has accumulated, the richer the material his imagination has, the greater scope opens up for his imagination and creativity, which is most actively and fully realized in games, writing fairy tales and stories, drawing.
Primary school age is a period of intensive and qualitative transformation of cognitive processes (perception, memory, imagination, etc.): they begin to acquire an indirect character and become conscious and voluntary.
Without a sufficiently developed imagination, a student’s educational work cannot proceed successfully, hence an important pedagogical conclusion: creating favorable conditions for the development of imagination in children’s creativity helps to expand their real life experience and accumulate impressions.
The leading components of the imagination of younger schoolchildren are past experience, subject environment, which depend on the child’s internal position, and the internal position from supra-situational becomes extra-situational.
The following conditions contribute to the development of creative imagination:
Involving students in various activities
Using non-traditional forms of conducting lessons
Creating problematic situations
Self-execution work
The results of our work showed that the use of developmental programs in working with children gives positive dynamics in the development of the imagination of younger schoolchildren.
List of used literature
Berkinblint M. B., Petrovsky A. V. Fantasy and reality. M.: Politizdat, 2004. 26 p.
Borovik O. V. Development of imagination // Guidelines. M.: LLC "TsGL "Ron", 2000. 112 p.
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Vannik M. E. Developing creative imagination in children // Our children. 2005. No. 4. P. 20-22.
Vygotsky L. S. Imagination and creativity in childhood. SPb.: SOYUZ, 2005. 14 p.
Gamezo M.V., Domashenko I.Ya. Atlas of Psychology. M.: Pedagogical Society of Russia, 2006. 276 p.
Ermolaeva-Tomina L. B. Psychology of artistic creativity // Tutorial M.: Academic project, 2003. 34 p.
Ilyenkov E.V. About imagination // Public education. 2003. No. 3. With. 42.
Kirillova G. D. Initial forms of creative imagination in children // Preschool education. 2006. 15 p.
Komarova T. S. Children's visual creativity: what should be understood by this? // Preschool education. 2005. No. 2. 14 p.
Komenskoy Ya. A. Mother's school. Great didactics. Selected pedagogical works. In 2 volumes. T. 2 / ed. A.I. Piskunov. M., 2006. 49 p.
Kotova T. N. Creative tasks as a means of developing the creative imagination of schoolchildren in the educational process. Novotroitsk, 2007. 24 p.
Lerner N. Ya. Problems of learning. M.: Knowledge, 2003, 49 p.
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Nikiforova O. N. Cognitive processes and abilities in learning. Representation and imagination. M.: Nauka, 2007. 100 p.
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DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF SHAKHTERSK
MINER'S COMPLETE EDUCATION SCHOOL I-III STAGES No. 14
"Training
cognitive abilities
junior schoolchildren"
(a collection of exercises for the development of cognitive processes)
Made up
Kostyuchenko L. L.,
primary teacher
classes
Shakhtersk-2015
INTRODUCTION
“Pupils can study successfully only
when they know how to observe, think,
V. A. Sukhomlinsky
Since 2012, I, Kostyuchenko L.L., in my pedagogical activity I am working on the problem of developing the cognitive qualities of primary schoolchildren through the use of exercises to develop cognitive abilities. PurposeThis work is to systematize the forms and methods of developing the cognitive qualities and abilities of younger schoolchildren in the learning process.
Training is a pedagogical interaction between a student and a teacher, during which the cognitive qualities of the student develop. In the process of education, the student acquires knowledge about objects and objects of the surrounding world, creates a subjectively new or objectively new product.
Cognitive qualities include:
Physical and physiological qualities: the ability to see, hear, touch, feel the object being studied using smell and taste; developed performance, energy;
Intellectual qualities: curiosity, erudition, thoughtfulness, quick wit, logic, “intelligence quotient”, meaningfulness, validity, argumentation, ability to analyze and synthesize, ability to find analogies, use various forms of evidence.
A child's cognitive development is directly related to the development of his cognitive abilities.In the psychological and pedagogical literature there is no unity in the understanding of “cognitive abilities”, and, consequently, there is no unity in terminology. In different sources, the concepts of “cognitive abilities” - “general abilities” - “mental abilities” - “mental abilities” - “cognitive abilities” are synonymous, depending on what kind of content the authors put into the concept of “cognitive abilities”. One way or another, cognitive abilities relate to general abilities. Successful mastery of any type of activity, including learning, depends on cognitive abilities. They cover sensory, intellectual, creative abilities. Cognitive abilities are used and developed in the process of mastering knowledge in various sections of educational programs. The formation of cognitive abilities is included in the formation of figurative forms of knowledge of reality: perception, figurative memory, visual-figurative thinking, imagination, i.e. in the creation of the figurative foundation of intelligence. Thus, by developing and training the cognitive processes of younger schoolchildren in the learning process, we, teachers, develop the cognitive abilities of students: the ability to see, imagine, remember, think. To develop cognitive qualities and abilities in my activities I use: didactic games, Mind games and exercises to develop cognitive abilities.
In this manual, I have systematized exercises aimed at developing and training the cognitive processes of primary schoolchildren: perception, thinking, memory, imagination. The textbook can be used during classes as didactic material, as well as in after school hours for home independent work.
Exercises to develop imagination
1. Exercise "Do a drawing"
Children are given a sheet with pictures of simple geometric shapes: square, circle, triangle, rhombus, etc. - and lines of different shapes: straight, broken, arrow-shaped, zigzags, etc.. It is proposed to complement each figure or line so that meaningful images are obtained. You can finish drawing from the outside, inside the contour of the figure, you can rotate the sheet in any direction.
2. Exercise "Wizards" (drawing emotions, feelings)
The student is asked to add a torso to each pictogram, color the person’s clothes with pencils, the color of which (in the child’s opinion) matches the emotional state of this pictogram.
3. Exercise "Fold the picture"
4. Exercise "Associations"
The teacher invites the student to find specific visual images that can be associated with each of the words below, for example, love-heart, winter-snow, happiness-mom, etc.
The teacher suggests from three different words make one sentence. Examples of words: apple, giraffe, book; rain, TV, girl, etc.
The teacher offers the children several words that are logically unrelated to each other:Book Flower Sausage Soap. Invites them to try to find associations that connect these words and make sentences. The result should be a short story.
The teacher suggests combining in your imagination two objects that have nothing in common with each other, i.e. not connected by natural associations: “Try to create an image of each object in your mind. Now mentally combine both objects in one clear picture.”
Example pairs of words: grass - pen, tree - sky, nail - hat, etc.
5. Exercise “Making a fairy tale”
The teacher builds any sequence of images on the demonstration board (two standing men, two running men, three trees, a house, a bear, a fox, a princess, etc.). Children are asked to come up with a fairy tale based on the pictures, observing their sequence.
The teacher invites the children to change and compose their own ending to familiar fairy tales.
“The bun did not sit on the fox’s tongue, but rolled further and met...”
“The wolf didn’t manage to eat the kids because...”, etc.
The teacher suggests changing either the hero, or the fairy-tale object, spell, etc. in a certain fairy tale. For example:
Fairy tale “Sister Alyonushka and brother Ivanushka” - come up with a fairy-tale spell with the help of which brother Ivanushka, turned into a little goat, will take on a human form. Fairy tale “Ivan Tsarevich and the Gray Wolf” - imagine that the wolf got sick and could not help Ivan Tsarevich, come up with a fairytale type of transport on which Ivan Tsarevich would travel.
Exercises to develop perception and observation skills
Exercise “Overlayed Images”
The student is presented with 3-5 contour images of objects superimposed on each other. All images must be named.
The student needs to name which letters are hidden in the picture.
Exercise “Hidden Images”
The student is asked to find all the animals in the picture that are hidden
Exercise “Unfinished Images”
The student is presented with images in which only part of the object (or its characteristic detail) is drawn; it is necessary to restore the entire image.
The student needs to complete the letters and numbers
Exercise "Bitmaps"
The student is presented with images of objects, geometric figures, letters, numbers made in the form of dots. It is necessary to name them.
Exercise “Inverted Images”
The student is presented with schematic images objects, letters, numbers, rotated 180°. You need to name them
Exercise “Paired Images”
The student is presented with two object images that are very similar in appearance to each other, but have up to 5-7 small differences. You need to find these differences.
The student is asked to look at paired plot pictures with distinctive features and find these signs of difference and similarity.
Exercise "Cut Images"
The student is presented with parts of 2-3 images (for example, vegetables of different colors or different sizes, etc.). It is required to assemble whole images from these parts.
Options: they offer pictures with images of various objects, cut in different ways (vertically, horizontally, diagonally into 4, 6, 7 parts, curved lines).
Exercise "Geometric shapes"
The student is offered cards with drawings consisting of geometric shapes. You need to determine how many triangles, squares, circles, rhombuses, rectangles, etc. are on the cards.
The student needs to determine the number of triangles
9. Exercises with tables
The student is offered a table with geometric shapes. You need to count: how many times a circle, rectangle, etc. appear.
The student is offered a Schulte table, in which he needs to show and name the numbers in order.
The student is given a table with letters. Examples of tasks:
Name all the letters in the column as quickly as possible. (Knowledge of letters is consolidated)
Name and show all the letters on the 1st line, on the 2nd line. (In addition to knowledge of letters, the concept of “line” or “column” is fixed)
Name and show all the letters below the letter M. (In addition to knowledge of letters, the ability to navigate on a sheet of paper is reinforced)
Name and show all vowels or all consonants, all voiced consonants or voiceless consonants. (Knowledge of vowels and consonants is consolidated)
The student is asked to show a certain letter in the table and count its number (you can cross out the letters)
The student is asked to think about how the right and left tables are connected and decipher the phrase.
10. Exercise "Tangled Lines"
The student is asked to follow each line from left to right with his eyes and put its number at the end.
The student is asked to determine the road, path, line from one object to another.
Without moving your hand along the lines, but only tracking them with your eyes, you need to find the letters corresponding to the numbers, write them down in order and read the words.
Exercise "Puzzles"
The student is asked to put together a whole picture from parts
You need to put together a picture of stripes with numbers in order
Exercises for developing thinking
Exercise “Elimination of the unnecessary”
The teacher offers a number of words combined in meaning. The student, after reading the series, must determine what common feature unites most of the words and find one that is superfluous. Then he must explain his choice.
Word options:
Pot, frying pan, ball, plate.
Pen, doll, notebook, ruler.
Shirt, shoes, dress, sweater.
Chair, sofa, stool, wardrobe.
Cheerful, brave, joyful, happy.
Red, green, dark, blue, orange.
Bus, wheel, trolleybus, tram, bicycle.
The teacher offers a number of words that are united not by meaning, but by formal characteristics (for example, they begin with the same letter, with a vowel, have the same prefix, the same number of syllables, the same part of speech, etc.). When compiling such a series, you need to ensure that only one sign matches.
Word options:
Telephone, fog, port, tourist. (Three words begin with the letter "T".)
April, performance, teacher, snow, rain. (Four words end in "b".)
Wall, paste, notebook, legs, arrows. (In four words, the stress falls on the first syllable.)
Drawing, power, wind, life, minute. (In four words the second letter is “I”.)
Dog, tomato, sun, plate. (The dog is not round)
2. Exercise "Making Connections"
The student is asked to select a logical pair for each word:
feather - ..... (chicken, pillow, etc.)
leaf - ... (tree, book, etc.)
spoon - ... (fork, plate, etc.)
The student needs to identify the fourth word. There is a certain connection between the first two, and the same between the third and fourth. Having established this logical connection, we can name the fourth word.
Tasks:
Monday – Tuesday, March - ? Light - darkness, cold - ?
Rose - flower, wardrobe - ? The term is the sum, the multiplier is ?
Grief - tears, heat - ? Century - century, food - ?
Eye - vision, ear - ? North - south, precipitation - ?
Possible student answers: April, hot, furniture, work, thirst, food, hearing, drought.
The student is called some object or phenomenon, for example, “helicopter”. It is necessary to write down as many analogues as possible, i.e. other items similar to it in various essential characteristics. It is also necessary to systematize these analogues into groups depending on what property of a given object they were selected taking into account. For example, in this case they can be called: “bird”, “butterfly” (fly and land); “bus”, “train” (vehicles); “corkscrew” (important parts rotate), etc.
3. Exercise “Invisible words”
The teacher asks to restore the order of letters in words:
Dubřa, kluka, balnok, leon, gona, sug.
Selnots, imza, chenite, tarm, myase.
Pmisio, kroilk, bubaksha, stovefor, bomeget.
Kovora, kirutsa, shakok, sakoba.
The teacher suggests finding another in one word by rearranging the letters.
1. Find invisible animals by swapping letters in words.
Strength, salt, jar, peony.
2. Find the invisible game in the word.
Cone.
3. Find the invisible tree in the word.
Pump.
4. Find a piece of invisible clothing in the word.
Lapot.
5. Find the invisible flower in the word.
Midge.
The teacher asks you to find as many invisible words as possible in the words:pillow, keyboard, rocket, store, gift, parents.
The teacher suggests making a word by eliminating one letter.
Word options:
PLOW –
SCARF -
FEED –
MOLE -
WINDOW -
DYE -
COLLECTION -
4. Exercise “Another letter”
The teacher suggests replacing one letter in a word to make a new word. The number of letters in words cannot be changed. For example:oak - tooth, dream - catfish, steam - feast.
Given are words with one missing letter. You need to form as many words as possible, replacing the gap with one letter at a time, as in the sample. Sample: ...ol - role, salt, mole, pain, zero.
Word options:
Ro... -
...glasses -
Ba... -
...ar -
...ara -
...aika -
...day -
...ohm -
The teacher gives a task: get from one word another through a chain of words by replacing one letter at each stage. For example, how do you get the word “goal” from the word “smoke”? It is necessary to make several transformations: smoke - house - room - count - goal. Only nouns can be used in the chain; only one letter changes each time. Task options: get the word “steam” from the word “moment”, the word “mouth” from the word “cheese”, the word “ball” from the word “house”, the word “hour” from the word “moment”.
5. Exercise "Addition and subtraction"
The teacher offers fascinating examples of addition and subtraction, which use words rather than numbers familiar to the student. You need to perform mathematical operations with them, having first guessed the original word and written the answers in brackets.
A sample solution to this example for addition:
Given: boo + shade = unblown flower
Solution: boo + tone = bud
A sample solution to this subtraction example:
Given: mode of transport - o = unit of measurement Solution: metro - o = meter
Options for addition tasks:
b + food = misfortune
k + insect = girl's hairstyle
y + bad weather with rain = danger
y + country house = success
o + opponent = long pit
y + child-girl = fishing tackle
o + weapon = edge of the forest
s + animal fur = heard during fun
y + one = done to the patient
m + fish soup = insect
y + ball in goal = in triangle
for + country house = requires a decision
ka + reward = whim
o + settlement = plot of land
av + tomato = weapon
ba + shade = white bread
about + for scooping food = on a notebook and on a book
ku + for nails = hand with fingers pressed to the palms
ko + actor plays = monarch
by + misfortune = success in battle
at + pine forest = apparatus
at + battle = waves offshore
Answers: trouble, scythe, threat, luck, ravine, fishing rod, edge, laughter, prick, fly, corner, task, whim, vegetable garden, machine gun, loaf, cover, fist, king, victory, device, surf.
Options for subtraction tasks:
vessel - a = money is kept there
moral poem - nya = low voice
underwear - s = afraid of everything
tomato - at = separate book
shallow place in the river - ь = it is written on the board
strong fear - great master= snake
bird - pronoun = criminal
military unit - k = we walk along it at home
man's facial hair - solemn verse = pine forest
bird - oka = garbage
flower - s = game
fantasy - ta = knight's weapon
you can cook in it - yol = pet
on the neck in winter - f = geometric figure
young plant - approx = human height
the goalkeeper is wearing them - a = on clothes around the neck
type of sport - with = the body has right and left
Answers: bank, bass, coward, tom, chalk, already, thief, floor, boron, rubbish, lotto, sword, cat, ball, height, gate, side.
The student needs to come up with words - overlays - to make it funny or original word, explaining why he thinks that way.
Task options:
mosquito + brand = mosquito;
zebra + shell = zebra shell;
tree + crow = tree crow, etc.
6. Exercise “Patterns”
The student needs to discover a pattern within a series of numbers and continue it following the same logic:
3, 5, 7, 9... . (Series of odd numbers, next number is 11.)
16, 22, 28, 34... . (Each next number is 6 more than the previous one, the next number is 40.)
55, 48, 41, 34... . (Each next number is less than the previous one by 7, the next number is 27.)
12, 21, 16, 61, 25.... (In each pair of numbers, the digits are swapped, the next number is 52.)
The student needs to determine the pattern of repetition of the sequence and draw this sequence: tree, bush, flower, tree, bush, flower...
The student needs to find a pattern and complete the missing items:
7. Exercise "Definitions"
The student needs to come up with as many definitions as possible that characterize objects or phenomena.
Snow - cold, fluffy, light, white, lacy, iridescent, thick, beautiful, etc.
River -
Firework -
Clouds -
Kitty -
Rainbow -
The student is asked to think about the listed definitions and guess the object or phenomenon that they characterize.Gusty, hurricane, warm, piercing wind.
Dark, quiet, moonlit, black - ... (night).
Long, asphalt, forest, broken - ... (road).
Kind, caring, beloved, beautiful - ... (mother).
Short, long, cropped, shiny - ... (hair).
Magical, interesting, folk, kind - ... (fairy tale).
Strong, fragrant, sweet, hot - ... (tea).
Hot, cheerful, long-awaited, sunny - ... (summer).
Loyal, shaggy, noisy, beloved - ... (dog).
Round, bright, yellow, hot - ... (sun).
8. Exercise "Confusion"
The teacher gives the student a task: due to unforeseen circumstances, one word disappeared from the sentence, and its place was taken by an inappropriate, random word. Put order in each sentence: remove a random word and return the right word.
I overslept this morning, I was in a hurry, but, unfortunately, I came to school early. (with delay)
I bought a loaf of bread, presented it to the conductor and boarded the train, (ticket)
It was hot outside, so Masha put on a fur coat. (sundress)
There was a stick on the roof of my grandmother's house, from which smoke came out when the stove was lit. (pipe)
When dawn broke, we began to look into the night sky, looking at the stars and the moon. (it got dark)
I love swimming on the beach and lying on the asphalt. (sand)
The teacher gives the student a task: in these sentences the words have changed places, and it has become very difficult to understand what is being said. Restore the correct word order in the sentences.
My friends were playing on the playground.
I got an A in Russian in class.
It is interesting to observe the life of aquarium fish.
I made gifts for all my relatives.
It was quiet after the fresh and stormy street.
You can see falling stars in the August night sky.
9. Exercise "Classification"
The student is asked to divide these words into groups according to the number of syllables:pencil case, vase, lamp, lampshade, feather, pencil, pumpkin, desk, ruler, notebook, table, floor, pen, hammer, root . How many groups did you get?
The student needs to enter these words in the appropriate columns of the table: doll, boots, pencil case, felt boots, ball, briefcase, pen, slippers, bear, shoes, notebook, top, pencil, sneakers, gun.
10. Exercise "Comparison"
The student is offered logical comparison tasks:
1. Sasha is sadder than Tolik. Tolik is sadder than Alik. Who's the most fun?
2. Ira is more careful than Lisa. Lisa is more careful than Natasha. Who is the neatest?
3. Misha is stronger than Oleg. Misha is weaker than Vova. Who is the strongest?
4. Katya is older than Seryozha. Katya is younger than Tanya. Who is the youngest?
5. The fox is slower than the turtle. The fox is faster than the deer. Who's the fastest?
6. The hare is weaker than the dragonfly. The hare is stronger than the bear. Who is the weakest?
7. Sasha is 10 years younger than Igor. Igor is 2 years older than Lesha. Who is the youngest?
8. Ira is 3 cm lower than Klava. Klava is 12 cm taller than Lyuba. Who is tallest?
9. Tolik is much lighter than Seryozha. Tolik is a little heavier than Valera. Who is the lightest?
10. Vera is a little darker than Luda. Vera is much brighter than Katya. Who is the brightest?
11. Lesha is weaker than Sasha. Andrey is stronger than Lesha. Who is stronger?
12. Natasha is more fun than Larisa. Nadya is sadder than Natasha. Who's the saddest?
13. Sveta is older than Ira and shorter than Marina. Sveta is younger than Marina and taller than Ira. Who is the youngest and who is the shortest?
14. Kostya is stronger than Edik and slower than Alik. Kostya is weaker than Alik and faster than Edik. Who is the strongest and who is the slowest?
15. Olya is darker than Tonya. Tonya is shorter than Asya. Asya is older than Olya. Olya is taller than Asya. Asya is lighter than Tonya. Tonya is younger than Olya. Who is the darkest, the shortest and the oldest?
16. Kolya is heavier than Petya. Petya is sadder than Pasha. Pasha is weaker than Kolya. Kolya is more fun than Pasha. Pasha is lighter than Petya. Petya is stronger than Kolya. Who is the lightest, who is the most fun, who is the strongest?
11. Exercise "Making figures from sticks"
The student is asked to change the figure by removing the specified number of sticks.
Task options:
1. Given a figure of 6 squares. You need to remove 2 sticks so that 4 squares remain.
2. In a figure of 5 squares, remove 4 sticks so that 2 unequal squares remain.
3. In a figure of 5 squares, remove 4 sticks so that 3 squares remain.
4. In a figure of 5 squares, remove 4 sticks so that 3 squares remain.
5. In a figure consisting of 9 squares, remove 4 sticks so that 5 squares remain.
The student needs to make a figure from the specified number of sticks.
Task options:
1. Make 2 equal triangles from 5 sticks.
2. Make 2 equal squares from 7 sticks.
3. Make 3 equal triangles from 7 sticks.
4. Make 4 equal triangles from 9 sticks.
5. Make 3 equal squares from 10 sticks.
6. Make a square and 2 equal triangles from 5 sticks.
7. Make a square and 4 triangles from 9 sticks.
8. From 10 sticks, make 2 squares: large and small (a small square is made from 2 sticks inside a large one).
9. Make 5 triangles from 9 sticks (4 small triangles obtained as a result of the construction form 1 large one).
10. From 9 sticks make 2 squares and 4 equal triangles (from 7 sticks make 2 squares and divide into triangles with 2 sticks).
The student needs to rearrange the sticks to get a different shape.
Task options:
1. Arrange 3 sticks in the figure so that you get 4 equal triangles.
2. In a figure consisting of 4 squares, rearrange 3 sticks so that you get 3 of the same squares.
3. Make a house of 6 sticks, and then rearrange 2 sticks so that you get a flag.
4. Arrange 6 sticks so that the ship becomes a tank.
5. Move 2 sticks so that the cow-like figure faces the other direction.
12. Exercise "Rebuses"
The student is asked to decipher puzzles with letters:
The student is asked to decipher puzzles with numbers:
The student is asked to decipher puzzles with pictures:
The student is asked to decipher the proverb puzzles:
old friend better than the new two.
Business before pleasure.
If you hurry, you will make people laugh.
A person is recognized by his actions.
Exercises for memory development
Exercise “10 words”
For example:
- book, moon, ringing, honey, window, ice, day, thunder, water, brother;
- cheerful, kind, white, brave, slow, tall, snowy, papery, deep, clean;
- draws, is silent, writes, dances, decorates, reads, makes, sings, speaks, listens.
The student is given words written in a column. After 10-15 seconds, these words are removed and a second column of words is offered. The student must find the words that he memorized.
For example:
garden puddle
puddle soap
river hare
window ball
bow snow
hare bow
flag water
moon forest
snow window
thunderstorm house
The student is asked to remember 10 logically unrelated words. These words need to be connected into a story.
For example:tree, table, river, basket, comb, soap, hedgehog, elastic band, book, sun.
First, have the children try to imagine a story written by the teacher:
"Imagine green beautiful
TREE
. A board begins to grow from it to the side, a leg comes down from the board, it turns out
TABLE
. We bring our gaze closer to the table and see a puddle on it that flows down, turning into a whole
RIVER
. A funnel forms in the middle of the river, which turns into
BASKET
. The basket flies out of the river onto the shore. You come up, break off one edge - it turns out
COMB
. You take it and start combing your hair and then wash it
SOAP
. The soap drips and leaves hair sticking out
HEDGEHOG
. You are very uncomfortable and you take
RUBBER BAND
and pull your hair back with it. The rubber band can't stand it and bursts. When it falls down, it turns in a straight line and turns into
BOOK
. You open a book, and it shines brightly right into your eyes.
SUN
".
Then the children come up with their own story (using different words) and share it with each other. At the final stage, the teacher dictates words to them, and they, independently imagining, remember them.
The teacher gives the children 10 words; they need to be regrouped, combining them according to some characteristic to make memorization easier; and then come up with a story that would bring them together.
For example:bear, cart, bee, bell, chamomile, air, vase, cat, sun, water.
15-20 cards with the image are laid out in front of the student
individual objects (for example, an apple, a trolleybus, a teapot, an airplane, a pen, a shirt, a car, a horse, a flag, a rooster, etc.). The student is told: “I’ll now tell you a few words. Look at these pictures, choose from them the one that will help you remember every word, and put it aside." Then the first word is read. After the child puts the picture down, the second word is read, etc. Next, he must reproduce the words presented. To do this, he takes the pictures put aside one by one and, with their help, recalls the words that were named to him.
An example set of words:fire, factory, cow, chair, water, father, jelly, sit, mistake, kindness.
The exercise can be carried out in two stages. At the 1st stage, it is necessary to use a graphical representation of the concept. The teacher says to the children: “Try to make a drawing for each of the words I mentioned.” A visual image that directly corresponds to a concept arises easily, almost automatically, whereas in the case of an indirect correspondence, the efforts of the imagination are required.
An approximate list of possible series:
Episode No. 1
Truck Smart cat
Anger Coward Boy
Fun game Naughty child
Tree Good weather
Punishment Interesting tale
Episode No. 2
Merry holiday Joy
Dark Forest Disease
Despair Fast Man
Courage Sadness
Deaf old woman Warm wind
Episode No. 3
Doubt Envy
Willpower Day
Success Fear
Speed Strong character
Justice Good comrade
Stage 2 - imagining words or phrases in the mind, without fixing them on paper.
Exercise “Remember a couple of words”
Select 8-10 pairs of words that are related to each other in meaning. The student needs to read these pairs of words and remember them. Then the teacher reads the first word and the student names the second. You can write it down.
For example:
Apple orchard
Chicken Chicken
Vacuum cleaner-cleaning
Milk cow, etc.
The student needs to combine in his imagination two objects that have nothing in common with each other, i.e. not connected by natural associations. Let, for example, be given the words “hair” and “water”; why not imagine hair getting wet in the rain, or hair being washed?
Sample pairs for training:
Pot - corridor Sun - finger
Carpet - coffee Yard - scissors
Ring - lamp Cutlet - sand
Nail - book Monkey - coat
Beetle - chair Dentist - toilet
First, let the children practice out loud, telling each other their pictures, then work on their own. In the next lessons, dictate to them one word from each pair - they must remember and write down the second. Draw their attention to the result.
Exercise “Memorize and Draw”
For the student to memorize for 15-20 seconds. any symbols or geometric shapes are proposed. For example:
Then they are closed, and the child draws what he remembers. At the end, you can compare the results obtained.
For the student to memorize for 15-20 seconds. A sheet with written letters (from 3 to 7) is offered. For example:
Then the teacher covers the letters, the student writes them down on his piece of paper from memory.
For the student to memorize for 15-20 seconds. A sheet with written numbers (from 3 to 7) is offered. For example:
Then the teacher covers the numbers, the student writes them down on his piece of paper from memory.
The teacher gives the student a card, warning him that he must carefully consider and remember the combinations of all the figures. He has 30 seconds to memorize, then he returns the card. Next, the student must close his eyes and mentally reconstruct the drawing. Then he must draw on the sheet everything he remembers. After finishing the work, the student’s drawing is compared with the sample, and errors are discussed. The number of elements drawn from memory, their shape, size and location relative to each other are checked.
For this exercise you will need a piece of paper and pencils. The figure below contains 12 images. Children are invited to look at the drawings of the first line, covering the rest with a sheet of paper so that they do not distract attention. After 30 seconds, ask them to cover the entire page and draw the objects in the first line from memory. Then ask them to compare how their drawings match those of the sample. Next, move to the next line. The last two lines can be worked on simultaneously.
The student is asked to look carefully at the drawing. It shows the names of the animals. You need to imagine these animals in the places where their names are placed, and come up with a story that connects them with each other.
Then the drawing is closed, and the student must reproduce the names of the animals in their places on a piece of paper.
The student is given forms with figures for memorization and reproduction. He looks at the 1st form and tries to remember the proposed pairs of images (figures and sign). Then the form is removed and he is offered a 2nd form - for reproduction, on which he must draw the corresponding pair in the empty cells opposite each figure.
Exercise “What has changed”
7-10 pictures or objects are laid out in front of the student, they are given time to memorize, then the student is asked to turn away and 1-2 pictures (objects) are removed. The student must name what has changed.
7-10 pictures or objects are laid out in front of the student, time is given to memorize, then the student is asked to turn away and 2-3 pictures (objects) are swapped. The student must name what has changed.
Exercise “Memorize and find”
The student is asked to remember the objects depicted in 3-4 pictures and name them from memory. Then he must find their image in 10-12 similar pictures, but randomly scattered. The same exercise can be used to recognize letters or numbers, using specially made cards or a box of letters and numbers. Gradually, the number of memorized pictures can be increased.
For the lesson you will need 6 cards, each of which depicts a combination of geometric shapes. All 6 combinations have visual similarities, but, nevertheless, differ from each other. The student is given one of the cards to memorize for 10 seconds. After careful study, he returns it and, with his eyes closed, mentally reconstructs the drawing. At this time, the teacher lays out all 6 cards in front of him in random order and asks him to find the one he remembered among similar ones. It is necessary to ensure that cards with figures are not turned over when presented again, otherwise the appearance of the figure may change. The richness and complexity of the combinations of geometric shapes on the cards depends on the age of the student, his capabilities and the duration of classes to develop visual memory.
Prepare tables with images of objects, geometric figures. Show to the student for 4-5 seconds. a card with images of objects and ask them to remember them so that they can then find them among others at the bottom of the table. The same goes for geometric shapes.
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Introduction
The relevance of this course work lies in the fact that research on the problem of studying the characteristics of the development of creative abilities, in particular imagination, in children of primary school age lies in the fact that in modern sociocultural conditions, when there is a process of continuous reform, a fundamental change in all social institutions, skills thinking outside the box, creatively solving assigned problems, and designing the expected end result acquire special significance.
Creatively thinking person is able to solve the tasks assigned to him faster and more economically, to overcome difficulties more effectively, to set new goals, to provide himself with greater freedom of choice and action, that is, ultimately, to most effectively organize his activities in solving the problems set before him by society. It is a creative approach to business that is one of the conditions for nurturing an active life position of an individual.
Prerequisites for further creative development and self-development of personality are laid in childhood. In this regard, increased demands are placed on the initial stages of development of a child’s personality, especially the primary school stage, which largely determines its further development.
Problems of creativity and imagination have been widely developed in Russian psychology. Currently, researchers are searching for an integral indicator that characterizes a creative personality. Psychologists such as B.M. made a great contribution to the development of problems of abilities and creative thinking. Teplov, S.L. Rubinstein, B.G. Ananyev, N.S. Leites, V.A. Krutetsky, A.G. Kovalev, K.K. Platonov, A.M. Matyushkin, V.D. Shadrikov, Yu.D. Babaeva, V.N. Druzhinin, I.I. Ilyasov, V.I. Panov, I.V. Kalish, M.A. Kholodnaya, N.B. Shumakova, V.S. Yurkevich and others.
The object of study is imagination as the highest mental function.
The subject of the study is the development of the imagination of children of primary school age.
The purpose of the study is to study the development of imagination in children of primary school age.
Hypothesis: we assume that primary school students have specific characteristics of imagination: in each child, the reproductive imagination will prevail over the productive one.
Conduct an analytical review of the literature on the research topic,
Expand the concept of imagination and study the patterns of its development,
To study the dynamics of the development of imagination in children of primary school age,
To analyze the results of a study of the characteristics of the imagination of primary schoolchildren.
Research methods:
Theoretical methods: analysis of scientific literature on the problem. Empirical methods: observation, testing, analysis of products of activity (creativity). Data processing method: qualitative and quantitative analysis of research results. Presentation of research results: figures, tables.
Research base. State Educational Institution "Yanovskaya Children's Sports School named after. N, L, Tsurana, Sennen district." Number of participants - 21 people (grades 2 - 4).
Chapter I. Theoretical foundations of the characteristics of the imagination of younger schoolchildren
1.1 Imagination as the highest mental function
The experimental study of imagination has become a subject of interest for Western psychologists since the 50s. The function of imagination - constructing and creating images - has been recognized as the most important human ability. Its role in the creative process was equated with the role of knowledge and judgment. In the 50s, J. Guilford and his followers developed the theory of creative intelligence.
Defining imagination and identifying the specifics of its development is one of the most difficult problems in psychology. According to A.Ya. Dudetsky (1974), there are about 40 different definitions of imagination, but the question of its essence and difference from other mental processes is still debatable. So, A.V. Brushlinsky (1969) rightly notes the difficulties in defining imagination and the vagueness of the boundaries of this concept. He believes that “Traditional definitions of imagination as the ability to create new images actually reduce this process to creative thinking, to operating with ideas, and conclude that this concept is generally redundant - at least in modern science.”
S.L. Rubinstein emphasized: “Imagination is a special form of the psyche that only a person can have. It is continuously connected with the human ability to change the world, transform reality and create new things.”
Possessing a rich imagination, a person can live in different times, which no other living creature in the world can afford. The past is recorded in memory images, and the future is represented in dreams and fantasies. S.L. Rubinstein writes: “Imagination is a departure from past experience, it is the transformation of what is given and the generation of new images on this basis.”
L.S. Vygotsky believes that “Imagination does not repeat impressions that were accumulated before, but builds some new series of previously accumulated impressions. Thus, introducing something new into our impressions and changing these impressions so that as a result a new, previously non-existent image appears , forms the basis of that activity which we call imagination."
Imagination is a special form of the human psyche, standing apart from other mental processes and at the same time occupying an intermediate position between perception, thinking and memory. The specificity of this form of mental process is that imagination is probably characteristic only of humans and is strangely connected with the activities of the body, being at the same time the most “mental” of all mental processes and states.
In the textbook "General Psychology" A.G. Maklakov provides the following definition of imagination: “Imagination is the process of transforming ideas that reflect reality, and creating new ideas on this basis.
In the textbook "General Psychology" V.M. Kozubovsky contains the following definition. Imagination is the mental process of a person creating in his mind an image of an object (object, phenomenon) that does not exist in real life. The product of imagination can be:
The image of the final result of real objective activity;
a picture of one’s own behavior in conditions of complete information uncertainty;
an image of a situation that resolves problems that are relevant to a given person, the real overcoming of which is not possible in the near future.
Imagination is included in the cognitive activity of the subject, which necessarily has its own object. A.N. Leontyev wrote that “The object of activity appears in two ways: primarily - in its independent existence, as subordinating and transforming the activity of the subject, secondly - as an image of the object, as a product of the mental reflection of its properties, which is realized as a result of the activity of the subject and cannot be realized otherwise.” . .
The identification of certain properties in an object that are necessary for solving a problem determines such a characteristic of the image as its bias, i.e. the dependence of perception, ideas, thinking on what a person needs - on his needs, motives, attitudes, emotions. “It is very important to emphasize that such “bias” is itself objectively determined and is not expressed in the adequacy of the image (although it can be expressed in it), but that it allows one to actively penetrate into reality.”
The combination in the imagination of the subject contents of the images of two objects is associated, as a rule, with a change in the forms of representation of reality. Starting from the properties of reality, the imagination cognizes them, reveals their essential characteristics by transferring them to other objects, which record the work of the productive imagination. This is expressed in metaphor and symbolism that characterize the imagination.
According to E.V. Ilyenkova, “The essence of imagination lies in the ability to “grasp” the whole before the part, in the ability to build a complete image on the basis of a separate hint.” " Distinctive feature imagination is a kind of departure from reality, when on the basis of a separate sign of reality it is built new image, rather than simply reconstructing existing ideas, which is typical for the functioning of the internal action plan."
Imagination is necessary element creative activity of a person, expressed in the construction of an image of the products of labor, and ensuring the creation of a program of behavior in cases where the problem situation is also characterized by uncertainty. Depending on the various circumstances that characterize a problem situation, the same problem can be solved both with the help of imagination and with the help of thinking.
From this we can conclude that the imagination works at that stage of cognition when the uncertainty of the situation is very great. Fantasy allows you to “jump” over certain stages of thinking and still imagine the end result.
Imagination processes are analytical-synthetic in nature. Its main tendency is the transformation of ideas (images), which ultimately ensures the creation of a model of a situation that is obviously new and has not previously arisen. When analyzing the mechanism of imagination, it is necessary to emphasize that its essence is the process of transforming ideas, creating new images based on existing ones. Imagination, fantasy is a reflection of reality in new, unexpected, unusual combinations and connections.
So, imagination in psychology is considered as one of the forms of reflective activity of consciousness. Since all cognitive processes are reflective in nature, it is necessary, first of all, to determine the qualitative originality and specificity inherent in the imagination.
Imagination and thinking are intertwined in such a way that it can be difficult to separate them; both of these processes are involved in any creative activity; creativity is always subordinated to the creation of something new, unknown. Operating with existing knowledge in the process of fantasy presupposes its mandatory inclusion in systems of new relationships, as a result of which new knowledge can arise. From here we can see: “... the circle closes... Cognition (thinking) stimulates the imagination (creating a model of transformation), which (the model) is then checked and refined by thinking" - writes A.D. Dudetsky.
According to L.D. Stolyarenko, several types of imagination can be distinguished, the main ones being passive and active. Passive, in turn, is divided into voluntary (daydreaming, daydreaming) and involuntary (hypnotic state, fantasy in dreams). Active imagination includes artistic, creative, critical, recreative and anticipatory.
Imagination can be of four main types:
Active imagination is a sign of a creative type of personality, which constantly tests its internal capabilities, its knowledge is not static, but is continuously recombined, leading to new results, giving the individual emotional reinforcement for new searches, the creation of new material and spiritual values. Her mental activity is supraconscious and intuitive.
Passive imagination lies in the fact that its images arise spontaneously, regardless of the will and desire of a person. Passive imagination can be unintentional or intentional. Unintentional passive imagination occurs with weakening of consciousness, psychosis, disorganization of mental activity, in a semi-drowsy and sleepy state. With deliberate passive imagination, a person arbitrarily forms images of escape from reality-dreams.
The unreal world created by a person is an attempt to replace unfulfilled hopes, make up for bereavements, and alleviate mental trauma. This type of imagination indicates a deep intrapersonal conflict.
Reproductive imagination aims to reproduce reality as it is, and although there is also an element of fantasy, such imagination is more like perception or memory than creativity. Thus, the direction in art called naturalism, as well as partly realism, can be correlated with the reproductive imagination.
Productive imagination is distinguished by the fact that in it reality is consciously constructed by a person, and not simply mechanically copied or recreated, although at the same time it is still creatively transformed in the image.
Imagination has a subjective side associated with the individual personal characteristics of a person (in particular, with his dominant cerebral hemisphere, type of nervous system, characteristics of thinking, etc.). In this regard, people differ in:
brightness of images (from the phenomena of a clear “vision” of images to the poverty of ideas);
by the depth of processing of images of reality in the imagination (from complete unrecognizability of the imaginary image to primitive differences from the real original);
by the type of dominant channel of imagination (for example, by the predominance of auditory or visual images of the imagination).
1.2 Psychological characteristics junior schoolchildren
Junior school age (from 6-7 to 9-10 years) is determined by an important external circumstance in the child’s life - entering school.
A child who enters school automatically takes a completely new place in the system of human relations: he has permanent responsibilities associated with educational activities. Close adults, a teacher, even strangers communicate with the child not only as a unique person, but also as a person who has taken upon himself the obligation (whether voluntarily or under compulsion) to study, like all children of his age. New social situation development introduces the child into a strictly standardized world of relationships and requires from him organized arbitrariness, responsible for discipline, for the development of performing actions associated with acquiring skills in educational activities, as well as for mental development. Thus, the new social situation of schooling tightens the child’s living conditions and acts as a stressful one for him. Every child who enters school experiences increased mental tension. This affects not only physical health, but also the child’s behavior [Davydov 13., 1973].
Before school individual characteristics the child could not interfere with his natural development, since these features were accepted and taken into account by loved ones. At school, the child's living conditions are standardized. The child will have to overcome the trials that have befallen him. In most cases, the child adapts himself to standard conditions. The leading activity is educational. In addition to mastering special mental actions and actions related to writing, reading, drawing, labor, etc., the child, under the guidance of a teacher, begins to master the content of the basic forms of human consciousness (science, art, morality, etc.) and learns to act in accordance with traditions and new ones. people's social expectations.
According to the theory of L.S. Vygotsky, school age, like all ages, opens with a critical, or turning point, period, which was described in the literature earlier than others as the crisis of seven years. It has long been noted that a child, during the transition from preschool to school age, changes very dramatically and becomes more difficult in educational terms than before. This is some kind of transitional stage - no longer a preschooler and not yet a schoolchild [Vygotsky L.S., 1998; p.5].
Recently, a number of studies have appeared on this age. The results of the study can be schematically expressed as follows: a 7-year-old child is distinguished, first of all, by the loss of childish spontaneity. The immediate cause of children's spontaneity is insufficient differentiation of internal and external life. The child’s experiences, his desires and expression of desires, i.e. behavior and activity usually represent an insufficiently differentiated whole in a preschooler. The most significant feature of the crisis of seven years is usually called the beginning of differentiation of internal and outside child's personality.
The loss of spontaneity means the introduction of an intellectual moment into our actions, which wedges itself between experience and direct action, which is the direct opposite of the naive and direct action characteristic of a child. This does not mean that the crisis of seven years leads from immediate, naive, undifferentiated experience to the extreme pole, but, indeed, in each experience, in each of its manifestations, a certain intellectual moment arises.
At the age of 7, we are dealing with the beginning of the emergence of such a structure of experience, when the child begins to understand what it means “I am happy”, “I am sad”, “I am angry”, “I am kind”, “I am evil”, i.e. . he develops a meaningful orientation in his own experiences. Just as a 3-year-old child discovers his relationship with other people, so a 7-year-old child discovers the very fact of his experiences. Thanks to this, some features appear that characterize the crisis of seven years.
Experiences acquire meaning (an angry child understands that he is angry), thanks to this the child develops such new relationships with himself that were impossible before the generalization of experiences. Just like on a chessboard, when with each move completely new connections arise between the pieces, so here completely new connections arise between experiences when they acquire a certain meaning. Consequently, by the age of 7, the entire nature of a child’s experiences is rebuilt, just as a chessboard is rebuilt when a child learns to play chess.
By the seven-year crisis, generalization of experiences, or affective generalization, the logic of feelings, first appears. There are deeply retarded children who experience failure at every step: normal children play, an abnormal child tries to join them, but is rejected, he walks down the street and is laughed at. In short, he loses at every turn. In each individual case, he has a reaction to his own insufficiency, and a minute later you look - he is completely satisfied with himself. There are thousands of individual failures, but there is no general feeling of one’s worthlessness; he does not generalize what has happened many times before. In a school-age child, a generalization of feelings arises, i.e., if some situation has happened to him many times, he develops an affective formation, the nature of which also relates to a single experience, or affect, as the concept relates to a single perception or memory . For example, a preschool child has no real self-esteem or pride. The level of our demands on ourselves, on our success, on our position arises precisely in connection with the crisis of seven years.
A child of preschool age loves himself, but self-love as a generalized attitude towards himself, which remains the same in different situations, but a child of this age does not have self-esteem as such, but generalized attitudes towards others and an understanding of his own value. Consequently, by the age of 7, a number of complex formations arise, which lead to the fact that behavioral difficulties change sharply and radically; they are fundamentally different from the difficulties of preschool age.
Such new formations as pride and self-esteem remain, but the symptoms of the crisis (mannering, antics) are transient. In the crisis of seven years, due to the fact that differentiation of internal and external arises, that semantic experience arises for the first time, an acute struggle of experiences also arises. A child who does not know which candy to take - bigger or sweeter - is not in a state of internal struggle, although he hesitates. Internal struggle (contradictions of experiences and choice of one’s own experiences) becomes possible only now [Davydov V., 1973].
A characteristic feature of primary school age is emotional sensitivity, responsiveness to everything bright, unusual, and colorful. Monotonous, boring classes sharply reduce cognitive interest at this age and give rise to a negative attitude towards learning. Entering school makes major changes in a child's life. Begins new period with new responsibilities, with systematic teaching activities. The child’s life position has changed, which brings changes to the nature of his relationships with others. New circumstances in the life of a small schoolchild become the basis for experiences that he did not have before.
Self-esteem, high or low, gives rise to a certain emotional well-being, causes self-confidence or lack of faith in one’s strengths, a feeling of anxiety, a feeling of superiority over others, a state of sadness, and sometimes envy. Self-esteem can be not only high or low, but also adequate (corresponding to the true state of affairs) or inadequate. In the course of solving life problems (educational, everyday, gaming), under the influence of achievements and failures in the activities performed, a student may experience inadequate self-esteem - increased or decreased. It causes not only a certain emotional reaction, but often a long-term negative emotional state.
While communicating, the child simultaneously reflects in his mind the qualities and properties of his communication partner, and also gets to know himself. However, now in pedagogical and social psychology the methodological foundations for the process of forming younger schoolchildren as subjects of communication have not been developed. By this age, the basic block of psychological problems of the individual is structured and the mechanism of development of the subject of communication changes from imitative to reflective [Lioznova E.V., 2002].
An important prerequisite for the development of a junior schoolchild as a subject of communication is the appearance in him, along with business communication a new non-situational-personal form of communication. According to research by M.I. Lisina, this form begins to develop from the age of 6. The subject of such communication is a person [Lisina M.I., 1978]. The child asks the adult about his feelings and emotional states, and also tries to tell him about his relationships with peers, demanding from the adult an emotional response and empathy for his interpersonal problems.
1.3 Features of the imagination of younger schoolchildren
The first images of a child’s imagination are associated with the processes of perception and his play activities. A one and a half year old child is not yet interested in listening to stories (fairy tales) of adults, since he still does not have the experience that gives rise to the processes of perception. At the same time, you can observe how, in the imagination of a playing child, a suitcase, for example, turns into a train, a silent doll, indifferent to everything that happens, into a crying little person offended by someone, a pillow into an affectionate friend. During the period of speech formation, the child uses his imagination even more actively in his games, because his life observations expand sharply. However, all this happens as if by itself, unintentionally.
From 3 to 5 years, arbitrary forms of imagination “grow up”. Images of imagination can appear either as a reaction to an external stimulus (for example, at the request of others), or initiated by the child himself, while imaginary situations are often purposeful in nature, with an ultimate goal and a pre-thought-out scenario.
The school period is characterized by rapid development of imagination, due to the intensive process of acquiring diverse knowledge and its use in practice.
Individual characteristics of imagination are clearly manifested in the creative process. In this sphere of human activity, imagination about significance is placed on a par with thinking. It is important that for the development of imagination it is necessary to create conditions for a person in which freedom of action, independence, initiative, and looseness are manifested.
It has been proven that imagination is closely connected with other mental processes (memory, thinking, attention, perception) that serve educational activities. Thus, by not paying enough attention to the development of imagination, primary teachers reduce the quality of teaching.
In general, younger schoolchildren usually do not have any problems associated with the development of children's imagination, so almost all children who play a lot and variedly in preschool childhood have a well-developed and rich imagination. The main questions that in this area may still arise before the child and the teacher at the beginning of education concern the connection between imagination and attention, the ability to regulate figurative representations through voluntary attention, as well as the assimilation of abstract concepts that a child, like an adult, can imagine and imagine. hard enough.
Senior preschool and junior school age qualify as the most favorable and sensitive for the development of creative imagination and fantasy. The games and conversations of children reflect the power of their imagination, one might even say, a riot of imagination. In their stories and conversations, reality and fantasy are often mixed, and images of the imagination can, by virtue of the law of emotional reality of the imagination, be experienced by children as completely real. Their experience is so strong that the child feels the need to talk about it. Such fantasies (they also occur in adolescents) are often perceived by others as a lie. Parents and teachers often turn to psychological consultations, alarmed by such manifestations of fantasy in children, which they regard as deceit. In such cases, the psychologist usually recommends analyzing whether the child is pursuing any benefit with his story. If not (and most often this is the case), then we are dealing with fantasizing, making up stories, and not lying. Inventing stories like this is normal for children. In these cases, it is useful for adults to get involved in the children’s play, to show that they like these stories, but precisely as manifestations of fantasy, a kind of game. By participating in such a game, sympathizing and empathizing with the child, the adult must clearly indicate and show him the line between game, fantasy and reality.
At primary school age, in addition, the active development of the recreating imagination occurs.
In children of primary school age, several types of imagination are distinguished. It can be reconstructive (creating an image of an object according to its description) and creative (creating new images that require the selection of material in accordance with the plan).
The main trend emerging in the development of children's imagination is the transition to an increasingly correct and complete reflection of reality, the transition from a simple arbitrary combination of ideas to a logically reasoned combination. If a 3-4 year old child is content to depict an airplane with two sticks placed crosswise, then at 7-8 years old he already needs an external resemblance to an airplane (“so that there are wings and a propeller”). A schoolchild at the age of 11-12 often constructs a model himself and demands that it be even more similar to a real plane (“so that it looks and flies just like a real one”).
The question of the realism of children's imagination is connected with the question of the relationship of the images that arise in children to reality. The realism of a child’s imagination is manifested in all forms of activity available to him: in play, in visual activities, when listening to fairy tales, etc. In play, for example, a child’s demands for verisimilitude in a play situation increase with age.
Observations show that the child strives to depict well-known events truthfully, as happens in life. In many cases, changes in reality are caused by ignorance, the inability to coherently and consistently depict life events. The realism of the imagination of a junior schoolchild is especially clearly manifested in the selection of game attributes. For a younger preschooler, everything can be everything in the game. Older preschoolers are already selecting material for play based on the principles of external similarity.
The younger schoolchild also makes a strict selection of material suitable for the game. This selection is made according to the principle of maximum proximity, from the child’s point of view, of this material to real objects, according to the principle of the ability to perform real actions with it.
The obligatory and main character of the game for schoolchildren in grades 1-2 is a doll. You can perform any necessary “real” actions with it. You can feed her, dress her, you can express your feelings to her. It’s even better to use a live kitten for this purpose, since you can really feed it, put it to bed, etc.
Amendments to the situation and images made by children of primary school age during the game give the game and the images themselves imaginary features that bring them closer and closer to reality.
A.G. Ruzskaya notes that children of primary school age are not devoid of fantasy, which is at odds with reality, which is even more typical for schoolchildren (cases of children's lies, etc.). “Fantasizing of this kind still plays a significant role and occupies a certain place in the life of a junior schoolchild. But, nevertheless, it is no longer a simple continuation of the fantasy of a preschooler, who himself believes in his fantasy as in reality. A schoolchild of 9-10 years old already understands “conventionality” of one’s fantasy, its inconsistency with reality.”
In the minds of a junior schoolchild, concrete knowledge and fascinating fantastic images built on its basis coexist peacefully. With age, the role of fantasy, divorced from reality, weakens, and the realism of children's imagination increases. However, the realism of children's imagination, in particular the imagination of a primary school student, must be distinguished from another of its features, close, but fundamentally different.
Realism of the imagination involves the creation of images that do not contradict reality, but are not necessarily a direct reproduction of everything perceived in life.
The imagination of a primary school student is also characterized by another feature: the presence of elements of reproductive, simple reproduction. This feature of children's imagination is expressed in the fact that in their games, for example, they repeat those actions and positions that they observed in adults, they act out stories that they experienced, that they saw in the movies, reproducing without changes the life of school, family, etc. The theme of the game is the reproduction of impressions that took place in the lives of children; The storyline of the game is a reproduction of what was seen, experienced and necessarily in the same sequence in which it took place in life.
However, with age, the elements of reproductive, simple reproduction in the imagination of a younger schoolchild become less and less, and creative processing of ideas appears to an increasing extent.
According to research by L.S. Vygotsky, a child of preschool age and primary school can imagine much less than an adult, but he trusts the products of his imagination more and controls them less, and therefore imagination in the everyday, “cultural sense of the word, i.e. something like this what is real and imaginary, a child, of course, has more than an adult. However, not only the material from which the imagination is built is poorer in a child than in an adult, but also the nature of the combinations that are added to this material, their quality and the variety is significantly inferior to the combinations of an adult. Of all the forms of connection with reality that we listed above, the child’s imagination possesses, to the same extent as that of an adult, only the first, namely the reality of the elements from which it is built.
V.S. Mukhina notes that at primary school age a child can already create a wide variety of situations in his imagination. Formed in playful substitutions of some objects for others, imagination moves into other types of activity.
In the process of educational activity of schoolchildren, which comes from living contemplation in the elementary grades, big role, as psychologists note, the level of development of cognitive processes plays a role: attention, memory, perception, observation, imagination, memory, thinking. The development and improvement of imagination will be more effective with targeted work in this direction, which will entail an expansion of the cognitive capabilities of children.
At primary school age, for the first time, a division of play and labor occurs, that is, activities carried out for the sake of pleasure that the child will receive in the process of the activity itself and activities aimed at achieving an objectively significant and socially assessed result. This distinction between play and work, including educational work, is an important feature of school age.
The importance of imagination in primary school age is the highest and necessary human ability. At the same time, it is this ability that needs special care in terms of development. And it develops especially intensively between the ages of 5 and 15 years. And if this period of imagination is not specifically developed, then a rapid decrease in the activity of this function occurs.
Along with a decrease in a person’s ability to fantasize, the personality becomes impoverished, the possibilities of creative thinking decrease, interest in art, science, and so on fades away.
Younger schoolchildren carry out most of their active activities with the help of imagination. Their games are the fruit of wild imagination; they are enthusiastically engaged in creative activities. The psychological basis of the latter is also creative
imagination. When, in the process of studying, children are faced with the need to comprehend abstract material and they need analogies and support in the face of a general lack of life experience, the child’s imagination also comes to the aid. Thus, the importance of the imagination function in mental development is great.
However, fantasy, like any form of mental reflection, must have a positive direction of development. It should contribute to better knowledge of the surrounding world, self-discovery and self-improvement of the individual, and not develop into passive daydreaming, replacing real life with dreams. To accomplish this task, it is necessary to help the child use his imagination in the direction of progressive self-development, to enhance the cognitive activity of schoolchildren, in particular the development of theoretical, abstract thinking, attention, speech and creativity in general. Children of primary school age love to engage in artistic creativity. It allows the child to reveal his personality in the most complete and free form. All artistic activity is based on active imagination and creative thinking. These functions provide the child with a new, unusual view of the world.
Thus, one cannot but agree with the conclusions of psychologists and researchers that imagination is one of the most important mental processes and the success of mastering the school curriculum largely depends on the level of its development, especially in children of primary school age.
Conclusion on the chapter: so, we examined the concept of imagination, the types and features of its development in primary school age. In this regard, the following conclusions can be drawn:
Defining imagination and identifying the specifics of its development is one of the most difficult problems in psychology.
Imagination is a special form of the human psyche, standing apart from other mental processes and at the same time occupying an intermediate position between perception, thinking and memory.
Imagination can be of four main types:
Active imagination is characterized by the fact that, using it, a person, of his own free will, by an effort of will, evokes in himself the appropriate images.
Passive imagination lies in the fact that its images arise spontaneously, regardless of the will and desire of a person. Passive imagination can be unintentional or intentional.
There is also a distinction between reproductive, or reproductive, and transformative, or productive, imagination.
Diagnostics of children of primary school age showed that the level of imagination development can be divided into three levels: high, medium and low.
Chapter II. Practical experimental work to identify the characteristics of the imagination of primary schoolchildren
2.1 Study of the characteristics of the imagination of younger schoolchildren
The purpose of the experimental study is to identify in a practical way the features of the development of the imagination of younger schoolchildren.
The study involved junior schoolchildren - students of the 2nd, 3rd, 4th grades of the State Educational Institution "Yanovskaya Children's Secondary School named after. N, L, Tsurana, Sennen district." Number of participants - 21 people. Among them are 10 boys and 11 girls, aged 7 to 9 years.
The following methods were used in the study: observation, testing and analysis of the products of children's creative activity.
The following methods were used in the study.
Method No. 1. Methodology for studying the characteristics of imagination based on the Torrance “Incomplete Figures” test.
Purpose: diagnostics of imagination development in children.
This technique allows us to sufficiently fully study the features of children’s creative imagination and trace the specifics of this process. From the point of view of E. Torrance, the activity of creative imagination begins with the emergence of sensitivity to problems, shortcomings, missing elements, disharmony, etc., i.e. in conditions of shortage of external information. In this case, the figures to be completed and the corresponding instructions provoke the emergence of such sensitivity and create the opportunity for a multi-valued solution to the task. According to the terminology of E. Torrance, difficulties are identified, guesses arise or hypotheses are formed regarding missing elements, these hypotheses are tested and rechecked, and their possible implementation occurs, which manifests itself in the creation of diverse drawings. This technique activates the activity of the imagination, revealing one of its main properties - seeing the whole before the parts. The child perceives the figures proposed by the test as parts of some wholes and completes and reconstructs them.
Method No. 2. "Test of Divergent Thinking" (Guilford tasks).
Goal: determining the level of development of divergent thinking.
This test is aimed at studying creativity and creative thinking. Children are given a task in which they need to find a use for an ordinary brick and a tin can. It is not just the total number of proposed options that is subject to evaluation, but only options that are fundamentally different in function or in the property used. For example, in the case of a brick - build a residential building, a school, build a stove, erect a fortress wall, fill a hole and all similar answers, no matter how many there are, belong to the same category and receive one point. It is necessary that the answers use different properties of bricks. Brick is not only a building material. It has weight, can heat up and store heat or protect against heat, has coloring properties and many others. All suggestions to use tin cans to carry water, store small items, feed cats, keep worms for fishing, etc., where the can is used as a container, also belong to the same function and are worth one point. Points are awarded precisely for the variety of properties and functions used.
Method No. 3. "Solving unusual problems."
Goal: determining the level of development of imagination.
This technique is aimed at activating intentional passive imagination, because children are asked to describe the proposed situation. imagination schoolboy thinking
Method No. 4. “Four paper clips” (O.I. Motkov)
Goal: to determine the level of development of figurative imagination.
This technique is intended to study the processes of imagination. Children are offered a task in which they must use four paper clips to create a figure or some kind of composition, and then draw it on a blank sheet of paper (A4). Each drawing must be signed.
2.2 Analysis of the results of a study of the characteristics of imagination in primary school age
Method No. 1. methodology for studying individual characteristics of imagination (according to Torrance). The diagnostic data for younger schoolchildren using the first method are shown in Table No. 1. Next, we will analyze the diagnostic results using the first method, and compile a percentage distribution by levels of imagination development based on the results of the first method:
Table No. 1. Percentage distribution of children by levels of imagination development according to the results of the first method.
Based on the data in Table No. 1, a graph was constructed that clearly reflects the difference in the level of imagination development in this group of children.
Figure 1. Distribution of children in the group according to levels of imagination development according to the results of method No. 1
So, according to the results of this technique, most of the subjects were assigned to the second (9 hours) and third (6 hours) levels of imagination development, which corresponds to 42.9% and 28.6%.
The work of children assigned to the 2nd level of imagination development is characterized by less schematic representation, the appearance of a greater number of details both inside the main contour and outside it. Drawings by children at level 3 are characterized by the appearance of a “field of things” around the main image, i.e. subject design of the environment.
Two children or 19% are classified at the 4th level of imagination development. The works show a broadly expanded subject environment; children, having turned a test figure into an object, add more and more new elements to the drawing, organizing a holistic composition according to an imaginary plot. And finally, one subject was assigned to level 5; the work was characterized by the repeated use of a given figure in the construction of a single semantic composition. Not a single child was assigned to the first and sixth levels.
Method No. 2 “Test of divergent thinking” (Guilford tasks). The diagnostic data for younger schoolchildren using the second method are shown in Table No. 2. Next, we will analyze the diagnostic results using the second method, and compile a percentage distribution by levels of development of creative thinking based on the results of the second method:
Table No. 2 Percentage distribution of children by levels of development of creative thinking according to the results of the second method.
Based on the data in Table No. 2, a graph was constructed that clearly reflects the difference in the level of development of creative thinking in this group of children.
Figure 2. Distribution of children in the group by level of development of creative thinking based on the results of method No. 2.
So, according to the results of this technique, most of the subjects (10 people) were classified as having a low level of development of creative thinking, which corresponds to 47.6%. 7 children or 33.4% belonged to the average level, and, accordingly, 4 students achieved a high level of development of creative thinking (19%).
Method No. 3 “Solving unusual problems”
The diagnostic data for younger schoolchildren using the third method are shown in Table No. 3. Next, we will analyze the diagnostic results using the third method, and compile a percentage distribution by levels of imagination development based on the results of the third method:
Table 3 Percentage distribution of children by levels of imagination development according to the results of the third method.
Based on the data in Table No. 3, a graph was constructed that clearly reflects the difference in the level of imagination development in this group of children.
Figure 3. Distribution of children in the group according to levels of imagination development based on the results of method No. 3.
So, according to the results of this technique, most of the subjects (15 people) were classified as having a high level of imagination development, which corresponds to 71.4%. 3 people, or 14.3% each, rated medium and low.
Method No. 4 “Four paper clips” (O.I. Motkov)
The diagnostic data for younger schoolchildren using the fourth method are shown in Table No. 4. Next, we will analyze the diagnostic results using the fourth method, compiling a percentage distribution by levels of imagination development based on the results:
Table No. 4 Percentage distribution of children by levels of imagination development according to the results of the fourth method.
Based on the data in Table No. 4, a graph was constructed that clearly reflects the difference in the level of imagination development in this group of children.
Figure 4. Distribution of children in the group according to levels of imagination development based on the results of method No. 4.
So, according to the results of this technique, most of the subjects (15 people or 71.4%) are classified as having an average level of imagination development. Three students each fell into the first and third levels.
Conclusions from the study
So, the features of the imagination of children of primary school age are as follows:
Based on the results of the E. Torrence test, we see that children of primary school age reach the 4th level of imagination development (4 people): in the products of creative activity of primary schoolchildren, a widely developed subject environment appears, children add more and more new elements to the drawing, organizing a complete composition according to an imaginary plot; and also 2 children reached the 5th level of imagination development: products of creative activity are already characterized by the repeated use of a given figure when constructing a single semantic composition, and the possibility of repeated use of a test figure as an external stimulus when creating an image of imagination indicates the plasticity of the imagination, more high level of formation of its operational components;
Based on the results of the Guilford test, we found that children at this age have not yet developed divergent thinking - out of the total sample (21 people), 10 students did not cope with the task.
Based on the results obtained using the fourth method (4 paper clips), we found that figurative imagination was developed at a high level in 3 people and in 3 people it was developed at a low level. Most of the sample, according to the results of the methodology, corresponds to the average level of development of imaginative imagination.
Based on the results obtained from the “solving unusual problems” method, we come to the conclusion that among children in this group, 15 children have a highly developed level of imagination, which is 71.4% of the total sample.
Three people each belonged to the high and low levels.
Conclusion
Imagination is a special form of the human psyche, standing apart from other mental processes and at the same time occupying an intermediate position between perception, thinking and memory. The specificity of this form of mental process lies in the fact that imagination is probably characteristic only of humans and is strangely connected with the activities of the body, being at the same time the most “mental” of all mental processes and states. Imagination is a special form of reflection, which consists of creating new images and ideas by processing existing ideas and concepts.
The development of imagination follows the lines of improving the operations of replacing real objects with imaginary ones and recreating imagination. Imagination, due to the characteristics of the physiological systems responsible for it, is to a certain extent associated with the regulation of organic processes and movement. Creative abilities are defined as individual characteristics of a person’s qualities, which determine the success of him in performing creative activities of various kinds.
A study of imagination as a creative process was conducted. Imagination is a special form of the human psyche, standing apart from other mental processes and at the same time occupying an intermediate position between perception, thinking and memory. The specificity of this form of mental process lies in the fact that imagination is probably characteristic only of humans and is strangely connected with the activities of the body, being at the same time the most “mental” of all mental processes and states. The latter means that the ideal and mysterious character of the psyche is not manifested in anything other than the imagination. It can be assumed that it was imagination, the desire to understand and explain it, that attracted attention to psychic phenomena in ancient times, supported and continues to stimulate it in our days. Imagination is a special form of reflection, which consists of creating new images and ideas by processing existing ideas and concepts. The development of imagination follows the lines of improving the operations of replacing real objects with imaginary ones and recreating imagination. Imagination, due to the characteristics of the physiological systems responsible for it, is to a certain extent associated with the regulation of organic processes and movement.
The features of the imagination of younger schoolchildren are revealed. The school period is characterized by rapid development of imagination, due to the intensive process of acquiring diverse knowledge and its use in practice. Senior preschool and junior school age qualify as the most favorable and sensitive for the development of creative imagination and fantasy. At primary school age, in addition, the active development of the recreating imagination occurs. In children of primary school age, several types of imagination are distinguished. It can be reconstructive (creating an image of an object according to its description) and creative (creating new images that require the selection of material in accordance with the plan). In the process of educational activity of schoolchildren, which begins in the elementary grades from living contemplation, a major role, as psychologists note, is played by the level of development of cognitive processes: attention, memory, perception, observation, imagination, memory, thinking. The development and improvement of imagination will be more effective with targeted work in this direction, which will entail an expansion of the cognitive capabilities of children.
Based on the results of the study, the following conclusions were made about the features of the development of imagination in children of primary school age:
The level of imagination development in this group is at an average level of development.
Creative thinking (divergent) of younger schoolchildren has not yet been formed, because Primary school age is not sensitive to this type of thinking.
As a result of the work carried out, its goals and objectives were achieved, the hypothesis was confirmed.
Bibliography
1. Brushlinsky A.V. Imagination and creativity // Scientific creativity. M., 1969.
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Nursery rhymes and rhymes for newborns, schoolchildren and preschoolers.
Many mothers believe that a newborn only needs constant care and feeding. Actually this is not true. Required for early stages establish emotional contact with the baby. This is precisely why children's songs, nursery rhymes and pesters are used.
Nursery rhymes and jokes for the little ones allow you to bring mother and child closer. At the same time, they help develop the child’s speech, his fine motor skills and understand the emotions of adults. All this has a positive effect on the baby’s development, both mental and physical. Over time, your baby will sing these songs with you.
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Counting books allow you to quickly teach your child to count. The most popular is the counting rhyme from our childhood “I count to five.” But besides it there is a lot more. They combine play and counting. The child will learn all the numbers very quickly, after which you can show them to him and teach him to count on his fingers or with cubes.
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At the age of 4 years, you should pay more attention to counting rhymes and games that allow you to learn the alphabet. All games should keep children focused. After all, 4 years is the age when a child must concentrate for further learning.
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Adviсe:
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